immigration era
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U.S. Immigration: U.S. Immigration: History and Current History and Current
IssuesIssues
Mr. Johnny RodriguezMr. Johnny Rodriguez
Overview Overview
Breakdown of history of U.S. Immigration Breakdown of history of U.S. Immigration by eras:by eras:
Open-DoorOpen-Door
Door-AjarDoor-Ajar
Pet-DoorPet-Door
Revolving-DoorRevolving-Door
Storm-DoorStorm-Door Including Important Legislation and Court Including Important Legislation and Court
CasesCases
Overview Overview
Following Historical Breakdown:Following Historical Breakdown: Look at current societal impacts of Look at current societal impacts of
immigration both legal and illegal.immigration both legal and illegal.AssimilationAssimilationEconomicsEconomicsBilingualismBilingualismMulticulturalismMulticulturalismNational SecurityNational Security
Open-Door EraOpen-Door Era
Founding of the United States until Founding of the United States until 1880.1880.
Immigration= Relatively Easy and Immigration= Relatively Easy and Encouraged.Encouraged.
““Old-Wave” Immigrants primarily from Old-Wave” Immigrants primarily from Northwest Europe.Northwest Europe.
1789 Article 1, Section 8 grants 1789 Article 1, Section 8 grants Congress power “To Establish a Congress power “To Establish a Uniform Rule of Naturalization”Uniform Rule of Naturalization”
Open-Door EraOpen-Door Era
Naturalization Act of 1790 – First Naturalization Act of 1790 – First official act.official act.
Two-year residency requirementTwo-year residency requirement Revised in 1802 – Extended to five Revised in 1802 – Extended to five
yearsyears Became the Five-Year Residency Act in Became the Five-Year Residency Act in
18131813 1819 – Began documenting all 1819 – Began documenting all
immigrants as the left their shipimmigrants as the left their ship
Open-Door EraOpen-Door Era
1848 - Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – 1848 - Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – Citizenship to those remaining in Citizenship to those remaining in Territory cede by MexicoTerritory cede by Mexico
Two Waves: 1845-1854 and 1865-Two Waves: 1845-1854 and 1865-18751875
First- Predominantly Irish and First- Predominantly Irish and GermanGerman
Second – Included British andSecond – Included British and
ScandinavianScandinavian
Open-Door EraOpen-Door Era
1862 – Homestead Act1862 – Homestead Act 1868 – Ratification of the 141868 – Ratification of the 14thth
AmendmentAmendment 1870 – Citizenship granted to those of 1870 – Citizenship granted to those of
African decentAfrican decent 1 million immigrants per year = 13% 1 million immigrants per year = 13%
foreign bornforeign born Gave rise to fear and anxiety in native-Gave rise to fear and anxiety in native-
born born
Door-Ajar EraDoor-Ajar Era
Began in 1880 and lasted 1920Began in 1880 and lasted 1920
Rate of 1 million per year continuedRate of 1 million per year continued
Shift to South, Central and Eastern Shift to South, Central and Eastern EuropeEurope
Know-Nothings and Ku Klux Klan led Know-Nothings and Ku Klux Klan led restrictionist attitude.restrictionist attitude.
Door-Ajar EraDoor-Ajar Era
1882 – Chinese Exclusion Act – First 1882 – Chinese Exclusion Act – First piece of legislation aimed at a piece of legislation aimed at a particular race or nationality.particular race or nationality.
Virtually stopped Chinese Virtually stopped Chinese immigration immigration
ten years.ten years. Reenacted in 1888, 1892 and 1904Reenacted in 1888, 1892 and 1904
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
1881 1882 1883 1885
Chinese Immigrants
Door-Ajar EraDoor-Ajar Era
1885 – Foran Act – illegal to fund 1885 – Foran Act – illegal to fund immigration of others.immigration of others.
1888 – Scott Act – extended Chinese 1888 – Scott Act – extended Chinese Exclusion act ten years/ barred Exclusion act ten years/ barred return.return.
1889 – 1889 – Chae Chan Ping v. United Chae Chan Ping v. United StatesStates upheld Scott Act. upheld Scott Act.
Door-Ajar EraDoor-Ajar Era
1892 – Ellis Island1892 – Ellis Island 1894 – Bureau of Immigration1894 – Bureau of Immigration 1898 – Wong Kim Ark v. United 1898 – Wong Kim Ark v. United
States:States:Native born are eligible for nat. Native born are eligible for nat.
even if parents are not.even if parents are not. 1907 – Dillingham Commission: Led to the quota 1907 – Dillingham Commission: Led to the quota
acts of the 1920sacts of the 1920s
Pet-Door EraPet-Door Era
The Pet-Door Era – 1920-1965The Pet-Door Era – 1920-1965 Pro-restrictionist groups pushed for Pro-restrictionist groups pushed for
quota acts: 1921, 1924, 1929quota acts: 1921, 1924, 1929 Immigration shifted back to Immigration shifted back to
Northwest Europe.Northwest Europe. Era of restrictive legislationEra of restrictive legislation
Pet-Door Era: Quota ActsPet-Door Era: Quota Acts 1921 – 3% of pop. Of a country as of 1910 1921 – 3% of pop. Of a country as of 1910
census.census.only 4 million entered from 1920-1930only 4 million entered from 1920-1930
1924 – Johnson-Reed Act – 2% of pop. Of a 1924 – Johnson-Reed Act – 2% of pop. Of a country as of 1890 census.country as of 1890 census.
Brought about shift back to Northwest Brought about shift back to Northwest EuropeEurope
Barred most Asians – “aliens ineligible for Barred most Asians – “aliens ineligible for citizenship”citizenship”
1929 – proportion of pop. Or of each nationality 1929 – proportion of pop. Or of each nationality for 1920 census.for 1920 census.
Only 150,000 admitted.Only 150,000 admitted.
Decrease in ImmigrationDecrease in Immigration
0
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
Door-Ajar Era Pet-Door Era
Immigrants
Pet-Door EraPet-Door Era
1922 – Cable Act – women can 1922 – Cable Act – women can become naturalized unless married become naturalized unless married to ineligible alien.to ineligible alien.
Labor Appropriations Act of 1924 Labor Appropriations Act of 1924 Established the U.S. Border PatrolEstablished the U.S. Border Patrol
Great DepressionGreat Depression
Immigration slowed dramatically between Immigration slowed dramatically between 1929 and 19391929 and 1939
1940 – End of Depression – Congress passed 1940 – End of Depression – Congress passed Registration Law and Nationality ActRegistration Law and Nationality Act
Required all citizens to register Required all citizens to register address address
annually.annually.
Consolidated all naturalization policy Consolidated all naturalization policy into into one Act.one Act.
Pet-Door EraPet-Door Era
1942 – Executive Order 9066 – Japanese 1942 – Executive Order 9066 – Japanese Americans to relocation camps.Americans to relocation camps.
1943 – 1943 – Hirabayashi v. United StatesHirabayashi v. United States upheld upheld “military necessity”“military necessity”
1944 – 1944 – Korematsu v. United StatesKorematsu v. United States allowed allowed for excluded zonesfor excluded zones
1952 – Immigration and Naturalization Act 1952 – Immigration and Naturalization Act removed racial and national-origin barrier.removed racial and national-origin barrier.
Revolving-Door EraRevolving-Door Era
Began with the Immigration and Began with the Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965Naturalization Act of 1965
Replaced quota system with Replaced quota system with preference systempreference system
Immigration in the following decade Immigration in the following decade was up 60%was up 60%
Act was amended in 1966 to allow Act was amended in 1966 to allow for more refugeesfor more refugees
Revolving-Door EraRevolving-Door Era
1967 1967 Afroyim v. RuskAfroyim v. Rusk – Dual Citizenship – Dual Citizenship 1970s – concerns over immigrants 1970s – concerns over immigrants
entering illegallyentering illegally 5.4 million immigrants entered5.4 million immigrants entered 1978 – Pres. Carter – Select Commission 1978 – Pres. Carter – Select Commission
on Immigration and Refugee Policyon Immigration and Refugee Policy
Recommended closing backdoor Recommended closing backdoor and and opening front door.opening front door.
Revolving-Door EraRevolving-Door Era
1980 Refugee Act1980 Refugee Act 1986 – Immigration Reform and 1986 – Immigration Reform and
Control Act (IRCA)Control Act (IRCA) Immigration Act of 1990 (IMMACT)Immigration Act of 1990 (IMMACT)
Culmination of IRCA and SCIRPCulmination of IRCA and SCIRP 1993 - NAFTA1993 - NAFTA
Revolving-Door EraRevolving-Door Era
California passed Proposition 187California passed Proposition 187
Claimed Illegal immigration was Claimed Illegal immigration was a a financial burdenfinancial burden
LULAC et al. v. Pete Wilson et al.LULAC et al. v. Pete Wilson et al. – – declared 187 unconstitutionaldeclared 187 unconstitutional
1996 – Illegal Immigrant Reform and 1996 – Illegal Immigrant Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA)Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA)
Storm-Door EraStorm-Door Era
Began in 2001 as a result of 9/11 Began in 2001 as a result of 9/11 terrorist attacksterrorist attacks
2001 – USA Patriot Act2001 – USA Patriot Act 2002 – INS is abolished and duties 2002 – INS is abolished and duties
granted to Department of Homeland granted to Department of Homeland SecuritySecurity
2005 – USA Patriot Act Improvements 2005 – USA Patriot Act Improvements and Reauthorization Actand Reauthorization Act
Current Immigration IssuesCurrent Immigration Issues AssimilationAssimilation
EconomicsEconomics
BilingualismBilingualism
MulticulturalismMulticulturalism
National SecurityNational Security
AssimilationAssimilation
11stst step – Naturalization process step – Naturalization process Pre-1970s – Strong pressures on Pre-1970s – Strong pressures on
immigrants to assimilate into the immigrants to assimilate into the cultureculture
Large numbers – fear that Large numbers – fear that immigrants would not form immigrants would not form emotional attachment to new emotional attachment to new countrycountry
AssimilationAssimilation
Assimilate by acquiring skillsAssimilate by acquiring skills Naturalization – more job Naturalization – more job
opportunitiesopportunities Proponents: Immigrants have no Proponents: Immigrants have no
problem assimilatingproblem assimilating Age is greatest distinguishing factorAge is greatest distinguishing factor
EconomicsEconomics
Pros:Pros:more workers create more wealthmore workers create more wealth
provide basis for S. Security and Medicareprovide basis for S. Security and Medicare
most still pay income and property taxesmost still pay income and property taxes
benefit from brain-drain of other nationsbenefit from brain-drain of other nations
EconomicsEconomics
Cons:Cons:Immigrant wages are decreasingImmigrant wages are decreasing
Create a strain on taxpayers and Create a strain on taxpayers and governmentgovernment
Tax burden in most states: couple hundred Tax burden in most states: couple hundred $/yr$/yr
BilingualismBilingualism
Economic and Ideological detrimentEconomic and Ideological detriment Single language unifies incredible Single language unifies incredible
diversitydiversity Multiple languages are inefficientMultiple languages are inefficient Argument for: too many Americans Argument for: too many Americans
are illiterate anywayare illiterate anyway
MulticulturalismMulticulturalism
Distinct Culture GroupsDistinct Culture Groups Organizational and Conceptual Organizational and Conceptual
BordersBorders Maintain ties to home country, thus Maintain ties to home country, thus
no true American identityno true American identity Proponents: Proportion has remained Proponents: Proportion has remained
stable over the yearsstable over the years
National SecurityNational Security
Major Concern recently – Became Major Concern recently – Became important in 1920simportant in 1920s
7,000 miles of border7,000 miles of border Department of Homeland SecurityDepartment of Homeland Security
Struggle until recentlyStruggle until recently
Advances in transportation securityAdvances in transportation security
Creative thinking to prevent attacksCreative thinking to prevent attacks
Summary and ReviewSummary and Review
Five Eras of Immigration: Open-Door, Five Eras of Immigration: Open-Door, Door Ajar, Pet-Door, Revolving-Door, Door Ajar, Pet-Door, Revolving-Door, Storm-DoorStorm-Door
Immigration: history of legislation Immigration: history of legislation Current Issues: Assimilation, Current Issues: Assimilation,
Economics, Bilingualism, Economics, Bilingualism, Multiculturalism, and National Multiculturalism, and National SecuritySecurity