immune system 1 what it’s all about – the basics defend the body against pathogens recognize...
TRANSCRIPT
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Immune System
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What It’s All About – the BASICS
• Defend the body against pathogens• Recognize self from non-self • Specific and Non-specific
“Bottom line”:
Fight infection through the production of cells that inactivate foreign substances/cells
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Protection
• Pathogens– Infectious disease– Toxic– Reproduce in the host– GERMS
• Koch’s postulate
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4 ways of getting sick
• Contact an infected person directly
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4 ways of getting sick
• Contact an infected person INdirectly
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4 ways of getting sick
• Eat infected food or drink infected water
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4 ways of getting sick• Get bitten by an infected animal
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Bubonic Plague
Bubonic plague is an infectious disease, circulating mainly among small rodents and their fleas. Without treatment, the bubonic plague kills about two thirds of infected humans within 4 days. Swollen lymph glands are typical symptoms of the plague. During the 14th century, 25 million people in Europe were belived to have died (around 40% of the entire population). 9
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Immune System Anatomy
• Lymphatic System–Lymph (fluid with WBCs)–Lymph nodes (store WBCs)–Tonsils, thymus, spleen, appendix, red
bone marrow, adenoids
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Line up the Troops• First line of defense is non-specific
– Blocks anything from entering body system
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First Line of Defense Examples
• Skin: wall that blocks pathogens• Sweat: acidic, salty, contains enzymes• Mucus: coats openings to body• Tears: wash out pathogens entering eye
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If that didn’t work….
• Second line of defense: Inflammatory ResponseWhen the pathogen enters the body
– Injured cells release HISTAMINE• Capillaries expand so blood flow increases• Fluid leaks out into space between cells
– Swelling, redness, pain, heat
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SPECIFIC DEFENSEIMMUNE RESPONSE
– Specific for pathogen– Most effective if you’ve been infected
before– Through entire body– Triggered by substance in pathogen =
antigen– Can be defense in body fluids (humoral) OR
defense against abnormal cells or pathogens (cell-mediated)
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Cells InvolvedWhite Blood cells = LEUKOCYTES
They are made in the bone marrow
Some develop in bone marrow, others in the thymus
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Cells Specifics
Non-specific:
Phagocytes: engulf (eat) and digest pathogens
Macrophages are the biggest
Specific: Lymphocytes: B-cells and T-cells
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Humoral Immunity – Immunity against pathogens in body fluids
Some B cells recognize specific pathogen• B cells mature in Bone marrow• Antibodies from B-cells • Some B cells remember specific antigens &
will produce antibodies whenever the pathogen reappears (memory cells)
• Antibodies:– Attach to antigen and attract macrophages
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B cell immune response10 to 17 days for full response
invader(foreign antigen) B cells + antibodies
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recognition
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clone1000s of clone cellsY
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plasma cellsrelease antibodies
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memory cells“reserves”
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Ycapturedinvaders
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tested by B cells(in blood & lymph)
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Lymphocytes: B-cell
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Cell-Mediated Immunity
• Cells directly attack and destroy Ag (antigen)– Cancer cells, infected body cells, invading cells
• T cells involved– Born in bone marrow but mature in Thymus– 3 types: killer, helper, suppressor
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T cells
• Killer T cells– Attack Ag (puncture cell membrane)
• Helper T cells (aka T4)– Stimulate Killer Ts to divide, stimulate B cells to
divide and release Antibodies
• Suppressor T cells– Stop the activity of other T cells
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T cell response
stimulateB cells &antibodies
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killerT cell
activatekiller T cells
or
infected cell
helperT cell
helperT cell
helperT cell
helperT cell
helperT cell
activatedmacrophage
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Lymphocytes From Stem Cells
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Lymphocytes: T-cell
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Memory CellsPrimary response: new pathogen, new response (5-10 days until max production of B and T cells)
Secondary Response: same pathogen, old response (1-2 days, so you don’t even get sick!)
Memory cells can last your entire life!!
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Vaccinations • Immune system exposed
to harmless version of pathogen – triggers active immunity– stimulates immune system to produce
antibodies to invader– rapid response if
future exposure
• Most successful against viral diseases
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Immune response
free antigens in blood antigens on infected cells
humoral response cellular response
B cells T cells
macrophages(APC)
helperT cells
plasmaB cells
memoryB cells
memoryT cells
cytotoxicT cells
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YantibodiesY
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skinskinpathogen invasionantigenexposure
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HIV and AIDS
• HIV attacks T4 cells (Helper T cells)• Body can’t defend against any Ags!• Known as an STD: transported in semen, blood,
breast milk
• Once T4 count is so low that body can’t fight disease, we say the person has AIDS
• Takes about 10 years to develop AIDS
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AIDS Infection
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Huge Outbreak in Africa
African Children Orphaned by AIDS31
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Allergies
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Allergies
• Histamine released even though antigen is harmless
• If blood vessels dilate too much: ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK
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Autoimmune Disorders
• Immune system attack SELF cells
• Multiple Sclerosis: T cells destroy nerve cells
• Maybe Type 1 Diabetes is attack on pancreas
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Multiple Sclerosis
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