Immunity Ch 37vaccination

– Pathogen- disease causing organism w/ antigens. Ex: virus, bacteria, protozoan, fungi (any foreign protein).

– 1st line of defense: (Non-specific)

• skin, mucus, tears, cilia, ear wax.– 2nd line of defense– Temperature, WBC types, Inflammation– Phagocytes, dead cells, pathogens = PUS

Our Immune System

Tears dehydrate bacteria

– Salty Tears are Hypertonic to the Bacteria and cause water to flow out of them.

Mucus protects

Sweat protects

Ear wax

Nonspecific Immune response

• Macrophages engulf foreign invaders

• Mast cells release histamines--Inflammation

3rd Line of Defensespecific

– Lymphocytes = Macrophages & phagocytes engulf foreign proteins (pathogens)

– Antigens vs Antibodies interactions– (foreign protein :’Y’ shaped protein produced

by “B” cells.)– Immune Response: ‘T’ cells command and

attack protein invaders.

Specific response involves the ‘T’ and ‘Plasma B’ cells with

their antibodies

The complement System alerts Macrophages

Macrophages

• The “Big Eaters” patrol the body devouring old dead cells and pathogens.

Antigen presentation

T cell/ B cell interactions

T-cells- cell mediated response

How T-cells work

Suppressor T Cells function

B Cell Clonal Selection

Antibody types

Immune response

Lymph Nodes in the Head & Neck Regions

Lymph Nodes Around the Body Store many WBC’s

Tonsils

• The Thymus Gland is where some ‘B’ cells develop into mature ‘T’ cells and “learn” to recognize foreign antigens. (This is where they go to school)

Inflammation

• Viral infection

vaccination• Measles-according to Dr. OZ-2/12/2015• The measles virus can stay air born between

60-90 minutes 100-200nm• 10-9

• It is one of the most infectious viruses.• It is the worst for young children and older

adults and people with compromised immune systems.

• 1person will infect 18 people• 1 measles vaccination-93% effective (they give

you two)

Immune responses 1st & 2nd

Retroviruses

• Viruses that contain RNA which is both replicated and transcribed. Uses reverse transcriptase that makes cDNA from RNA , contains no introns.

• Vaccine : A dead or weakened form of a pathogen (antigen) injected into the body that stimulates a primary immune response.

• Retrovirus (RNA virus) mutates quickly-(ex: Influenza, common cold-Rhinovirus)

• Fever is your friend-caused by the release of interleukin I-inhibits pathogens; stimulates Macrophages (Pyrokins-fever inducers)

Immune Overreaction

• Mast cells (another type of WBC) release Histamines which cause swelling and more mucus production. More antibodies that are needed bind to mast cells and cause and allergic reaction.

• How do Antihistamines work?

• Arthritis

Tissue healing

• Mag therapy

• Mag bum-leg

Auto immune diseases• Your body creates antibodies against “self”

proteins. Ex: Multiple Sclerosis –antibodies destroy myelin on nerves.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

• Allergies

• Anaphylactic shock

Blood types & factors

Blood types

RH Factor

• What is the Rh Factor?• Red blood cells carry

proteins on their surfaces. The Rhesus factor, or Rh, is a protein carried by some individuals. If a person's red blood cells carry Rh, they are considered to be "Rh Positive." If not, they are "Rh Negative."

• A person with A+ blood contains _____ antibodies and _____ Rh antigens.

• A person with O- blood contains _____ antibodies and _____ Rh antigens.

• Why is _____ blood the universal donor?

Erythroblastosis fetalis (RH disease)

Attack invaders

Antibodies

Tapeworm

• heartworm

DNA Virus shapes

RNA Virus

Human infectious fungi

Sporotrichosis

Oral Thrush (Fungal infection)

Prions

Bacteria

• Prokaryotic-no nucleus• Use external enzymes then absorb

materials• Can form an endospore –’indestructible

stage’• Benefit: good decomposers, nitrogen

fixers, used in foods (yogurt flavor cheeses…)

• Harmful- can cause rotting and disease

Bacterial structuresPlasmid

Bacteria can do this to a mouth.

Bacteria

Shapes of Bacteria

• Cocci = round

• Bacilli = rod shaped

• Spirillia = spiral shaped

Strep throat

More strep throat

Viruses - non-living -not a cellMost enter the body through the nose

or the mouth

strands of DNA or RNA encased in protein coats• Possess only one form of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA

depending on the virus type• Cannot grow or replicate without a host• Replicate only utilizing host cell`s machinery• Specific to host cell for site of attachment

Chicken Pox Virus

HPV Virus

Tree man Viral Warts

Defense against Bacteria/Viruses

• T-cells (WBC’s)• Phagocytes • Antibodies• Temperature-slows bacterial growth rate

• Bacteria only- Antibiotics-stops the growth of cell walls so that they can’t multiply, however they “develop” resistance to the antibiotic over time.

• A) Viruses B) Bacteria C) Both D) Neither• 1-Which can be pathogens?• 2-Which contain either DNA or RNA ?• 3-Which take over the host while reproducing?• 4-Which can not be viewed w/ a light microscope?• 5-Which have a cell wall & a cell membrane?• 6-Which can carry on metabolism?• 7-Can cause disease?• 8-Are unicellular w/ a nucleus?• 9-Some species are parasitic; others species are not?

Cancer + other Tumors Uncontrolled growth of your own

cellsBenign-

Spreads very little

Forms a tissue mass

Usually not fatal

• Malignant-• Spreads rapidly• Causes tissue

damage• Usually fatal

Activity Passive immunity packet pg 27

Elephantiasis

 Use the chart below (Note oxacillin is an antibiotic.) Dashes indicate that no data was available or that the data was incomplete. The “No. isolates” column indicates the total number bacteria colonies counted that year.

Hookworm

Ch 37 & 18 Immunity /pathogen test