immunizing healthcare workers: what works & why does it ... · – killed vaccine safe,...
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Immunizing Healthcare Workers:
What Works & Why Does it
Matter?
Amy J Behrman, MD, FACP, FACOEM
Medical Director, Occupational Medicine
University of Pennsylvania
No disclosures
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Immunizing Healthcare Workers:
What Works & Why Does it
Matter?
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Adult Immunization
� How are we doing nationally?
� Why does it matter more for HCWs?
� Consensus on decreasing risk for patients and providers
� Moderate data on effectiveness
� Disagreement on how to use vaccination effectively and ethically
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How do we disagree?
� Inconsistent National & State Guidelines
� Debate re risks and benefits
� Profound disagreement on mandates
� “Flu” is a flashpoint
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INFLUENZA
Why is Flu different from other vaccine-preventable respiratory viruses?
– Multiple hosts
– Very high rate of genetic variability
– Multiple seasonal strains circulate globally
– Shed by droplets and contact
– New strains arise frequently, varying in severity
– Vaccine must be repeated yearly
– Vaccine doesn’t always match circulating strains – Annual vaccine efficacy and effectiveness vary
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Variolation - A 2-edged sword
� Inoculation
� History
� Rediscovery
� Lady Mary Montagu
� Istanbul 1717
� London 1721
� Risks and Benefits
� Boston 1721
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Variolation - First Mandates
� HCWs
� British troops
� Germ Warfare
� Inoculation risk
� Inoculation Benefit
� Inoculation Mandate
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Vaccination - A ““““game-
changing”””” innovation� Variolation in practice
� Occupational Illness
� Edward Jenner
� Benefits & Risks
� Societal impact
� Entrepreneurs
� Philanthropy
� Colonialism
� Mandates
� Successes
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Anti-Vaccine Movements
� Benign disease
� Vaccine doesn’t work
� Disease from vaccine
� Class Warfare
� Profit Motive
� Civil Rights
� Medical Hubris
� Clean Bodies
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Vaccines & HCWs
� Many vaccines are recommended for HCWs - unanimous re CDC, JCAHO, SHEA, ACOEM, state DOHs
� Some have been mandatory for years:
� Some have been made mandatory more recently or not yet in healthcare settings:
– Pertussis, varicella, influenza
� My goals are to– Present our experience of these 2 approaches– Describe evolution of our current Flu program
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Preventing Influenza
Transmission
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Preventing Influenza
Transmission� Vaccination is the most effective way to
prevent transmission
� Must be repeated to protect against each new year’s circulating strains
� Decreased absenteeism in industry
� Decreased infections in nursing homes
� May decrease transmission to patients in healthcare settings
� Vulnerable patients (elderly, infants, immune compromised) have least vaccine response
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INFLUENZA VACCINE FOR
HEALTHCARE WORKERS - Outreach and Mandates
Experience from a Large Urban
Teaching Hospital in Pennsylvania
2004-2014
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University of Pennsylvania Health
System
� 3 Hospitals - >21,000 employees
– HUP 800 beds
– PAH 500
– PPMC 300
� 500,000 SF Ambulatory Practice/Surgery
� Outlying practices t/o SE PA
� >80,000 admissions; >2 million OPT visits
� Operational and record-keeping challenges
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HCWs and Vaccination- How
were we doing?� Measles, mumps, rubella, varicella
– HCP and patients are at risk if not immune
– Long term immunity from disease or vaccine
– Condition of employment, assessed at hire
– Live virus vaccines with <100% efficacy
– Medical contra-indications: Pregnant or immune-compromised HCP
– HCW compliance approaches 100%
– Religious objections: rare & not accommodated
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HCWs and Vaccination- How were we
doing with flu?� Influenza
– Killed vaccine safe, available, effective (Foppa 2015)
– Also recommended for HCWs for decades
– Infected HCWs are a risk for patients in acute & chronic care (Carman 2000, Vanhems 2011)
– HCW vaccination is associated with decreased ILI or mortality in acute & chronic care (Hayword, 2006, Lemaitre 2009, Shugarman 2006, Ahmed 2014).
– Modeling studies support similar efficacy in acute care settings (van den Dool 2008, 2009; ).
– HCW rates averaged <50% until recently
– Quality focus for HUP OM since 2004
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HUP Voluntary Influenza Vaccine
Program 2004-2006
– Free vaccine available to all HCWs – Vaccination on-site in all clinical units and non-
clinical sites, all shifts– Vaccine at cafeteria and public hospital areas
– “Flu fairs” with education, games, & incentives – Vaccine for walk-ins in OM clinic 8-12 hours/day– Needle-free FluMist– Vaccination Rates <45% – Why were staff declining vaccine?
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HUP Voluntary Influenza Vaccine
Program 2006-2007Declination forms analyzed for HCW
concerns
“Flu is not dangerous”
“ The vaccine doesn’t work”
“The vaccine will make me sick”
“The vaccine isn’t safe”
“ I don’t like to put foreign things into my body”
“I live a clean life so I won’t get flu”
“This is a plot against the staff”
“You must be making money from this”
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Anti-Vaccine Movements
� Benign disease
� Vaccine doesn’t work
� Disease from vaccine
� Class Warfare
� Profit Motive
� Civil Rights
� Medical Hubris
� Clean Bodies
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HUP Voluntary Influenza Vaccine
Program 2006-2008
– Declination forms analyzed
– Outreach & education via hospital newsletter, email, intranet, & managers’ meetings
– 2008 Flu shot music video using hospital staff– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruGgZbAVnko
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HUP Voluntary Influenza
Vaccine Program 2006-2008– Results: Inadequate Improvement
• <45% until 2006-07
• 50% 2007-08
• 54% 2008-09 (60% of clinical staff)
• Barely beat the national average
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Should Flu Vaccine be Required?Cons
– Nobody likes being forced – esp annually
– Threatens HCW autonomy
– May reduce efforts to educate & improve voluntary vaccination and other IC measures
– Better voluntary programs can be created
– May produce resentment and adversarial feelings
– Expensive to monitor and enforce
– Some voluntary programs have achieved >80% flu vaccine rates
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Should Flu Vaccine be Required?Pros
– There may be real limits to voluntary programs
– Even 80% coverage rates don’t provide maximal risk reduction for patients and co-workers
– Compliance for mandated MMRV immunity approaches 100% with negligible staff objections
– Early mandatory influenza vaccine programs for HCWs reported >95% - doubling prior rates
– HCWs are generally healthy adults with optimal vaccine responses
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Should Flu Vaccine be Required?2007-2008 - Consensus among IC and OM staff
2008 Institutional debate and discussion of mandates to enhance patient and staff safety
Early 2009 Leadership commitment
Medical Boards- CMO
Nursing Leadership - CNO
Housestaff/GME
Human Resources - CHROs
Administration - EVP, Dean, Admin
OGC
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Should Flu Vaccine be Required?
HUP IM/EM Physician survey spring 2009 supported a mandatory vaccine policy (DeSante et al
2010)– 90% believed HCWs have an obligation to their
patients to be vaccinated
– 85% believed HCW vaccination should be mandatory
– Those with more patient contact were more likely to be vaccinated, more likely to support mandates, and more likely to vaccinate their patients
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HUP Influenza Vaccine Program
2009-2010
� New UPHS-wide policy requiring influenza vaccination for all HCWs
� Scope: Staff, Physicians, Contractors, Volunteers, Students
� Resources - supported by – Educational programs, website
– Interactive live and electronic Q&A
– Exemption reviews, medical and religious
– Multi-faceted outreach to all staff @ all locations
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HUP Influenza Vaccine Program
2009-2010
� Exemptions: Medical & Religious
� Consequences: Masking, Admin Penalties
� Facilitating Sick Day Utilization
� Aggressive testing of HCW with ILI
� Strict furlough for HCWs with Flu/ILI
� Visiting age raised
� Masking all ED patients and visitors
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HUP Influenza Vaccine Program
2009-2010� Challenges
– 2 vaccines, shortages, triage/rationing
– Sub-optimal database
– Some skeptical and hostile staff
– Geographically dispersed staff
� Aided by public health concerns for H1N1
� Outcomes
– Accepted as Patient Safety/Staff Safety initiative
– 99.3% seasonal influenza vaccination
– 69% H1N1 vaccination (limit of supply)
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HUP Influenza Vaccine Program
2010-2014
� Stable level of staff objection
� Single vaccine; No supply issues
� Decrease in public health and media
� Accepted as Patient & Staff Safety Program
� Strong PA State support
� >98% seasonal influenza vaccination
� Exemptions stable
• <1% acute care
• <2% nonclinical areas
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HUP Influenza Vaccine Program
2010-2014� Exemptions standardized & review simplified
� Consequences
– Masking dropped
– Exempted staff transferred from high risk areas
– Noncompliance addressed by suspension, loss of raises, potential job loss
– No Terminations to date
– Stable level of resentment (Vent Lunch) but much less anxiety
� Minimal /No pushback on 2014 efficacy
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CDC HCW Influenza VaccinationMMWR September 18, 2015 / 64(36);993-999
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Conclusions, Comments, Questions
� HCWs have a professional obligation to minimize risks for patients (and colleagues)
� Professionalism extends beyond direct clinical staff
� Mandates are the most effective way to maximize immunity for HCWs (Rakita et al 2010, Babcock et
al 2010, Talbot et al 2010, Hollmeyer et al 2012)
� Mandates may paradoxically allay anxiety among some staff
� Mandates may help prepare for pandemics
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Conclusions, Comments, Questions
� Are vaccines (including influenza) effective in reducing risk for patients and staff?
– LTC versus Acute Care
– ILI versus laboratory diagnostics
– HAI, employee flu, absenteeism, presenteeism
– Year to year variability
– Comparison with other vaccines
– Comparison with other IC interventions
� Are mandates effective? YES
� Are mandates ethical? YES
� Are we repeating past errors? YES
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Conclusions, Comments, Questions
� Immunizations, controversy & mandates have been part of human narrative for >300 years
� Don’t try to silence detractors and skeptics -Listen respectfully, respond rationally
� Emotional stakes are high on both sides
� Misinformation and anxiety are common -perhaps most so for new and non-mandated vaccines
� Education and outreach are crucial but probably won’t lead to full consensus
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Conclusions, Comments, Questions
� “Vaccination is not claimed to be an invariable preventive … but in a majority of cases successful” 1892
� “I will try to arrange the funerals {of doctors not vaccinated for smallpox} with all the pomp and ceremony of an anti-vaccination demonstration” 1910
� “As far as vaccine therapy {for influenza} was concerned, we did not deem it worthy of trial” 1918