immunity chapter 40 1. the nature of disease 2 infectious diseases any disease caused by the...
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Immunity
Chapter 40
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The nature of disease
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Infectious diseases
• Any disease caused by the presence of pathogens in the body
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Pathogens
• Disease-causing agents
• Bacteria, protozoans, viruses, fungi, parasites
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• Sources soil, water, food, infected animals
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Determining cause of a disease
• Some are caused by pathogens 50%
• Inherited
• Aging
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Robert Koch
• Identified the first pathogen in 1876
• Anthrax bacterium from cattle
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The spread of infectious disease
• Must be able to survive
• People
• Animals
• Water and food
• Soil
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Direct contact
• Passed directly from person to person
• STDs
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Indirect contact
• Passed through objects like doorknobs
• The common cold
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Through a vector animals or objects
Malaria mosquito Lyme disease deer tick
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Airborne
• Passed through the air as droplets
• Colds, the flu, SARS
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Symptoms of disease
• Caused by a disruption of homeostasis
• Pathogen multiplies, damaging tissues
• Viruses take over cells
• Bacteria production of toxins– Fever, destruction of blood cells or vessels,
inhibit protein synthesis, disrupt the nervous system
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Patterns of disease
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Endemic
• Constantly present in a population
• The common cold
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Epidemic
• Many people in an area afflicted with the same disease at the same time
• Influenza
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Pandemic
• People worldwide are afflicted with the same disease
• HIV
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Treating diseases
• Antibiotics substances produced by 1 microorganism to kill or inhibit the growth of another microorganism
• Not effective against viruses
• Problem bacterial resistance
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Defense against infectious diseases
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Innate immunity
Body’s earliest lines of defense
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Skin
• Physical barrier
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Body secretions
• Mucous traps invaders
• Sweat, tears, saliva all contain enzymes to break down cell walls of some bacteria
• HCl in stomach also breaks down cell walls
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Inflammation of body tissues
• Redness more RBCs– Release of histamine by WBCs and injured
cells
• Swelling, pain, heat fluid leaks from vessels into injured tissue
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Steps of the inflammatory response
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Phagocytosis of pathogens microorganisms
• 3 types of phagocytes
• Monocytes small, immature macrophages
• Macrophages engulf and digest pathogens– Phagocytosis
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Phagocytosis continued
• Neutrophils engulf and digest
• Pus dead macrophages and body fluids
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Interferons
• Proteins that protect against viruses
• Produced by infected body cells
• Diffuse into environment inhibits viral multiplication
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Acquired immunity
• Defending against a pathogen by gradually building up resistance
• Works with innate immunity
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Acquired continued
• Antigens non-self
• Antibodies produced in response
• Can take days or weeks
• Antibody and cellular immunity
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Cellular immunity
• T cells produced in bone marrow and matured in thymus gland
• Cytotoxic (killer) T cells produce enzymes which lyse bacteria
• Helper T cells activate killers
• Suppressor T cells stop attack
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T cell mechanism of action
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Antibody immunity
• B cells produced and matured in bone marrow
• Activated by helper T cells• B cell divides into:
– Plasma cell antibodies– Memory B cell
• Complement system enzymes to help fight bacteria
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B cell mechanism of action
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Passive immunity
• Antibodies from an outside source
• Natural maternal immunity
• Artificial injections from animal or other human
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Active immunity
• Body produces antibodies and killer T cells
• Natural having the disease once– Secondary immune response is faster
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Active continued
• Artificial vaccines– Attenuated using weakened microbes for
exposure– Edward Jenner 1st safe vaccine for cowpox
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Lymphatic system
• Defense and homeostasis
• Lymph collected tissue fluid
• Lymph capillaries and veins parallel to circulatory vessels– Lymph flows toward the heart– Returns to bloodstream through ducts in the
shoulder area
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Lymphatic system cont.
• Lymph nodes bean-shaped glands that filter pathogens from lymph– Tonsils, neck, armpits, groin– Produce lymphocytes (WBCs)
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Lymphatic system cont.
• Spleen stores lymphocytes– Filters and destroys bacteria and old RBCs
• Thymus lymphocytes are matured
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The lymphatic system
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Immune System Disorders
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HIV human immunodeficiency virus
• Attaches to receptor on helper T cells– Other cells cannot be activated
• RNA turned to viral DNA
• Incubation period 4-10 years
• Death caused by inability to combat other pathogens
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HIV life cycle
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Allergies
• Overreaction to an antigen
• Release of histamine inflammatory response
• Antihistamines block action
• Common allergens pollen, food, dust, animal hair
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Autoimmune diseases
• Produce antibodies against self
• Rheumatoid arthritis cartilage in joints
• Multiple sclerosis motor responses
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Autoimmune continued
• Lupus erythematosis against DNA
• SCID severe combined immunodeficiency
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Cancer uncontrolled cell replication
• Caused by mutations in DNA viruses, chemicals, radiation, genetic predisposition
• Sarcoma connective tissue, bone, muscle
• Carcinoma epithelial tissue (skin, organs)
• 3 deadliest forms lung, colo-rectal, breast
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