immunology study guide daryn green. basic immunological definitions and concepts vocab – disease:...
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Immunology study guide
Daryn Green
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Basic Immunological definitions and Concepts
• Vocab– Disease: a change in normal body function from
anything but injury– Pathogen: a disease causing organism– Infectious disease: An infection that can be spread– Vector: animal that carries the infection to
humans; remains asymptomatic– Vector borne disease: a disease spread by vectors
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Definitions and concepts (Cont.)
• Germ theory of disease– A theory by Pasteur and Koch saying diseases are
caused by pathogen
• Normal flora: a unique micro organism that lives inside the body w/out harming it
• Histamine: stimulates blood flow; released by infected cell
• Interferon: tells cells around it of infection and helps them resist infection; released during inflammatory response
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Definitions (cont.)• Fever: a raise in body temp. • Antibodies: made by plasma cells; attacks
pathogen• Lysozymes: break down pathogen• Mucus: in openings in bodies; catches pathogen• Phagocyte: eats • Antigen: the ID tag of a pathogen• Vaccine: small doses of virus given to body to learn
how to fight it off.• Memory: when the body remembers how to
produce plasma cells and antibodies to fight off pathogen
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Definitions (cont.)
• Maternal Immunity: Immunity obtained from placenta and breast milk
• Hemorrhagic Disease:
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Concepts
• Koch’s Postulates – Find pathogen– Isolate pathogen– Inject into someone else– Isolate again in other person and see if it matches
• Why infect the human body?– Many nutrients – Moist (75% water) – Steady/constant temperature
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Germ Theory of Disease
• Says that all diseases have a pathogen• Pasteur
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Immune systemNon specific defenses
• How does skin protect?– Many Layers– Outer layers are dead– Sweat/oil prevents virus from sticking
• Mucus and lysozymes capture, then break down the pathogen at openings in body
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Inflammatory response
• Infected wound creates histamine • Blood flow increases• Veins swell and release WBC• WBC attack pathogen
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Fever
• Raise in body temperature• Why does it happen? – Slow down growth of bacteria– Trigger interferon – Increase WBC
• Interferon: Helps other cells resist infection
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Specific Defenses• Humoral Response
– Cell gets infected– B-cells recognize the antigen – T-Cells energize B-cells– B-cells turn into plasma cells– Plasma cells create antibodies– Antibodies grab pathogen– Phagocyte eats entire structure
• Occurs in Blood and lymph nodes• Key players
– Pathogen– B cells– T cells– Plasma cells– Antibodies– Phagocyte
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Specific Defenses
• Cell Mediated– Macrophage Engulfs pathogen– Macrophage shows antigen of pathogen as its antigen– T cells come over and learn the antigen– T cells become Killer T Cells– Killer T cells attack all infected cells
• Occurs when • Key Players– Macrophage– T cells – Killer T cells
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Types of Immunity
• Active immunity– Created by Jenner• Isolated pathogen• Injected his son w/ small dose of smallpox• Son lived• First vaccine
– Vaccine comes in, body fights it off and retains memory
– We need to get multiple flu vaccines because the strains are always mutating
Leads to permanent immunity for specific pathogen
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Types of Immunity
• Passive Immunity– Only temporary because you are being injected
with someone else’s antibodies• Your body doesn’t make more so it doesn’t retain
memory• Fights off antibodies
– Want to get it for travel
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Nose picking is good
• Why???– Because mucus traps pathogen and stores as
boogers– When you eat it, it is like you are eating the
pathogen– It acts as a vaccine because your body will retain
memory
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Vaccines Undermined• Types of people complaining:– Antivaccine lobbyists
• Believe conspiracy theories• Give false research to make vaccines look bad
– Journalists• Publish scare stories and false information
– Lawyers• Look at previous cases siding with person against disease
and try to get a claim off of that.
• Solution?– To start an act to track all bad reactions and to allow
for the same amount of money to be given in any case due to side effects
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Type of Pathogen Notes• Viruses– Ex: Small Pox, chicken Pox, measles, Mumps, HIV
– Lytic: the reproduction of viruses– Lysogenic: waiting for a stimulus to reproduce– Treatment• Vaccines • Cell mediated and humoral responses• NOT antibiotics because viruses live in cell and will not
react to it
Living Nonliving
Reproduce Not complete cell
DNA/RNA No energy use
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Types of Pathogen Notes
• Bacterial– EX: Tuberculosis, strep throat, influenza, anthrax,
MRSA– Shapes• Rod shaped: bacilli• Spiral: spirlla• Round: cocci
– Treatment• Humoral and cell mediated• Vaccines• Antibiotics
– Fleming: pennacillian
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Problems w/ the Immune System
• HIV– Spread by • sexual contact• Body Fluid contact• Mother to Baby
– Infects T cells– Goes from RNA-> DNA in a process called reverse
transcription
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Problems w/ Immune System
• Cancer: a mutant gene that goes out of control
• Tumor: a cluster of mutant genes out of control
• Viral: pathogen infects cells and cells reproduce out of control
• Radiation: exposed during x-rays, sunlight, etc• Chemicals: Chemicals that cause cancer
(carcinogens) ex: tobacco, chloroform
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