IMMIGRATION IN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES

BARBARA BOYLE TORREY

BIXBY VISITING SCHOLAR

POPULATION REFERENCE BUREAU

FOREIGN BORN POPULATIONSAS PERCENT OF TOTAL POPULATION

0

5

10

15

20

25

1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

CanadaU.S.

Source: Statistics Canada; U.S. Census Bureau.Note: Canadian data are for the Census Year, which is one year after U.S.Census at the beginning of a decade.

%

IMMIGRANT POPULATION BY PLACE OF BIRTH - 2000

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Latin Am. Europe Asia EachOther

Africa

CanadaU.S.

Source: Statistics Canada; U.S. Census Bureau. Tamara M. Woroby, American Review of Canadian Studies (Summer2005): 247-264.

%

PERSONS ENTERING CANADA AND U.S. BY STATUS : 2002

(excluding tourists)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

PERM ILLEGAL REFUGEE TEMP FOR STU

CanadaU.S.

Source: Tamara M. Woroby, The American Review of Canadian Studies,(Summer 2005):247-264.

%

IMMIGRANT LABORERS TO CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES

(as percent of all immigrants)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1965 1975 1985 1995 2000

CANADAU.S.

SOURCE: Tamara M. Woroby, op. cit.

CATEGORIES OF LEGAL IMMIGRANTS:

2000 (IN PERCENTAGE)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

FAMILY ECON REFUGEE OTHER

CANADAU.S.

SOURCE: Citizenship and Immigration Canada, Facts and Figures 2000 p. 5. 2001 Statistical Yearbook of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

CANADIAN SELECTION GRIDFOR IMMIGRATION

Selection Criteria

Skilled Worker

Immigrant

Investor/

EntrepreneurEducation 25 25

Official Language 24 24

Experience 21

Business Experience 35

Age 10 10

Arranged Employment 10

Adaptability 10 6

ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS FOR CITIZENSHIP

CANADA UNITED STATES

RESIDENCY 3 YEARS 5 YEARS

LANGUAGE BASIC ENGLISH OR FRENCH

UNDERSTAND BASIC ENGLISH

DUAL CITIZENSHIP YES NO

PERCENT NATURALIZED AMONG ELIGIBLE FOREIGN

BORN RESIDENTS

84% 40%

FOREIGN-BORN ENTERING BETWEEN 1980-1989 WHO BECAME

U.S. CITIZENS BY 2002

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

TOTAL ASIA EUROPE AFRICA LAT. AM.

U.S.

Source: U. Census Bureau, as reported in Philip Martin and Elizabeth Midgley“Immigration: Shaping and Reshaping America, PRB, June 2003.

IDENTITY OF FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION

CANADA UNITED STATES

MOSTLY AS CANADIAN OR AMERICAN

49 % 54%

MOSTLY BY ETHNICITY OR BIRTHPLACE

33 22%

BOTH EQUALLY 13% 23%

Source: Environics,

Focus Canada, 1997-2

Source: Public Agenda, November 2002

IDENTITY OF U.S. IMMIGRANTS:2002

MEXICAN OTHER

LATINO

EUROPE EAST

ASIAN

CARIB-BEAN

MOSTLY

AMERI-CAN

45% 55% 67% 53% 49%

MOSTLY

BIRTH

CO.

28% 21% 13% 20% 24%

BOTH

EQUALLY26% 22% 18% 26% 28%

DON’T

KNOW1% 3% 2% 2% --

LONGITUDINAL SURVEYS OFNEW IMMIGRANTS

LONGIT. SURVEY OF IMMIGRANTS TO CANADA

U.S. NEW IMMIGRANT SURVEY

SAMPLE SIZE 12,000 10,000 ADULTS

1,000 PARENTS

SAMPLE CHARACTER-ISTICS

AGED 15 + ARRIVED 2000-2001

ADULTS AND CHILD SURVEY

NUMBER OF WAVES

THREE WAVES REINTERVIEW EVERY 2 YEARS

YEARS 2003-2005 NEW PANEL IN FIVE YEARS.