immunology notes
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ImmunologyThe study of the organs, tissues and
cells that create the body’s fight against disease.
Immunity – ability to stop a pathogen from establishing an infection, sometime before symptoms even occur.
Susceptibility – condition where a pathogen is able to successfully reproduce / replicate in a host.
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The Immune System
– The Immune System is made up of:
– the cells in our bone marrow, thymus, – the spleen, the tonsils, the adenoids, skin, – the lymphatic system of vessels, ducts &
nodes,– blood and its contents
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Look for these terms in the video:• Physical Barriers
Interleukin• Muscle Pain
Dendritic Cells• Fever
T-Cells• Cough
B-Cells• Natural Killer Cells
Antibodies• Macrophage
Memory Cells
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The Immune System
Innate Immune System Acquired Adaptive Immune System(Learned Specific Immune System)
Response is non-specific Pathogen and antigen specific response
Exposure leads to immediate maximal response
Lag time between exposure and maximal response
Cell-mediated and humoral components
Cell-mediated and humoral components
No immunological memory Exposure leads to immunological memory
Found in nearly all forms of life Found only in jawed vertebrates
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Physical Barriers
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Natural Killer Cells
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Macrophages
– “Big Eaters”, mature from Monocytes
– Patrol the interstitial areas for invaders
– Phagocytes, clean-up host debris
– Consume pathogens directly
– Non-specific – look for anything non-host
– Release interleukin
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Specific Immunity
• Boost non-specific responses
• Identify specific invaders by their antigen
• Respond with a specific defense against the invading pathogen
• Memory of pathogens – “Adaptive”
• Use of a variety of Lymphocytes:– Humoral – B-Cells, antibodies in the blood– Cell-mediated immunity – T-Cells
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•Humoral Response(of the “Humors”)
• B Cells – mature in the bone marrow
• Migrate to the lymphatic system
• Activated by antigen
• Release antibodies into the blood while remaining in the lymph system
• Antibodies cover and coat pathogens, rendering them useless and targeted for destruction.
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Important Vocabulary
• Antigens - Anything causing an immune response, usually foreign material but may be our own tissues. (Antibody Generators)
• Antibody – molecules produced by the immune cells to identify the antigens of the invading pathogens
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Up to 100 Billion Specific Antigen Recognition Combinations
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Cell-Mediated Response:• T-Cells are made in the bone marrow, migrate to
the thymus for maturation• T-Cells remain in the lymph system waiting to be
activated by an antigen.• After activation, T-cells clone themselves and move
to the site of infection.• Cytotoxic T-cells (CD8) directly kill infected cells• Helper T-cells (CD4) “train” macrophages &
stimulate B-cells to do their job better• Some T-cells form memory cells after the infection
is over.
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Lymphatic System: A complex network of
lymphoid organs, lymph nodes, lymph
ducts, lymphatic tissues, lymph
capillaries and lymph vessels that produce and transport lymph fluid from tissues to
the circulatory system
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Lymphatic System:The lymphatic system has three interrelated functions:
(1) removal of excess fluids from body tissues,
(2) absorption of fatty acids and subsequent transport of fat, as chyle, to the circulatory
system and, (3) production of immune cells
such as lymphocytes (antibody producing plasma
cells) and monocytes.
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Immune Organs
– Tonsils
– Adenoids
– Thymus
– Lymph Nodes
– Spleen
– Peyer’s Patch
– Appendix
– Bone marrow
General Function:Infected cells & pathogens are
collected from the body and moved
through the lymphatic pathways to these
organs for destruction
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Immune Organs
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ImportantCellular Components
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