immune system and cancer
DESCRIPTION
Immune system and Cancer. Overview. Innate (nonspecific) defense system surface barriers internal defenses Adaptive (specific) defense systems humoral immunity cellular immunity Cancer. Innate (nonspecific) defense Surface Barriers. Skin - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Immune system and Cancer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814fa5550346895dbd638f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Immune system and Cancer
![Page 2: Immune system and Cancer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814fa5550346895dbd638f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Overview
1. Innate (nonspecific) defense systema. surface barriers
b. internal defenses
2. Adaptive (specific) defense systemsa. humoral immunity
b. cellular immunity
3. Cancer
![Page 3: Immune system and Cancer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814fa5550346895dbd638f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Innate (nonspecific) defenseSurface Barriers
Skin
- keratin - resists weak acids and bases, bacterial enzymes and toxins
- pH 3-5: inhibits bacterial growth
- lipids in sebum are toxic to bacteria
- dermcidin in sweat - toxic to bacteria
![Page 4: Immune system and Cancer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814fa5550346895dbd638f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Innate (nonspecific) defenseSurface Barriers
Mucous membranes
- Saliva and tears: lysozyme - enzyme that destroys bacteria
- mucus in digestive and respiratory tracts capture bacteria
- stomach acidity and enzymes kill bacteria
- vaginal secretion acidity inhibits bacterial growth
![Page 5: Immune system and Cancer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814fa5550346895dbd638f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Innate (nonspecific) defenseInternal defenses
- phagocytes
- NK cells
- inflammation
- antimicrobial proteins
- fever
![Page 6: Immune system and Cancer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814fa5550346895dbd638f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Innate (nonspecific) defenseInternal defenses - phagocytes- macrophages (WBCs)
- neutrophils (WBCs)
- microglia (brain)
![Page 7: Immune system and Cancer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814fa5550346895dbd638f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Innate (nonspecific) defenseInternal defenses - NK cells
Natural Killer Cells
- in blood and lymph
- lyse cancer cells and virus infected cells
- secrete perforins and granzymes
![Page 8: Immune system and Cancer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814fa5550346895dbd638f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Innate (nonspecific) defenseInternal defenses - inflammation
- triggered by disruption of body tissue
- prevents spread of damage
- disposes of cell debris and pathogens
- preps for repair
![Page 9: Immune system and Cancer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814fa5550346895dbd638f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
•The cardinal signs• Calor (heat)• Rubor (redness)• Tumor (swelling)• Dolor (pain)
Innate (nonspecific) defenseInternal defenses - inflammation
![Page 10: Immune system and Cancer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814fa5550346895dbd638f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Innate (nonspecific) defenseInternal defenses - inflammation
![Page 11: Immune system and Cancer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814fa5550346895dbd638f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
pus = dead WBCs (neutrophils) + dead tissue cells + pathogens (live and dead)abcess = walled off infection (by collagen fibers)
Innate (nonspecific) defenseInternal defenses - infection
![Page 12: Immune system and Cancer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814fa5550346895dbd638f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Innate (nonspecific) defenseInternal defenses - antimicrobial
proteins
1) Interferons
2) complement
![Page 13: Immune system and Cancer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814fa5550346895dbd638f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Innate (nonspecific) defenseInternal defenses - antimicrobial proteins -
interferon
![Page 14: Immune system and Cancer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814fa5550346895dbd638f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Innate (nonspecific) defense
Internal defenses - antimicrobial proteins -
complement
- 20+ different complement proteins - 2 pathways (classic and alternative)- cascade of events leads to amplification of inflammation, promotes phagocytosis, and causes cell lysis
![Page 15: Immune system and Cancer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814fa5550346895dbd638f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
- systemic response
- Hypothalamus in the brain regulates body temperature
- Pyrogens resets the temperature higher- secreted by macrophages and leukocytes exposed to foreign matter
Innate (nonspecific) defenseInternal defenses - fever
![Page 16: Immune system and Cancer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814fa5550346895dbd638f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
characteristics
- specific
- systemic
- memory
2 categories (both triggered by antigens)
- humoral (antibody mediated) immunity
- cellular (cell mediated) immunity
Adaptive (specific) defense
![Page 17: Immune system and Cancer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814fa5550346895dbd638f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
- large complex molecules not normally in the body - "non-self"
- self-antigens - protein molecules on your cells that mark them as "yours"; these are antigens to other people
- MHC (major histocompatibility proteins)
Adaptive (specific) defense - antigens
![Page 18: Immune system and Cancer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814fa5550346895dbd638f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
- B lymphocytes (cells): humoral immunity; mature in bone marrow
- T lymphocytes (cells): cell mediated immunity; mature in thymus
(both lymphocytes are immunocompetent and self tolerant)
Adaptive (specific) defense - types of cells
![Page 19: Immune system and Cancer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814fa5550346895dbd638f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Adaptive (specific)
defense - types of cells
![Page 20: Immune system and Cancer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814fa5550346895dbd638f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
- APCs (antigen-presenting cells) examples include:
a. dendritic cells (connective tissue and epidermis)
b. macrophages
c. B lymphocytes
Adaptive (specific) defense - types of cells
tonsils: lymphocytes and APCs protect oral and nasal cavities
spleen: lymphocytes and APCs protect against blood borne pathogens
![Page 21: Immune system and Cancer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814fa5550346895dbd638f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Adaptive (specific) defense - humoral immunity
![Page 22: Immune system and Cancer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814fa5550346895dbd638f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Adaptive (specific) defense - humoral immunity
![Page 23: Immune system and Cancer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814fa5550346895dbd638f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Adaptive (specific) defense - humoral immunity
![Page 24: Immune system and Cancer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814fa5550346895dbd638f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Immune system and Cancer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814fa5550346895dbd638f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
mechanisms of antibody action
![Page 26: Immune system and Cancer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814fa5550346895dbd638f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
mechanisms of antibody action
![Page 27: Immune system and Cancer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814fa5550346895dbd638f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Adaptive (specific) defense - immunological memory
![Page 28: Immune system and Cancer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814fa5550346895dbd638f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
- T cells interact directly with antigen presenting cells (APCs)
- T cells DO NOT MAKE ANTIBODIES!
- T cells clear the body of cells that have been invaded by viruses (or other pathogens)
- T cells reject tumor cells, transplants
- T cells are responsible for some allergies
Adaptive (specific) defense - cell mediated immunity
![Page 29: Immune system and Cancer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814fa5550346895dbd638f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Adaptive (specific) defense - cell mediated immunity
T cell dendridic cell
![Page 30: Immune system and Cancer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814fa5550346895dbd638f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Adaptive (specific) defense -
cell mediated immunity
![Page 31: Immune system and Cancer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814fa5550346895dbd638f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Adaptive (specific) defense -
cell mediated immunity
![Page 32: Immune system and Cancer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814fa5550346895dbd638f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Adaptive (specific) defense -
cell mediated immunity
![Page 33: Immune system and Cancer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814fa5550346895dbd638f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Immune imbalances
- immunodeficiencies - when immune cells (any) behave abnormally
(AIDS - cripples helper T cells)
- autoimmune diseases - body cannot distinguish self
- hypersensitivities (allergies) - immune system is overly sensitive to perceived threats (pollen, dander)
![Page 34: Immune system and Cancer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814fa5550346895dbd638f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Cancer
characterized by cells that
- divide indefinitely
- lack a response to stop growing
- can recruit a blood supply
- can migrate
- lack normal interactions with other cells
![Page 35: Immune system and Cancer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814fa5550346895dbd638f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Cancer
- multiple mutations, multiple genes
- proto-oncogenes - promote normal cell division
- mutate to oncogenes
- tumor suppressor genes - control normal cell division
- mutate to become non-functioning
![Page 36: Immune system and Cancer](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814fa5550346895dbd638f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Cancer