immune system and its function - Ústav imunologie |...
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Imunodeficiencies
Department of ImmunologyNovember, 2008
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Immune system and its function
benefit x damagedefenseimmune surveillance tolerance
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Immune system and its function
immunodeficiencies
allergy
autoimmunity
tumours
repeated infectionspathological reaction to environmental antigenspathological reaction to internal antigensdefects in immune
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Immune system and its function
immunodeficiencies
allergy
autoimmunity
tumours
repeated infectionspathological reaction to environmental antigenspathological reaction to internal antigensdefects in immune
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Common defense mechanisms
skin and mucosa
cilia, mucus
hydrochloric acid
flow of urine
tears
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Roles of immune system components
defense againstbacteria, some viruses
bacteria, fungi
extracelullar bacteriaviruses
intracelullar bacteriaviruses, fungi
innate immunityhumoral - complement
cellular - phagocytes, NK cells
adaptive immunityhumoral - antibodies
cellular - T lymphocytes
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Role of immune systemin infection combat
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PhagocytesNK cellsB cellsCD4+ T cellsCD8+ T cells
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Immunodeficiencies
1. primary• innate diseases • genes coding for immune system
components
2. secondary • secondary immune disorders based on
primary cause
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Secondary immunodeficiency
= presence of underlying disease
malignancy (malignancy)infection (e.g. HIV)malnutritionimmunosuppresive drugs
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Classification of primary immunodeficiencies
Antibody• agammaglobulinaemia• hypogammaglobulineamia• deficit of specific antibodies• deficit of isotype switch
Cellular, combined• severe combined (SCID)
• cytokine signalization• T-cell receptor signalization• recombination of T-cell receptor genes• purine metabolism• expression of HLA molelules
• combined• intercelluar signalization• intracellular signalization • cellular motility• chemokine signalization• transcription factors• IFN gamma/IL-12 pathway
Phagocytenumber of phagocytesadhesionfunction (intracellur killiing)
Complementparticular componentsregulatory factors
Malfunction of regulationcytotoxicitynegative feedbackapoptosis
Syndromes with compromised DNA repair
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Prevalence of primary immunodeficiencies (PID)
70%
1%
20%
9%
humoral
cellular andcombinedphagocytic
complement
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Incidence of PID (examples)
sIgAD 1 : 500 - 700
DGS 1 : 4.000 (live births)CVID 1 : 10.000 – 50.000SCID 1 : 100.000
CD19 deficit only a few cases
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Differentiation of B and T cells
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Classification of primary immunodeficiencies
Antibody• agammaglobulinaemia• hypogammaglobulineamia• deficit of specific antibodies• deficit of isotype switch
Cellular, combined• severe combined (SCID)
• cytokine signalization• T-cell receptor signalization• recombination of T-cell receptor genes• purine metabolism• expression of HLA molelules
• combined• intercelluar signalization• intracellular signalization • cellular motility• chemokine signalization• transcription factors• IFN gamma/IL-12 pathway
Phagocytenumber of phagocytesadhesionfunction (intracellur killiing)
Complementparticular componentsregulatory factors
Malfunction of regulationcytotoxicitynegative feedbackapoptosis
Syndromes with compromised DNA repair
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Levels of antibodies in kids
production of Ab associated with cellur development of immune-competent cells (starts during 1st months in utero) active transport through placenta
IgM
IgG
IgA
delivery 6 months
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B cell development
IgGIgAIgE
HSC
TNKCLP
MLP
Pro B Pre B
Plasma cells
Mature B
L5V preB
m IgM Memory B cells
IgD
Bone marrow
Fischer, Nature Immunology 2004
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Agammaglobulinaemia - AR
IgGIgAIgE
HSC
TNKCLP
MLP
Pro B Pre B
Plasma cellsAR agamaglobulinaemiam, Igalfa, Lamda5, BLNK, LRRC8
Mature B
L5V preB
m IgM
IgD
Memory B cells
Bone marrow
Fischer, Nature Immunology 2004
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Agamaglobulinaemia - XL
IgGIgAIgE
HSC
TNKCLP
MLP
Pro B Pre B
Plasma cellsXLABTK
Mature B
L5V preB
m IgM
IgD
Memory B cells
Bone marrow
Fischer, Nature Immunology 2004
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Bruton agamaglobulinaemia (XLA)
X-linked agammaglobulinemiasingle gene defectlack of B cells
X
autosomal recessive agammaglobulinaemias (20%)
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VAŠEK, 3 y-o boy
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VAŠEK Personal history
IVF, twin A, brother healthyperinatal history unremarkablepneumonia 3 wks before diagnosisregulary vaccinatedadmitted for laryngitis, septic state followed
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VAŠEK Laboratory investigation
absence of all immunoglobulinsabsence of B cells in periphery and bone marrow
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VAŠEK Diagnosis and treatment
mutation in a gene coding for Bruton tyrosinkinase (BTK)regular IVIg substitutioncurrently without clinical symptomsprognosis relatively favourable(danger - echoviruses)
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Hypogammaglobulinaemia
IgGIgAIgE
HSC
TNKCLP
MLP
Pro B Pre B
Plasma cells
Fischer, Nature Immunology 2004
CVIDICOSTACIBAFF-RCD19
Mature B
L5V preB
m IgM
IgD
Memory B cells
Bone marrow
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Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)
Male /female> 2 yearsPoor responses to vaccines Serum IgG and IgA are > 2 SD below mean for ageExclude other 2nd antibody deficiencies
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Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)
highly heterogeneousmanifestation later in lifeincidence 1 : 10.000 – 50.000 infections, autoimmunity, granulomasICOS (on T cells)TACI, BAFF-R, CD19 (on B cells)
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Defects of isotype switch
IgGIgAIgE
HSC
TNKCLP
MLP
Pro B Pre B
Plasma cells
HIGM
Fischer, Nature Immunology 2004
CD40LCD40
AID UNGMature B
L5V preB
m IgM Memory B cells
IgD
Bone marrow
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XDefects in hyper IgM
X
XXX
X
Notarangelo, J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006, 117, 855-64
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Hyper IgM syndrom (HIGM)
bacterial and atypical infection (PCP, cryptosporidia)defect in communication (previously B cell defect expected)mainly boys (CD40L = X-linked)
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ONDŘEJ, 8 month-old
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ONDŘEJ Personal history
family history unremarkableBCG vaccinationin 3 months enlarged left axillar lymphnodes
suppuration drainage consolidation in 4 months coughchronically slurry yellow-green stoolsince 2 months failure to thrive
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ONDŘEJ Disease detection
in 8 months oral thrush
at GP: afebrile, failure to thrive, thrush, tachypnoe, clear breathing
in hospital: at admission sat. O2 80%, leukocytosis, trombocytosis, low ESR, low CRP
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ONDŘEJ Immunological investigation
IgG 0,6 g/l [NR 3.6-7.7]IgA < 0.06 g/l [NR 0.1-0.6]IgE < 1 IU/ml [NR 0-30.0]IgM 1,98 g/l [NR 0.3-1.4]
lymphocyte numberfunctional tests
• (proliferation) • (phacytosis, NBT)
normal
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IgG, A, E + IgM
and atypical infection
Hyper IgM syndrome?
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ONDŘEJ Before transplantationCD3+CD4+CD154+
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ONDŘEJ Molecular geneticsONDŘEJ
mutation in exon 5, Cys800Thy(dr. Genevieve de Saint Basil, Neckar, Pařris)Xq26
Notarangelo, J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006, 117, 855-64mother is CARRIER
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ONDŘEJ
After bone marrow transplantationCD3+CD4+CD154+
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Classification of primary immunodeficiencies
Antibody• agammaglobulinaemia• hypogammaglobulineamia• deficit of specific antibodies• deficit of isotype switch
Cellular, combined• severe combined (SCID)
• cytokine signalization• T-cell receptor signalization• recombination of T-cell receptor genes• purine metabolism• expression of HLA molelules
• combined• intercelluar signalization• intracellular signalization • cellular motility• chemokine signalization• transcription factors• IFN gamma/IL-12 pathway
Phagocytenumber of phagocytesadhesionfunction (intracellur killiing)
Complementparticular componentsregulatory factors
Malfunction of regulationcytotoxicitynegative feedbackapoptosis
Syndromes with compromised DNA repair
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Cellular and combined PID• severe combined (SCID)
• cytokine signalization• T-cell receptor signalization• recombination of T-cell receptor genes• purine metabolism• expression of HLA molelules
• combined• intercelluar signalization• intracellular signalization • cellular motility• chemokine signalization• transcription factors• IFN gamma/IL-12 pathway
common gamma chain.ZAP-70 RAG1/2, ArtemisADA, PNPHLA I, II
DiGeorge syndrome
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Severe combined immunodeficiecy (SCID)
clinical symptoms• early in life• chronic diarrhea, failure to thrive • graft versus host disease (on skin)
complications after vaccination with live vaccinesunusual infections, severe coursefamily history
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Laboratory findings
lymphopenia• T-B-NK-• T+B-NK+• T-B+NK+
defect in T-cell activation• e.g. n vitro PHA
low serum immunoglobulins• beware – antibody
transferred from mother
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SCID
B+ NK- γc/JAK3 SCID
NK+ IL-7Rα deficiency
T-
NK- ADA SCID
B-RAG1/2 deficiency/ArtemisADA SCIDNK+
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X-SCID
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MICHAL, 5 month-old boy
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MICHAL Personal and family history
o in maternal family a few early deaths of boyso properly vaccinatedo thrived wello exanthema in 4 monthso admitted due to pneumonia
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MICHAL Lab results
IgG 0IgA 0IgM 0.14CD3+: 0.1%CD3-16+/56+: 4.0%CD19+: 96%
T-B+NK-
X-SCIDmutation in common gamma chain gene was found
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MICHAL Exanthema = BCGitis!
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DiGeorge syndrom - CATCH 22
ccardiac defectsaabnormal faciestthymic hypo/aplasiaccleft palatehhypocalcemiadeletion 2222q11
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Classification of primary immunodeficiencies
Antibody• agammaglobulinaemia• hypogammaglobulineamia• deficit of specific antibodies• deficit of isotype switch
Cellular, combined• severe combined (SCID)
• cytokine signalization• T-cell receptor signalization• recombination of T-cell receptor genes• purine metabolism• expression of HLA molelules
• combined• intercelluar signalization• intracellular signalization • cellular motility• chemokine signalization• transcription factors• IFN gamma/IL-12 pathway
Phagocytenumber of phagocytesadhesionfunction (intracellur killiing)
Complementparticular componentsregulatory factors
Malfunction of regulationcytotoxicitynegative feedbackapoptosis
Syndromes with compromised DNA repair
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Defect of Phagocytosisnumber of phagocytes neutropenia (severe, cyclic)adhesion leukocyte adhesion defect (LAD)function (intracellur killiing) chronic granulomatosis (CGD)
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Leukocyte Adhesion Defect I
o subunit of superficial intergrino rolling is impairedo persisiing leukocytosiso delayed umbilical separationo periodontitidiso recurrent skin, respiratory and gut infectionso skin ulcers and necrosiso first transplanted patient with PID in the
Czech Republic (1994)
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Defect of PhagocytosisChronic Granulomatous Disease
inability of phagocytes to generete reactive oxygen radicalsgene defect of one or more components of NADPH oxidaseX - linked• defect in genefor gp91-phox -• membrane bound part of the molecule of cytochrom b558
autosomal recesivedefect in genes of membrane or cytoplasmatic subunits p47-phox, p67-phox, p22-phox
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CGD
rac
67
47
cytoplasma
elastasecathepsin
primary granules
bacteria
phagosome
fungi
9122
Holland, 2007
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rac
67 47
cytoplasma
9122
bacteria
phagosome
elastasecathepsin
fungi
Holland, 2007
CGD
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CGD
cytoplasma
9122rac67
47
bacteria
phagosomeelastasecathepsin
fungi
e-O2
HOClH2O2
SOD
MPONADPH
NADP+
Holland, 2007
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CGD
9122rac67
47
bacteria
phagosome
cytoplasma
elastasecathepsin fungi
e-O2
HOClH2O2
SOD
MPO
K+
NADPH
NADP+
Holland, 2007
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CGD
9122rac67
47
bacteria
phagosome
cytoplasma
elastasecathepsin fungi
e-O2
HOClH2O2
SOD
MPO
K+XX
NADPH
NADP+
Holland, 2007
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1 phenotype – 4 genotypesX-CGD
CYBB, gp91phox (X910, X91-, X91+) 65%
AR-CGDCYBA, p22phox, chr. 16 <5%NCF1, p47phox, chr. 7 25%NCF2, p67phox, chr. 1 <5%• milder course
incidence 1/100-200.000
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Lymphadenitis
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Granulomas leading to obstruction
Holland, 2007
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Enterocolitis, Crohn-like
Arimura, 2006
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Classification of primary immunodeficiencies
Antibody• agammaglobulinaemia• hypogammaglobulineamia• deficit of specific antibodies• deficit of isotype switch
Cellular, combined• severe combined (SCID)
• cytokine signalization• T-cell receptor signalization• recombination of T-cell receptor genes• purine metabolism• expression of HLA molelules
• combined• intercelluar signalization• intracellular signalization • cellular motility• chemokine signalization• transcription factors• IFN gamma/IL-12 pathway
Phagocytenumber of phagocytesadhesionfunction (intracellur killiing)
Complementparticular componentsregulatory factors
Malfunction of regulationcytotoxicitynegative feedbackapoptosis
Syndromes with compromised DNA repair
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Complement deficiencies
o deficit of early components of complement cascadeo deficit of late components of complement cascade o deficit in alternative pathway
o hereditary angioedema (deficit C1 inhibitor deficit)
http://www.siamhealth.net/Health/Photo_teaching/urticaria.htm
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Classification of primary immunodeficiencies
Antibody• agammaglobulinaemia• hypogammaglobulineamia• deficit of specific antibodies• deficit of isotype switch
Cellular, combined• severe combined (SCID)
• cytokine signalization• T-cell receptor signalization• recombination of T-cell receptor genes• purine metabolism• expression of HLA molelules
• combined• intercelluar signalization• intracellular signalization • cellular motility• chemokine signalization• transcription factors• IFN gamma/IL-12 pathway
Phagocytenumber of phagocytesadhesionfunction (intracellur killiing)
Complementparticular componentsregulatory factors
Malfunction of regulationcytotoxicitynegative feedbackapoptosis
Syndromes with compromised DNA repair
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Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL)
o first symptoms in previously healthy baby after infection (mainly EBV)
o low cytotoxicityo highly activated CD8+ T-cellso activation of macrophages leading to
phagocytosis of BM cells
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Prenatal Diagnostics
history, affected family memberPID with known molecular defect
XLAsome forms of SCIDchronic granulomatosis
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Investigation of patient with suspected PID
historyclinical examination laboratory investigation
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Clinical presentation
Ask yourself• Severe• Persistent• Unusual• Recurrent
Be guided by pathogensBeware of surprises !
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Lab tests to reveal PID
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Differential diagnosis of PIDHUMORAL CELLULAR
COMBINEDPHAGOCYTE COMPLEMENT
Frequency 70% 20% 9% 1%
Age <6 m 0 ... < 2 y 0 ... < 2 y all
Symptoms respiratory inf.otitidespneumoniasarthritides
severe respiratory inf.pneumoniasdermatitisdiarrhoea
omphalitisadenitispyodermiaotitides
autoimmunitySLEpyogenic inf.oedema
Infections extracellular b.echoviruses
virusesfungimycobacteria
staphylococcifungienterobacteria
neisseria
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Differential diagnosis of PIDHUMORAL CELLULAR
COMBINEDPHAGOCYTE COMPLEMENT
Complications cardiovascularechoviral inf.
infectionstumorsautoimmunity
infections various
Survival adulthood early childhood individual individual
Diseases XLACVIDsIGAD
SCID CGDLAD
HAE
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General approach in diagnosis of PID
Bonilla, 2005
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Diagnosis of humoral PID
Bonilla, 2005
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Diagnosis of cellular PID
Bonilla, 2005
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Diagnosis of phagocyte PID
Bonilla, 2005
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Diagnosis of complement PID
Bonilla, 2005
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Therapy of PIDG-CSF a GM-CSF
neutropenia
gene therapyADA deficiencyX -linked SCID(LAD, chronic granulomatosis.)
other forms of therapy
IVIGantibiotic and antimycotic therapy• chronic granulomatosis• LAD
bone marrow transplantation• SCID• LAD • Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Interferon gamma• chronic granulomatosis
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Resources
Slatter et al., Clin Exp Immunol, 2008, pp. 389-96deVries et al., Clin Exp Immnol, 2006, pp. 204-14Notarangelo et al., J Aller Clin Immunol, 2005, pp 883-96Bonilla et al., Practice parameters for the diagnosis and management of primary immunodeficiecy, Annals of Asthma, Allergy and Immunology, 2005, S1-S65Ochs et al., Primary immunodeficiency Diseases, 2nd edition, Oxford, 2006
ales.janda at lfmotol.cuni.cz