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Topic 2
The First AmericansEuropean Exploration & Expansion
United States History to 1865
Dr. Graham Cox
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The First Discovery of America
• Wisconsin Glaciation• 30,000 Years Ago – End of Last Ice Age
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Bering Land Bridge
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Early Migrations
• Nomadic Hunters• 8000 BCE Reach Southernmost South America• Begin Switch to Agricultural Farming• Rise of Settlements and Communities• Origins of Great Civilizations in Western
Hemisphere
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Great Civilizations
• Aztecs• Mayas• Incas• Moundbuilders
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Aztecs
• Tenochtitlan• Tributary State
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Mayas
• 2000 BCE – 900 CE
• Highly Evolved Civilization
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Incas
• Most Sophisticated Empire in Western Hemisphere
• Gold & Sliver
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North America
• Diversity– Languages - 2200– Climates/Environments
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Moundbuilders
• Adena – 1000 BCE-100 CE– Ohio River Valley
• Hopewell – 100 BCE-500 CE– Mississippi River Valley
• Mississippian – 1400 CE– Cahokia, Illinois
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Moundbuilder Sites
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1492 – Time of Contact
• Triad – Native Americans, Europeans, Africans• 1492 – Europe was MARGINAL• Chinese Exploration– Zheng-He
• China- Culture of Complacency• Europe consumed with Greed – Profit Motive• Portugal – Maritime Commerce
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Africa
• Timbuktu– Major Transit Point– Financial & Trade Center
• Gold• Spices• Ivory
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Africa
• Africa well developed in 1492
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Columbus and the “Discovery”
• Why it mattered and others did not . . .
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Christopher Columbus
• NOT first to Arrive in New World – Vikings first to arrive
about 1000 CE
• What did Columbus look like?
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This is Christopher Columbus
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And this is Christopher Columbus
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And this is Christopher Columbus
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And this is Christopher Columbus
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And this is Christopher Columbus
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And this is Christopher Columbus
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And this is Christopher Columbus
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And this is Christopher Columbus
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And this is Christopher Columbus
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And this is Christopher Columbus
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And this is “a green light to greatness”Christopher Columbus
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And these too areChristopher Columbus
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And so are these guys
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And this is the real…Christopher Columbus
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Columbus
• Christopher Columbus is the single most important figure in history over the last thousand years.
– Why?• Slavery• Mass murder• Global Trade
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Racism
• Modern Racism– A New Development– Islamic Empire– Iberian Peninsula
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The Motivations of Columbus
• Trade Route to Asia
• Guanch– Azores & Canary Islands– Sugar, Slaves, & Gold
• There was NO “New World” for Columbus
• Columbus – a religious man, motivated by greed and religious self-righteousness – came to the “New World” and did despicable things.
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Columbian Exchange
• Exchange of Biota– went BOTH directions• Animals• Plants• Diseases
• BUT exchange was NOT an even one
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Columbian Exchange - Plants
• Old to New World– Rice, Wheat, Barley, Oats– Coffee– Sugarcane– Bananas, Melons, Olives– Dandelions, Daisies, Clover,
Ragweed– Kentucky Bluegrass
• New to Old World– Corn– Potatoes – Beans – Tobacco– Peanuts, Squash, Peppers– Tomatoes, Pumpkins– Pineapples, Papayas– Cacao (Source of Chocolate)– Chicle (Chewing Gum)– Manioc (Tapioca)– Guavas, Avocados
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Columbian Exchange - Animals
• Old to New World– Horses – Cattle– Pigs– Sheep– Goats– Chickens
• New to Old World– Turkeys– Llamas– Alpacas– Guinea Pigs
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Columbian Exchange - Diseases
• Old to New World– Smallpox– Measles– Chicken Pox– Malaria– Yellow Fever– Influenza– The Common Cold
• New to Old World– Syphilis
“A night in the arms of Venus leads to a lifetime of Mercury.”
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Columbian Exchange
• A Continuing Process
• An Uneven Exchange– Tenochtitlan - 1520– Plymouth – 1619
• Biological Isolation
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Columbian Exchange
• The Result:
– Within 100 years of contact between whites and Indians, the Native American population declined from 50 to 90 percent.
– It was the greatest mass loss of human life in history.
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On the Eve of Contact
• North America– 7 – 10 Million Inhabitants
• Valley of Mexico – 20 – 25 Million
• Central & South America including Caribbean– 15 – 20 Million
• Total– 42 – 55 Million Inhabitants
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1492 Populations
• New World population roughly equivalent to Europe and Africa (Asia somewhat larger)
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What was the “New World” Really Like in 1492?
• Vast Population
• Diverse Trade Networks
• Sophisticated Agriculture
• Grand Civilizations– Grand Cities
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1492 – Fundamental Shift
• Africa, Europe, America Integrated
• Birth of Modern Global Economy
• Interconnected World
• Idea of Progress
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A New World of Suffering
• Between 1492 and 1820, roughly 10 million Africans were forcefully brought to the New World.
– By 1820 there were only 2 million Africans in the New World.
• 90% Decline in Native population in Americas
DEATH BEYOND IMAGINATION
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Conquistadores Overrun Native Americans
• 1492-1510 Spanish explore Caribbean
• After 1510 move to Mainland
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1519 Hernán Cortés
• Malinche, or Malinali • Tlaxcalans• Montezuma II• Quetzalcoatl• Disease
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Francisco Pizarro
• 1533 Cuzco
• 1550s all of South America
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England comes to the New World
• 1585, 1587 Roanoke – “The Lost Colony”
• Joint-Stock Trading Companies– Virginia Company of London– Virginia Company of
Plymouth
• Jamestown 1607
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French & Dutch
• 1609 Dutch– Henry Hudson– 1624 New Amsterdam• Trading Posts
• 1608 French– Samuel de Champlain– Fort Quebec• Fur Trading
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Next Time..
Topic 3Colonizing North AmericaThe American Sense of Mission; Evangelical Revivalistic Protestantism
United States History to 1865
Dr. Graham Cox