image gallery of land snakes of medical significance...
TRANSCRIPT
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IMAGE GALLERY OF
LAND SNAKES OF MEDICAL SIGNIFICANCE
IN MALAYSIA
For
Intermediate Level Workshop on
Snakebite & Envenomation Management (SEMTM)
and
International Workshop on
Advanced Marine Animals & Snake Envenomation Management
Ahmad Khaldun Ismail
Indraneil Das
Scott A. Weinstein
First Edition, July 2013
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
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Overview
The range of snakes of medical significance in Malaysia currently encompasses three families of snakes
(Colubridae, Elapidae and Viperidae) There are limited data on the distribution of snakes in the country.
The following account is based on available published information on snakes recorded from Peninsular
Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak. This document should be viewed as a guide, especially for healthcare
providers, to identify and manage potential envenoming from snakebites in Malaysia. Information on
the snake species listed here is based on the local data and those from neighbouring countries. Due to
their geographical proximity, snakes occurring in Peninsular Malaysia are genetically closer to those
from Thailand and Singapore, while those on Sabah and Sarawak and naturally closer to populations
from Brunei Darussalam, Kalimantan and islands of the southern Philippines.
While a majority of snakes occurring in Malaysia are non-venomous, and constitute no threat to
humans, a number of species can cause mild to severe envenoming that may lead to permanent
disability or even death in humans.
The main groups of medically important snakes in Malaysia are:
Elapidae (front-fanged snakes) are venomous snakes, which are potentially dangerous and
capable of causing significant systemic and local envenoming syndrome. This group includes all
sea snakes, of which many are considered highly dangerous and may cause significant systemic
envenoming syndrome. Other members include cobras, the king cobra, kraits and coral snakes.
Viperidae (vipers and pit vipers are also front-fanged snakes), which could cause significant local
and systemic envenoming syndrome.
Colubridae (non-front-fanged) snakes, of which two or three species in Malaysia are potentially
dangerous, in being able to cause significant systemic and local envenoming syndrome, while
some of the others could probably cause limited local reactions.
Pythonidae (the giant constricting snakes), including pythons, all species in this family are
potentially dangerous to humans and can cause significant local injuries. Large-growing
members of this species can even constrict and consume adult humans.
The purpose of this gallery is to highlight the potentially dangerous species to humans, with a list of the
main potentially medically-significant snakes. It is important to note that if a species is not listed below,
it does not necessarily mean that it does not exist in Malaysia nor that its bite cannot cause harmful
effects on humans. In particular, the list of colubrid (non-front-fanged) snakes has been selective, to
include only a number known to be of potential medical importance. It is also important to note that a
poor surveillance of pet trade and irresponsible importation of exotic snakes may introduce a medically
important species, which is not indigenous to Malaysia. This may add to the complexity of managing
envenomings in this country.
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IDENTIFYING SNAKES IN MALAYSIA
1. A reliable reference is invaluable in helping you identify snakes. Several are available in the market, and all illustrate the species of medical importance. You should be familiar with at least some of the identification characteristics of the potentially dangerous snakes in Malaysia.
2. The most noticeable characteristic about any snake, at first glance, will be its colour. This can
help identify some snakes that are very distinctive in colouration. However, snakes also vary in
colouration, and several non-venomous snakes are known to mimic venomous ones. Within the
same species, the sexes and growth stages may display different colouration.
3. An excellent character for the identification of snakes is its scales. The shape, texture and
number of scales are often unique to each species. A knowledge of scale morphology is useful if
you have found a dead snake or a shed skin, but not always useful for the identification of a live
snake, for obvious reasons!
4. A knowledge of the geographical distribution of a snake is helpful for its identification. Several
snakes are found widespread in the country, while others have limited range, and may be
further restricted to specific altitudes and habitats.
5. Knowledge of the biology, including habitat (e.g. terrestrial/arboreal/fossorial/aquatic) is also
useful for making a positive identification- knowing where particular snakes tend to live will help
you identify them.
6. Knowledge of patterns of activity (diurnal /nocturnal/crepuscular) of snakes may also help in
identification.
Instructions for identification
1. Measure the length (and diameter) of the snake. Standard measurements of snakes include tail length.
2. Notice and describe the colours on the snake's body, as well as any patterns. Stripes are marks lengthwise along the body; bands are marks across the body.
3. Look at the shape of snake's head and tail (size and arrangement of scales on the top of its head and under its tail are important for identification).
4. Observe and count the scales (on head/midbody/anal/subcaudals) on dead snakes. Observations on scales, including texture (bearing a keel or not), pattern (overlapping or situated next to each other) and colouration, in combination with other morphological characteristics, are the principal means of classifying snakes to level of species.
5. Take pictures from different perspectives, especially entire body in dorsal and ventral views (so that scale counts can be made later), head from dorsum, venter as well as lateral views. Specialists of snakes can typically identify the snake from these images.
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A.ELAPIDAE/COLUBRIDAE HEAD SHAPE AND SCALATION
All images are copyrighted to the contributors
F - frontal PF - prefrontal
IN - internasal PRO - preocular
L - loreal PSO - presubocular
La - supralabial PTO - postocular
La' - infralabial R - rostral
N - nasal SO - supraocular
P - parietal T - anterior and posterior temporals
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B. PIT VIPERS HEAD SHAPE AND SCALATION
All images are copyrighted to the contributors
Note:
There is no simple way of differentiating a venomous snake from a non-venomous one. Determining
whether a snake is venomous is correctly done by identification of the species with the help of snake
systematists. In their absence, close examination of the snake (making sure they are dead!) or good
quality pictures, and using authoritative references on the snakes of the particular geographical region,
will help to identify it. Reliable identification can be used to guide the most appropriate management of
the patient.
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A. Elapidae
Common name Scientific name
© All images are copyrighted to the contributors
Malayan krait
Bungarus candidus
Terrestrial
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Banded krait
Bungarus fasciatus
Terrestrial
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Red-headed krait
Bungarus flaviceps
Terrestrial
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Banded coral Calliophis
intestinalis lineata
Subfossorial
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Blue coral Calliophis bivirgatus
Terrestrial/ Subfossorial
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Calliophis maculiceps
Subfossorial
Calliophis bivirgatus
tetrataenia
Terrestrial/ Subfassorial
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Monocled cobra Naja kaouthia
Terrestrial
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Albino Naja kaouthia
Golden phase Naja kaouthia
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Melanistic phase Naja kaouthia
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Equatorial spitting
cobra Naja sumatrana
Terrestrial
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Golden phase Naja sumatrana
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Juvenile Naja sumatrana
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King cobra
Ophiophagus hannah
Terrestrial/ Arboreal
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B. Viperidae
Common name Scientific name
© All images are copyrighted to the contributors
Malayan pit viper Calloselasma rhodostoma
Terrestrial
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Mountain pit viper Ovophis convictus
Terrestrial
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Kinabalu brown pit viper
Garthius chaseni
Terrestrial
Leaf nose/ Wirot’s palm pit viper
Trimeresurus wiroti
Terrestrial/Arboreal
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Borneo palm pit viper
Trimeresurus borneensis
Terrestrial/Arboreal
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Mangrove/shore pit viper
Trimeresurus (Cryptelytrops)
purpureomaculatus
Arboreal
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White-lipped green
pit viper Trimersurus
(Cryptelytrops) albolabris
Arboreal
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Thai peninsular pit viper
Trimeresurus (Popeia) fucata
Arboreal
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Tioman island pit viper
Trimeresurus (Popeia) buniana
Arboreal
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Cameron pit viper Trimeresurus
(Popeia) nebularis
Arboreal
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Sabah green pit viper
Trimeresurus (Popeia) sabahi
Arboreal
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Sumatran pit viper
Trimeresurus (Parias) sumatranus
Arboreal
Kinabalu green pit viper
Trimeresurus (Parias) malcomi
Arboreal
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Hagen’s green pit viper
Trimeresurus (Parias) hageni
Arboreal
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Temple/Wagler’s pit viper
Tropidolaemus wagleri
Arboreal
Adult female Tropidolaemus wegleri
Adult female Tropidolaemus wegleri
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Male Tropidolaemus wegleri
Tropidolaemus subannulatus
Arboreal
Female Tropidolaemus subannulatus Male T. subannulatus
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C. Colubridae
Common name Scientific name
© All images are copyrighted to the contributors
Red-necked
keelback Rhabdophis subminiatus
Terestrial
Note: To date, Rhabdophis subminiatus is the only Colubrid found in Malaysia that inflicts
bites with systemic effects. Bites from R. subminiatus have not produced fatalities, but can be
life threatening and should be treated with anti-yamakagashi antivenom (available from
Japan) when indicated.
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D. Pythonidae
Common name Scientific name
© All images are copyrighted to the contributors
Reticulated Python Broghammerus
(Python) reticulatus
Terrestrial/ Arboreal
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Brongersma’s Short Python
Python brongersmai
Terrestrial
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Bornean Short /
Blood Python Python
breitensteini
Terrestrial
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IMAGE CONTRIBUTORS
Ahmad Khaldun Ismail Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Indraneil Das & Pui Yong Min Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota
Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
Jeet Sukumaran Department of Biology, Biological Sciences Building, 125 Science Drive, Duke University,
Durham, USA
Lee Grismer Department of Biology, La Sierra University, Thaine B. Price Science Complex, Riverside,
California, USA
Frank Tillack Museum für Naturkunde. Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany
Taksa Vasaruchapong
Snake Farm, Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
Zainal Abidin Mohamed Ismail Trauma & Emergency Department, Tengku Ampuan Afzan Hospital, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
Mark Auliya
Dept of Conservation Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH-UFZ, Leipzig,
Germany.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Faculty and International Advisory Members of Advanced Marine Animals & Snake
Envenomation Management Workshop (AMSEM) TM
Members of the Remote Envenomation Consultation Services (RECS) TM
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Further Reading
Indraneil Das. A Naturalist's Guide to the Snakes of Southeast Asia.
John Beaufoy Publishing, 2013
Notes