immobilization of biomolecules on biosensors
TRANSCRIPT
The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM, right) is an extremely sensitive mass sensor, capable of measuring mass changes in the nanogram range.
Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM)
QCM’s are piezoelectric devices fabricated of a thin plate of quartz, with gold (or platinum (Pt) and silver (Ag)electrodes affixed to each side of the plate.
Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM)
Oscillator: is an electronic circuit that produces a periodic, oscillating electronic signal, often a sine wave or a square wave.Oscillators convert direct current (DC) to an alternating current (AC) signal.
Are the determination the adsorption
properties of biomaterials and functional
surfaces, for proteins, lipids, polymers,
(MOFs), cells and bacteria.
The main applications of QCMs
A spontaneous excitation of the sensor with an AC voltage is used to oscillate the quartz disc with a frequency that is dependent on the total oscillating mass.
Measuring principle
The deposition of a thin film increases the oscillation and the resonant frequency decreases. This dependence is described by the Sauerbrey equation:
Measuring principle
Molecules may be immobilized either passively through:
Hydrophobic
Ionic interactions
Covalently by attachment to activated surface groups.
Immobilization
Noncovalent surfaces are effective for many applications; however, passive adsorption of receptors fails in many cases.
Immobilization
Covalent immobilization is often necessary for binding of molecules that:
• Do not adsorb, • Adsorb very weakly• Adsorb with improper orientation
Immobilization
Covalent immobilization may result in reduced nonspecific adsorption, and greater stability.
Immobilization
The immobilization process should occur selectively in the presence of common functional groups, including amines, thiols, carboxylic acids, and alcohols.
Immobilization
Surface density of the ligand should be optimized.
Low density surface coverage will yield a correspondingly low frequency.
High surface densities may result steric interference between the covalently immobilized receptor molecules, impending access to the target molecules.
Immobilization