image interpretation i and iigrel.ist.edu.pk/lms/pluginfile.php?file=/2181/mod...visual...
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Image interpretation I and II
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“Looking at satellite image,
identifying different objects,
according to scale and associated
information and to communicate
this information to others is what
we call as
IMAGE INTERPRETATION” (Lillesand & Kiefer, 2004)
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Fundamentals of Image Interpretation
– Level of Interpretation may vary from simple to complex
– Interpretation complexity varies with the type of subjected landcovers
– Interpretation success depends upon the quality of satellite
data (Spatial, Spectral and Radiometric Resolutions)
– Success of Image interpretation depends on the experience of interpreter
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Key to Visually Interpret a Satellite Image
• Name of satellite
(LANDSAT, SPOT, IKONOS etc)
• Type (Spectral Mode) of satellite data
(Panchromatic, Multispectral etc)
• Band combination used
(432, 742, 541 etc)
• Satellite image acquisition date and ancillary information about the area
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Elements of Image Interpretation • Colour
• Tone
• Texture
• Pattern
• Shape
• Shadow
• Association
• Resolution
• Scale
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Colour
• Color display of remote-sensing data is of importance for effective visual interpretation.
• There are two color display methods: color composite, to generate color with multi-band data, and pseudo-color display , to assign different colors to the grey scale of a single image.
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A Color Composite image can be generated by composing
three selected single-band images with the use of three
primary colors i.e. RGB
Different color images may be obtained depending upon the
selection of three band images and the assignment of the three
primary colors.
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Colour Display Types
– True Colour Composites
Natural colour composites render features similarly as the human eyes
sees them.
They can be prepared by using Landsat TM bands 3 (red), 2 (green), and 1 (blue) for the RGB primary colours.
The advantage is that they are easy to understand also for laymen, the disadvantage is that the blue band is strongly affected by atmospheric haze and is not available from most sensors.
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False Colour Composites
–In addition, invisible regions, such as infrared, are often used, which need to be displayed in colour. As a colour composite within an infrared band is no longer natural colour, it is called a false colour composite (FCC).
–In particular, the colour composite with the assignment of blue to the green band, green to the red band, and red to the near infrared band is very popular.
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Landsat-5, False Color
Composite (FCC)
Blue
Green
Red
TM Band-4 (IR)
TM Band-2 (Green)
TM Band-3 Red
Forming a False Color Composite Image (FCC)
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Tone – Relative brightness / Darkness in the image
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Texture – Rate of change of tonal variation per unit area on the satellite
Image.
For example, homogeneous grassland exhibits a smooth texture,
dense and tall forest usually show a coarse texture. Depends upon the scale of the photograph or image
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Pattern
– Spatial arrangement of the objects in a satellite image data
– Pattern is a regular, usually repeated, shape in respect to an object.
– For example, rows of houses or apartments, regularly-spaced rice fields, interchanges of highways, orchards, and so on, can
provide information from their unique patterns.
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Shape
– The specific shape of an object, as it is viewed from above, will be imaged as a vertical photograph.
– For example, the crown of a conifer tree looks like a circle, while that of a deciduous tree has an irregular
shape.
– Airports, factories, and so on can also be identified by their shapes.
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Size
A proper photo-scale (image resolution) should be selected
depending on the purpose of the interpretation.
Shadow
Shadow is usually a visual obstacle for image
interpretation. However, shadow can also give height
information about a tower, tall building, mountain ranges,
and others, as well as shape information from the non
vertical perspective-such as the shape of a bridge.
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Association
A specific combination of elements, geographic characteristics,and configuration of the surroundings, or the context, of an object can
provide the user with specific information for image
interpretation.