image production and evaluation note: qa and qc are used interchangably in appleton and lange
TRANSCRIPT
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Image Production and Evaluation
NOTE: QA AND QC ARE USED INTERCHANGABLY IN APPLETON AND LANGE
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Intensifying screen(ref: pg 59 Mosby, 190 Bushong) Base Reflective layer Active Layer Protective layer
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Intensifying.Screen: Detail and speed Thicker the active layer: less detail and
more speed Larger the phospher:less detail and
more speed Formula: old screen
new screen
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Digital Imaging
PSP CRT ADC IP CR DR FOV field of view or
how much of the patient is included in the matrix
Matrix-rows and columns of pixels (512 x512)
Pixel size– As matrix increase, pixel
size decreases– As FOV increases, pixel
size increases– As pixel size increases,
resolutions decreases
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TARGET ANGLE
LINE FOCUS PRINCIPLE PG. 40 i-n, Mosby Actual Effective Large angle small angle anode heel
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MAMMOGRAPHY
Use very low KVP 23-28 molybdenum targets High MAS
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PROCESSINGPG. 62 MOSBY,180 Bushong
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DEFINE
EXIT (REMNANT RADIATION) LATENT IMAGE MANIFEST IMAGE
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Magnification: FOR EVERY 1” OF OID INCREASE, SID MUST INCREASE BY 7”WALLACE PG 27-33
Mag. Factor - SID
SOD SOD ---- SID - OID IMAGE SIZE -image = SID
object SOD % OF MAG- OID
SOD X 100 #s 25,45 57,87,93
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DENSITY
OD or Logarithm of opacity Ratio of amount of light incident on film to the amount of light
transmitted thru film (Mosby, pg. 53) Controlling factors
– mAs– kVP– Distance– Film/screen– Grids– Collimation– Anatomy/pathology– Anode Heel– Filtration
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Detail
Focal spot size Screen speed SID OID Motion artifact
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CONTRAST
KVP GRID FIELD SIZE Filtration Anatomy and pathology HIGH, SHORT LOW, LONG
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CHARACTERISTIC/H&D CURVE PG 58 MOSBY
Exposure error latitude
Contrast latitude speed of film base/fog processing
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DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION & ATTENUATION
Difference between x-rays absorbed through photoelectric effect and those not absorbed at all.
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Quantum Mottle
Mottled appearance (looking through a mist)
low mas-increase QM high speed film- increase QM
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GRIDS
GRID RATIO: HEIGHT DIVIDED BY DISTANCE
AFFECT ON CONTRAST MULTIPLYING FACTOR GRID CUTOFF
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FOCAL SPOT/ BLUR
Umbra/penumbra or focal spot blur Small FS = less Large FS = more Increased SID = less decreased SID = more increased OID = more decreased OID = less
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FILM CONSTRUCTION (Pg. 166-167 Bushong)/Cassette BASE EMULSION
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INTERACTIONS
CHARACTERISTIC COMPTON INFRARED CLASSICAL,
THOMSON, COHERENT
PHOTOELECTRIC BREMSTRAULING PAIR
PRODUCTION PHOTO-
DISINTEGRATION
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Technique and Exposure