Green Emerging Information Technologies And Its FutureRavindra Patel

Lecturer Electronics, Department Of Technical Education, Uttar Pradeshravichailuster@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: The word "Green Technology" is almost new which has been adopted over the last couple of decades, Green is the way to go today for healthy life. Green information technology (Green IT) is an emerging discipline and issues related with it are of growing concern for the business, social and environmental impact in the 21st century. The computing community realizes the importance of green measures and provides technological solutions that lead to its energy-aware operations along with facilitating the same in other IT enabled industries. Green and sustainable computing practices review the environmental impact of the computing industry to encourage the adoption of practices and technologies for efficient operations.“Green Computing” paradigm advocates the energy-proportional and efficient usage of computing resources in all emerging technologies, such as Internet of Things (IoT), Cloud Computing and Big Data.

This article presents a review of green computing techniques amidst the emerging IT technologies that are evident in our Industry and society. Further, we discuss the imminent challenges facing the efficient green operations of emerging IT technologies. Green technologies will be considered to be the most predictable in the future.Keywords: Green technologies ,Green computing, IoT, Cloud computing Big data.

1-INTRODUCTION:Information technology has been in the fore front of the new world order and in heralding the era of globalization. Today when industries are facing new challenges arising due to depleting resources and environmental pollution, information technology has once again stepped in to find new ways to deal with those issues. The continued growth of information and communications technologies place an increasing concern on the climate. Green information technology (green IT) is an emerging discipline and issues related with this are of growing concern for the business, social and environmental impact in the 21st century. In recent years, multiple IT technologies have integrated into people’s lifestyles seamlessly while facilitating day-to-day tasks, such as social communications, healthcare monitoring, and environmental management [1].We present the “Green Computing” paradigm in this article from the perspective of emerging IT technologies and their green initiatives. So area selected for (a) Internet of Things (IoT), (b) cloud computing and (c) big data analytics.The integration and high correlation of these technologies create opportunities that assist various organizations in performing their duties efficiently. During the investigation, the FBI utilized cloud computing resources to process the large amount of data collected through edge-based devices (smartphones, cameras, and sensors) [2]. International Data Corporation (IDC) annual reports also point to the increasing revenue and usage of IoT, big data, cloud computing analytics .[3, 4] Specific benefits of implementing Green IT are:

(i)-Reduce capex and operational costs(ii)-Help protect the environment for future generations through:

Reduction in use of hazardous materials, including emissions and heat generation Maximization of energy efficiency during the product's lifetime promoting recyclability or biodegradability of defunct products and factory waste

(iii)-Improves corporate image - be seen as environmentally responsible(iv)-Enhances stakeholder value and satisfaction (v)-Employee morale, satisfaction and retention

Information Technology (IT) contribute to the environmental decline as much as the aviation industry [5]. IT is a major contributor of e-waste, consumer of energy and emitter of greenhouse gases (such as CO2). IT lifecycle from production, use and disposal has a negative impact on the environment. For instance, in the United States alone, IT accounts for estimated energy consumption of 20 Million Gigajoules and 4 Million tons of greenhouse gases is released to the environment as a result [6]. land fields annually which significantly pollute the environment[7]. Ironically, IT as part of the environmental problem is also part of the solution. IT assists in addressing the environmental problem in practices referred to as Green or Sustainable IT. Green IT is defined as a practice or use of IT resources and systems efficiently in an environmentally friendly way while maintaining or increasing the performance and productivity [8]. Although, some researchers [9-11] attempted to distinguish between Green IT and Green IS, majority researchers in this area [12-14] regard them as the same. For instance, using energy efficient computers and IT systems can minimise energy consumption[8]. An optimised software is faster and microprocessor friendly resulting in a reduction in energy consumption[8,15]. Green data centre save energy in virtualisation, cooling and lighting, translating into less CO2 emission[14, 16]. For instance, Green IT report of 2009, in its worldwide survey of 1,052 corporate entities, 86 per cent of the organisations surveyed believed in significant or somewhat Green IT implementations in their organisations. CIO magazine survey also found that CIOs are looking at best ways to implement Green IT practices[17].

The rest of the article is structured as follows. Sections 2, 3, and 4 discuss the greening of IoT, cloud computing and Big data analytics respectively. In Section 5, research issues and challenges to the green computing paradigm and emerging IT technologies are listed. We provide concluding remarks in Section 6.

2-Green internet of things (IoT):A Definition Green IoT can be defined as the energy efficient procedures (hardware or software) adopted by IoT either to facilitate reducing the greenhouse effect of existing applications and services or to reduce the impact of greenhouse effect of IoT itself. The entire life cycle of green IoT should focus on green design, green production, green utilization and finally green disposal/recycling to have no or very small impact on the environment [18]. Internet of Things (IoT) connects everything in the smart world, and thus, energy consumption of IoT technology is a challenge and attractive research area.

Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging concept, which aims to connect billions of devices with each other. The IoT devices sense, collect, and transmit important information from their surroundings. This exchange of very large amount of information amongst billions of devices creates a massive energy need. Green IoT envisions the concept of reducing the energy consumption of IoT devices and making the environment safe. Green Internet of Things basically focuses on the energy efficiency in the IoT principles. Green IoT is defined as the energy efficient ways in IoT either to reduce the greenhouse effect caused by existing applications or to eradicate the same in IoT itself [20]. Various technological solutions for Green IoT are proposed in [19]. For implementation of Green IoT a framework was proposed in [21] for the energy efficient optimization of IoT objects. Furthermore, Green IoT may be implemented by using Green RFIDs, Green Datacenters [22],Green Sensor Networks [23], Green Cloud Computing [24], [25]. IoT deployment in the real world is only possible through the cooperation of several enabling technologies, as depicted in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Green IoT Enablers [26] Figure 2. Green IoT [19] Potential IoT applications are numerous and diverse, covering practically all areas of everyday life. The 2012 EU IoT Strategic Research Agenda [27] identified the most attractive IoT scenarios by conducting a survey. Based on 270 responses from 31 countries, smart home, smart city, transportation, and health care were identified as promising IoT applications. Recently, Libelium has released the document “50 Sensor Applications for a Smarter World. Get Inspired!” [28], which covers the most relevant WSN and IoT applications. (depicted in Figure 2 and Figure 3).

Figure 3. Green IoT scenarios.

IEEE Green ICT Initiative reports that 2% of total CO2 emissions presently are caused by ICT Industry and it is going to double in the next 5 years (depicted in Figure 4 and Figure 5) [29] if sufficient measures are not taken.

Figure 4. Economic impact of IoT.[29]

Figure 5. CO2 emission predictions.[29]

ICT is not a major contributor to greenhouse emissions but still produces around 2% of the global carbon footprint [30]. Due to emerging ICT scenarios and their demands, it is estimated that by 2020, the average annual ICT contribution will be around 6%–8% [31]. As ICT becomes more pervasive in the different sectors of society, the need for energy-efficient solutions for ICT (also often referred to as green ICT) also increases. Accordingly in [32] green ICT is defined as “the study and practice of designing, manufacturing, using, and disposing of computers, servers, and associated subsystems (such as monitors, printers, storage devices, and communications systems) efficiently and effectively with minimal or no impact on the environment.”

3-Green Cloud Computing:As cloud computing becomes more common and demands on the internet grow, major companies hosting online services are using more and more energy for their data centers. This report looks at the contribution of cloud computing to climate change and what can be done by the ICT sector to help bring about, and benefit from, strong renewable energy policies and economy-wide emissions reductions.The massive scale of cloud data centers that are setup at multiple geographical locations to facilitate distributed users means that they contribute 25% to the total IT electricity share [33].The rack-mounted server designs result in higher electronic densities, higher energy consumption, and heat dissipation [34] The techniques to “green” cloud data center operations can be broadly classified into three categories:

resource management with virtualization, sustainabilitywith renewable energy and waste heat utilization, and resource scheduling with state-of-the-art evolutionary algorithms [35].

Three key trends in cloud-based computing Continued significant expansion of cloud-based computing despite economic downturn Greater attention and growth in deployment of energy-efficient data centres design Increased size and scale of data centres being built by major brands

The Smart 2020 study also made a compelling case for ICT’s significant potential to deliver climate and energy solutions, estimating that ICT technologies could cut 7.8 GtCO2 of global greenhouse gas emissions by 2020, a 15% reduction over business-as-usual projections. The study posits that innovations from the ICT sector - when combined with increased use of renewable energy - can put the world on a more sustainable path and help keep global temperature increase below the 2°C threshold scientists say is needed to hold off the worst effects of climate change.

MtCO2e = Metric Tonne Carbon Dioxide Equivalent GtCO2e = Gigatonne Carbon Dioxide Equivalent

How big is the carbon footprint of the Information Technology and Communication sector? [38]

Emissions 2007 (MtCO2e)

Percentage 2007

Emissions 2020

(MtCO2e)

Percentage 2020

Word 830 100% 1430 100%Server farms/Data Centres 116 14% 257 18%Telecoms Infrastructure and devices

307 37% 358 25%

PCs and peripherals 407 49% 815 57%

Projections of growth in ICT electricity consumption and GHG emissions by 2020, using 9% annual growth rate estimated in Smart 2020 Report for data centres and recent estimate by Gartner for growth in telecommunications of 9.5% a year. [38]

Derived electricity

consumptions

Forecast electricity

consumption

Conversion to energy use

Derived electricity emissions

Billion kWh 2007

Billion kWh 2020

gCO2e/kWh CAIT e factor

MtCO2e

2020

Data Centres 330 1012.02 526.6 533Telecoms 293 951.72 526.6 501Total cloud 623 1963.74 1034

Key trends that will impact the environmental footprint of the cloud [38]

Emissions 2007

(MtCO2e)

Percentage 2007

Emissions 2020

(MtCO2e)

Percentage 2020

World 820 100% 1430 100%US and Canada 156 19% 215 15%OECD Europe 115 14% 172 12%Other developed countries 82 10% 100 7%Economies in transition 98 12% 143 10%China 189 23% 415 29%Rest of world 180 22% 386 27%

According to Mines [36], cloud computing infrastructure has two critical elements regarding its influence on the environment: energy efficiency and resource efficiency. In this case, most of the studies concentrate on energy consumption in cloud computing. In a report from Accenture [37], it is claimed that, by energy optimization, CO2 emissions in cloud computing might be reduced by at least 30%. The information and communication technology became of important use but its impact on the environment became as important due to the large amount of CO2 emissions and energy consumption. Cloud computing is considered one of Information and communication technologies that managed to achieve efficient usage of resources and energy. However, data centers still

represent a huge percentage of the companies energy cost since the usage is continuously growing. Ever since this issue took notice, the number of research on energy efficiency and the green field has being growing.

4-Green big data analytics: We are living in an era of amazing technological changes. With more than 2 billion PCs across the world and 48 billion Web pages indexed by some 900,000 servers, the era of “Big Data” and how we use it on a daily basis, and the environmental impact of storing and safeguarding this data have become a critical issues facing system developers and researchers across the globe. Green Information Technology: A Sustainable Approach offers, in a single volume, a broad collection of practical techniques and methodologies for designing, building, and implementing a green technology strategy in any large enterprise environment, which up until now have been scattered in difficult-to-find scholarly resources. Included here is the latest information on emerging technologies and their environmental impact, how to effectively measure sustainability, and discussions on sustainable hardware and software design, as well as how to use big data to drive efficiencies and establish a framework for sustainability in the information technology infrastructure.

The widespread use of “Big Data” is heavily impacting organizations and individuals for which these data are collected. Sophisticated data science techniques aim to extract as much value from data as possible. Powerful mixtures of Big Data and analytics are rapidly changing the way we do business, socialize, conduct research, and govern society. We use the term “Green Data Science” for technological solutions that enable individuals, organizations and society to reap the benefits from the widespread availability of data while ensuring fairness, confidentiality, accuracy, and transparency.Big data introduces the era of data with new challenges such as petabyte scale structured and unstructured data sets which are growing at an exponential rate and have heterogeneous formats. Fast data retrieval and accuracy of search from a pool of big data are the main challenges to maximize value for decision making in big data analytics [39].

Data Science in Action. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. “Green Data Science” (GDS) to refer to the collection of techniques and approaches trying to reap the benefits of data science and Big Data while ensuring fairness, confidentiality, accuracy, and transparency.[ 40]

Fairness – Data Science without prejudice: How to avoid unfair conclusions even if they are true?

Confidentiality – Data Science that ensures confidentiality: How to answer questions without revealing secrets?

Accuracy – Data Science without guesswork: How to answer questions with a guaranteed level of accuracy?

Transparency – Data Science that provides transparency: How to clarify answers such that they become indisputable?

Figure 6 shows a green big data analytics process where storage and processing resources reside on clouds and can be requested on demand. Cloud computing technology provides the basis for green big data analytics as the optimum resource utilization with reduced energy consumption. Currently, major big data sources and consumers are social networks, healthcare, industries, commerce, and business enterprises.

Figure 6. The figure depicts techniques for green big data analytics.

According to a study [41], it is estimated that cloud computing will be able to achieve 38% reduction in energy usage by 2020. The concept of recycling is stated in [42] which suggests that renewable energy technology will be a preferable choice of investment in finding energy resources by 2040.Renewable energy technology is emerging with reduced adaptation cost, efficient green housing, and increased renewability demands which aim to achieve reduced carbon discharge, lower and stable energy costs, and access to reliable energy sources. 64% of the IT industry are meeting their targets of energy saving by using renewable energy technology [43].

Green big data analytics is significant in optimizing energy consumption and re-usability of available sources to meet extensive analytics requirements of big data. Green computing is analogous to green chemistry and allows usage minimization for enormous computing and storage resources required by big data. Green computing aligns the big data analytics technologies with the concept of sustainability i.e. reduction, reusability, and recycling. Researchers [43] suggest that the technology industry seems more concerned about analytics efficiency than environmental sustainability and computational complexity. However, implementation of green analytics on big data surely results in reduced memory usage and computational cost. Interested readers can refer to an extensive future perspective on green big data analytics [44, 45].

Estimation and calculation of energy consumption for big data analytics is challenging. High and rapid analytic demands of big data are only satisfied when an efficient estimation is available. Similarly, for GreenHadoop, it is challenging to estimate the energy and time requirements for a job based upon which scheduling decisions are made. Estimation is also significant in renewable energy technology and thus, requires extensive work from academia and industry. Continuously increasing big data volume requires scalable increment in available analytic resources and cost. However, the concept of green computing suggests sustainability of energy and processing resources. Consequently, big data analytics technology with minimized impact on the environment is highly desirable [46].

5- Rsearch issues and challenges: From the Green IT literature, limited number theoretical framework was found to be a major research gap. A relatively small number of organizational Green IT adoption studies contribute to the development of the theory. According to (Nanath and Pillai, 2012), only 22% of overall Green IT literature contribute to the theory[48]. Also, few studies investigated IT policy or decision makers and their intention to adopt Green IT. Investigating decision makers is important as organizations do not make a decision, but senior managers do [47, 49]. Green IT adoption studies investigating higher educational institutions is lacking, to the knowledge of the authors, as there is a large concentration of

IT devices in higher education communities resulting in the high use of energy, a large volume of e-waste and high greenhouse gas emission.

(a) Challenges to Green Technology Adoption The concept of green technologies is the processes and technologies which are

environmentally friendly, improved and utilized in such a way so that it doesn’t disorganize the environment and conserve natural resources. Some people refer green technology as environmental technology and clean technology. The existing expectation is that this field will bring novelty and innovation changes in diurnal life of same magnitude of information technology. Besides, today due to the importance of this technologies, most of the governments takes initiatives to promote it.

In general, green technology is more expensive than the technology it aims to sub, because it accounts for the environmental costs which hare externalized in many conventional production processes. This is a novel technology and there is many things in it which is unknown. In addition, the associated improvement and training costs make it even more costly in comparison with other established technologies. The perceived profits regarding this technology are also pertain to other factors for instance supporting infrastructure, technology readiness, human resource capabilities and geographic elements. Adoption and circulation of these technologies can be limited by a number of other obstacles.

Some may be institutional like the lack of an appropriate regulatory framework, and others can be technological, financial, political, cultural or legal in nature. Besides, from company’s view, the barriers to adopting green technology are high implementing costs, lack of data and information, no or lack of alternative chemical or raw material inputs, uncertainty regarding performance impacts, lack of human resources and finally, lack of skilled personnel.

(b) Strengths from adopting green technology Ability to meet rigid product specifications in foreign markets: Manufacturers in developing

countries generally require to meet more stringent environmental specifications and requirements to export their commodities to developed and industrialized countries and vice versa. The adoption of green technology may help exporting companies to achieve advantage and market share over competitors.

Rebate of input costs: Green technology can develop production efficiency through the reduction for input costs, energy costs and maintenance and operating costs which can develop a company’s competitive position

Environmental image: adoption of green technology can enhance a company’s environmental reputation which is essential if other rivals and consumers are becoming more environmentally conscious.

Ability to meet more stringent environmental regulations in the future: companies which invest in green technology are more likely to be better equipped and ready for rigid environmental regulations as well as commodity specifications which are expected to be imposed on them in the future.

6-CONCLUSION:

In this article, a review of the Green Computing paradigm was presented with a focus on emerging IT technologies. IoT,Cloud computing and big data analytics were identified as the emerging IT technologies driving the current popularity of the IT industry. The demand and social integration of IT technologies is increasing rapidly, hence, increasing the energy consumption. Information technology goes a long way in facilitating Green initiatives and if properly managed, can enable organisations to cut down costs, reclaim unused capacity, streamline operations, manage outcomes, deliver higher profitability, become responsible corporate citizens and gain a competitive advantage. Consumers request for green technology productions is on sharp increase. Besides, government consumers are highly mandated to purchase green where is available, and the spectrum of the products by such provisions is on the rise. With the increasing growth of large data storage and computational demand, Green Cloud Computing is known to be a broad area and hot field for research.

It includes a huge number of focus areas for instance to provide proper management of power, virtualization of servers, design of data centers, recycling methods, eco-labeling, environment sustainability design and energy efficient resources etc. The impact of IoT on economy is going to be paramount and it is predicted to revolutionize the entire ICT industry. The need of research for a generic architecture, recyclable material and policy making to achieve Green IoT has been highlighted. IoT can undoubtedly change the course of technological advancements in the world if focused and dedicated work is put in the right direction. The world awaits the wonders it can unfold.

The strength of green computing solutions lies in their diversity, with consideration of low-level processor, memory, and network components for system optimization alongside greedy and evolutionary heuristics. This analysis of system performance and energy will lead to more fine-tuned solutions for green computing that will be more acceptable to IT industry governors who prioritize performance parameters rather than energy.

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