impact of secondary and micronutrients on fruit and vegetable production and soil properties

Seminar onImpact of Secondary and

Micronutrients on Fruit and Vegetable Production and Soil

Properties Presented By:

MISS.PAWAR PRATIKSHA PRAKASHReg No: 2014A/43ML

Research Guide: Prof. P. B. ADSUL

Seminar incharge:Dr. P. H. Vaidya

College of Agriculture, Latur Department of Soil Science and

Agril. Chemistry

INTRODUCTION

Nutrient Requirements 17 elements are essentially required by plants First three elements -Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen are

obtained from CO2 and H2O and make 95 % of plant biomass Other 14 elements are called mineral nutrients because they are

taken up in mineral (inorganic) forms.

Macro nutrient (6) Primary nutrient : Nitrogen, Phosphorus and potash.

Secondary nutrient : Calcium, Magnesium, Sulphur

Micro nutrient (8) Iron, Copper, Manganese, Zinc, Boron, Molybdenum

and Chlorine , Nickel.

Role of Macronutrients in Crop Development

Secondary Nutrients – Calcium Stimulates microbial activity Reduces respiration Magnesium Key element in chlorophyll production Improves utilization and mobility of phosphorus

Sulphur Integral part of amino acids Pungent odour of onion and garlic is due to the presence of sulphur compound.

Deficiency of Nutrients

Calcium Deficiency

SPIKE LEAF in Banana

BITTER PIT in Apple

• Young leaves are small, and abnormally green.

• Leaves become cup shaped.

• Poor fruit development and appearance.

Magnesium Deficiency

• Intial yellowing of older leaves between leaf veins spreading to younger leaves given characterstics V shape appearance.

• Poor fruit development and production.

Sulphur Deficiency

• The young leaves turn yellow.

• Deficiency symptoms usually appear first on the youngest leaves.

Zinc Deficiency• Interveinal yellowing

on young leaves.• reduced leaf size.

Boron Deficiency• Young leaves of terminal bud

becoming light green at bases, with final breakdown.

• Die-back and cracking of fruits.

Iron Deficiency

• Initial distinctyellow orwhite areasbetweenveins ofyoung leavesleading tospots of deadleaf tissue.

Manganese Deficiency• Interveinal yellowingor mottling of youngleaves.

Copper Deficiency

• Narrow, twistedleaves and pale whiteshoot tips; dieback ofthe terminal growthleaves appear mottled

Molybdenum Deficiency

• Interveinal chlorosison older or mid stemleaves; twisted leaves(whiptail); marginalscorching and rollingor cupping of leaves;

1. Impact of secondary and micronutrients on fruit production and quality

Table No.1 Effect of foliar application of Zinc, Magnesium and Boron on physical parameters of Sardar Guava fruits

Treatment Fruit weight (gm)

Fruit length (cm)

Fruit diameter (cm) Diameter of seed cavity (cm)

Pulp thickness

(cm)

1. Control- 1 (NO NPK) and micronutrients

79.17 5.04 5.27 3.83 0.73

2.Control – 2 (Only NPK) 86.73 6.25 5.48 3.84 0.73

3. ZnSO4 (0.3%) 100.94 5.53 5.73 4.19 0.78

4. MgSO4 (0.3%) 94.90 5.38 5.59 4.07 0.69

5. Borax (0.3%) 90.20 5.37 5.56 4.09 0.85

6. ZnSO4 + MgSO4 (0.3%) 96.08 5.56 5.62 4.08 0.60

7. MgSO4 + Borax (0.3%) 84.06 5.19 5.42 4.03 0.77

8. Borax + ZnSO4 (0.3%) 92.20 5.33 5.58 3.97 0.79

9. ZnSO4 + MgSO4 + Borax (0.3%)

110.55 5.60 5.94 4.58 0.75

S. Em ± 4.35 0.10 0.08 0.10 0.05 C. D. at 5% 9.22 0.29 0.24 0.30 NS

Bagali et al. (1993) University of Agriculture Sciences, Dharwad.

TABLE NO:2 Effect of foliar application of Zn and B on mandarin fruit yield.

Treatment Yield

1. T1 (Control) 68.4c² 374.3d

2. T2 (Boric acid) 89.0bc 497bc

3. T3 (Zinc sulphate) 101.4b 550b

4. T4 (Boric acid+Zinc sulphate at fruit set stage)

126.3a 703.3a

5. T5 (Boric acid+Zinc sulphate at fruit maturity stage)

136.3a 545b

LSD (P ≤ 0.05) 4.19 39.09

Weight (kg) Fruit (No.)

Khan et al. (2015)Mahatma Phule Agri University, Rahuri.

Table No.3Effect of foliar application of micronutrients on the yield and physical quality of Sweet Orange fruit.

Treatments Yield (kg / tree) Increase (%) 8 fruit weight (kg) Peel (%) Rag (%) Size (cm)

Volume (ml)

1. Zn0Mn0B0 63.00c F͞ 1.09bc 37.57a 6.05ab 6.06c 105.84ab

2. Zn1Mn0B0 79.33b 25.92 1.18bc 34.50ab 6.13ab 6.39b 113.00ab

3. Zn0Mn1B0 89.00ab 41.97 1.11bc 33.67b 5.01bc 6.28b 115.50ab

4.Zn0Mn0B1 64.00c 1.59 1.13bc 26.88b 6.78a 6.42b 121.30ab

5.Zn1Mn1B0 123.3a 95.70 1.15bc 34.71ab 4.54c 6.65a 140.50a

6.Zn1Mn0B1 115.3a 83.02 1.08bc 33.86b 5.64abc 6.75a 128.30ab

7.Zn0Mn1B1 103.0ab 65.56 1.19bc 33.74b 5.80abc 6.65a 119.60ab

8.Zn1Mn1B1 75.00bc 19.05 1.28a 33.40ab NS 6.41a 104.20b

9.Zn ** * NS ** * NS

10.Mn ** ** NS ** NS NS

11.B NS NS ** NS * NS

12.Zn x Mn * NS NS NS ** NS

13. Zn x B NS NS ** NS ** *

14.Mn x B NS * ** NS ** NS

15.Zn x Mn x B * * ** NS ** NS

Tariq et al. (2007)NWFP Agricultural University.

TABLE NO.4Impact of foliar spray of micronutrients on fruit set (%) and fruit drop (%) of winter season guava cv. Allahabad Safeda.

Treatment Fruit set (%) Fruit drop (%)

1. T1 (Control) 54.80 58.71

2. T2 (Zinc sulphate 0.6%) 61.11 45.86

3. T3 (Zinc sulphate 0.8%) 60.05 42.08

4. T4 (Borax 0.5%) 63.09 36.38

5. T5 (Borax 1%) 62.73 36.08

6. T6 (Zinc sulphate+ Borax each 0.4%)

63.35 35.64

7. T7 (Zinc sulphate + Borax ) 67.43 34.40

8. T8 (ZnSO4 + CuSO4+Borax) each 0.3%

60.00 44.38

9. T9 (ZnSO4 +CuSO4+Borax) each 0.5%

59.97 46.91

S E m± 0.89 1.27

C D (5%) 2.67 3.82

Yadav et al. (2014)Babasaheb.B.A. University.

TABLE NO.5 Effect of foliar application of micronutrients on qualitative characters of Guava cv. L-49.

Treatments TSS (Brix) Acidity (%) Total sugars (%)

Sugar/ acid ratio

Vitamin C (mg/ 100g)

Pulp weight (g)

Pectin (%)

1. Zn (0.2%) 10.75 0.431 5.60 13.00 148.54 106.18 1.037

2. Zn (0.3%) 11.31 0.419 5.88 14.05 153.45 108.23 1.163

3. Zn (0.4%) 11.78 0.400 6.36 15.91 156.60 112.86 1.218

4. Cu (0.2%) 10.45 0.449 5.30 11.81 156.06 103.02 0.828

5. Cu (0.3%) 10.68 0.445 5.59 12.56 162.60 104.02 0.848

6. Cu (0.4%) 10.87 0.443 5.75 12.98 166.07 111.12 0.952

7. B (0.2%) 10.72 0.434 5.56 12.81 165.42 108.14 1.2438. B (0.3%) 11.04 0.431 5.69 13.14 168.81 110.97 1.4269. B (0.4%) 11.42 0.420 5.88 13.99 173.56 114.90 1.65010. Zn + Cu (0.2%)

10.41 0.482 5.25 10.91 148.23 104.41 0.813

11. Zn + Cu (0.3%)

10.60 0.463 5.36 11.58 151.26 105.60 0.833

12. Zn + Cu (0.4%)

10.68 0.460 5.66 12.31 154.23 111.05 0.922

Rawat et al. (2010)HNB Garhwal University, Uttarakhand.

Effect of foliar application of micronutrients on qualitative characters of Guava cv. L-49.

Treatments TSS (Brix) Acidity (%) Total sugars

(%)Sugar/ acid

ratio Vitamin C

(mg/ 100g)Pulp weight

(g) Pectin (%)

13. Zn + B (0.2%)

10.73 0.457 5.45 11.99 153.32 109.74 1.025

14. Zn +B (0.3%)

10.81 0.452 5.64 12.46 157.43 112.43 1.134

15. Zn + B (0.3%)

11.38 0.445 5.85 13.13 161.64 115.39 1.160

16. Cu + B (0.2%)

10.35 0.510 5.13 10.07 160.94 105.53 0.951

17. Cu + B (0.3%)

10.50 0.489 5.24 10.69 167.03 106.74 0.979

18. Cu + B (0.4%)

10.59 0.464 5.46 11.76 170.61 112.22 1.021

19. Zn + Cu + B (0.2% )

10.51 0.442 5.34 12.09 163.16 114.25 0.990

20. Zn +Cu+ B (0.3%)

10.71 0.438 5.61 12.81 168.13 116.93 1.061

21. Zn +Cu + B (0.4%)

11.31 0.434 5.78 13.33 170.36 119.78 1.113

22. Control 9.85 0.554 4.89 8.83 143.27 91.62 0.62523.S.Em. ± 0.021 0.003 0.033 0.143 0.480 0.619 0.00724. CD at 5% 0.039 0.005 0.059 0.260 0.874 1.126 0.012

Rawat et al. (2010)HNB Garhwal University, Uttarakhand

Cont...

TABLE NO.6 Effect of foliar spray of Manganese sulfates on fruit yield (kg/ tree), number of fruit/ tree (N. of fruit/ tree), fruit average weight (Fruit Av. Wt.), the aril/ peel ratio,

TSS, TA and TSS/ TA ratio of pomegranate fruits.

Hasani et al. (2012)University of Tehran, Iran.

Treatment

MnSO4 (%)

Fruit yield (kg/ tree)

No. of fruit/ tree

Fruit Av. Weight (g)²

The aril/ peel ratio

T.S.S (°Brix) TA (%) TSS/ TA ratio

1. 0 6.7 28.37 240.7 1.68 14.28 1.78 8.00

2. 0 7.0 28.87 246.9 1.73 15.20 1.78 8.54

3. 0 6.8 28.25 243.5 1.69 15.00 1.77 8.46

4. 0.3 7.3 29.50 250.8 1.79 14.96 1.81 8.27

5. 0.3 7.7 30.87 255.7 1.79 15.38 1.80 8.54

6. 0.3 7.2 29.25 246.7 1.74 15.13 1.78 8.49

7. 0.6 7.8 30.87 260.6 1.88 15.11 1.83 8.20

8. 0.6 8.1 31.12 261.8 1.84 15.73 1.82 8.60

9. 0.6 7.9 30.37 259.9 1.79 15.22 1.80 8.46

TABLE NO.7 Effect of foliar application of Zinc and Boron on different parameters of Guava.

Trivedi et al. (2012)

Sam Higginbottom institute of Agriculture,Allahabad.

Treatments Fruit w.t.(g) Yield (kg/plant)

TSS(%) Acidity (%) Total sugar (%)

1.T0 (Control) 85.55 23.71 9.62 0.378 5.81

2.T1 (0.5% Boric acid)

91.37 27.23 10.58 0.439 6.42

3.T2 (0.6% Boric acid)

92.40 29.77 11.25 0.452 6.81

4.T3 (0.5% ZnSO4)

101.46 35.49 11.53 0.460 7.12

5.T4 (0.5% ZnSO4+0.5% Boric acid)

115.55 38.56 11.79 0.476 7.37


126.53 42.39 12.79 0.546 7.87


162.01 46.41 15.40 0.550 8.66

C.D. (P=0.05) 1.15 1.77 0.26 0.006 0.08

TABLE NO.8Effect of Boron and Zinc on growth parameter of winter season

Guava.

Hada et al. (2014)

Treatments Length of terminal shoot (cm)

No. of leaves per shoot

Leaf area (cm²)

1. T0 (Control) 28.02 15.95 528.88

2. T1 (ZnSO4 0.4%) 29.23 17.25 540.79

3. T2 ( ZnSO4 0.8 %) 31.02 19.06 558.55

4. T3 (Borax 0.2 %) 32.30 20.42 571.95

5. T4 (Borax 0.4%) 34.78 22.83 595.05

6. T5 (Borax 0.2% +ZnSO4 0.4 %)

34.00 22.11 585.45

7. T6 (Borax 0.2% + ZnSO4 0.8%)

35.98 23.96 602.86

8. T7 (Borax 0.4% + ZnSO4 0.4%)

36.78 24.68 612.18

9. T8 (Borax 0.4% + ZnSO4 0.8%)

38.12 26.23 628.31

10. S.E. ± 0.16 0.34 4.56

11. C.D. (p=0.05) 0.50 1.02 13.69

Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.)

Effect of foliar application of micronutrients on yield characters in cashew cultivar (VRI-3).

TABLE NO.9

Treatment No. of fruits/tree Average apple weight (g)

Yield/tree (kg) Estimated yield/ha (t/ha)

1.T1 (Control) 1845.00 49.16 11.78 2.102.T2 (NPK) 1935.00 53.83 12.35 2.293.T3 (NPK+0.5% ZnSO4+0.5% CuSO4+0.5% FeSO4+0.1% MnSO4+0.3% Boric acid)

1971.00 57.86 14.28 2.64

4.T4 (NPK+0.75% ZnSO4+0.75% CuSO4+0.75% FeSO4+0.2% MnSO4+0.5% Boric acid)

2015.00 59.66 14.46 2.70

5.T5 (NPK+0.5% ZnSO4+0.5% FeSO4+0.5% urea)

1948.50 57.0 14.10 2.55

6.T6 (NPK+1% ZnSO4+1% FeSO4+1% urea)

1926.00 55.16 13.56 2.51

7.T7 (NPK+0.5% ZnSO4+0.5% FeSO4+0.25% boric acid)

1944.00 53.53 13.38 2.42

SE d 36.22 2.68 0.932 0.019CD (0.05) 78.91 5.83 2.032 0.042

Ravindran et al. (2015)Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, India.

2. Impact of secondary and micronutrients on vegetable production and quality

TABLE NO:10Effect of Sulphur application on yield, sulphur

content of °B 780° Onion.

Qureshi A.A. and Lawande K.E. (2007)National Research Centre for Onion and Garlic, Pune.

Treatments Total Bulb yield (tonnes / ha) 2001-02 2002-03 Pooled

1. T1 : Control 17.17 21.73 19.45

2. T2 : NPK 33.21 33.37 33.29

3. T3 : NPK + S15 34.33 34.47 34.40

4. T4 : NPK + S30 35.17 36.87 36.02

5. T5 : NPK + S45 36.57 38.27 37.42

6. T6 : NPK + S60 37.63 38.17 39.0

7. T7 : NPK + S75 37.75 39.10 38.43

C.D. (p = 0.05) 3.01 1.71 1.94

Effect of Sulphur application on yield, sulphur content of °B 780° Onion.

Qureshi A.A. and Lawande K.E. (2007)National Research Centre for Onion and Garlic, Pune.

Treatments % sulphur content in bulbs (on dry wt basis)2001-02 2002-03 Pooled

1. T1 : Control 0.21 0.21 0.21

2. T2 : NPK 0.27 0.27 0.27

3. T3 : NPK + S15 0.39 0.39 0.39

4. T4 : NPK + S30 0.41 0.41 0.41

5. T5 : NPK + S45 0.43 0.43 0.43

6. T6 : NPK + S60 0.49 0.49 0.49

7. T7 : NPK + S75 0.51 0.51 0.51

C.D.(p = 0.05) 0.05 0.05 0.05

Cont…

TABLE NO:11 Effect of micro-nutrients on growth and fruiting of tomato

Chandra et al. (2014)

Treatment Plant height (cm)

Fruit yield/plant

(kg)

Fruit yield/plot (kg)

Fruit yield/ha. (q)

Ascorbic acid (mg/100g)

TSS (° Brix)

1.T0: Control 28.64 0.51 10.05 330.75 23.03 3.902.T1 : Boric acid 32.88 1.15 20.73 682.41 25.70 4.60

3.T2: Zinc sulphate

32.55 1.04 18.70 615.78 26.13 4.33

4.T3: Ammonium molybadate

34.31 0.85 16.20 533.18 24.73 5.03

5.T4: Copper sulphate

38.41 0.87 12.05 396.54 25.50 4.57

6.T5: Ferrous sulphate

34.88 0.90 15.29 503.47 25.63 4.47

7.T6: Maganese sulphate

34.82 0.65 15.61 450.61 24.83 4.90

8.T7 : Mixture of all

34.11 1.17 21.07 693.57 25.87 4.77

9.T8: Multiplex 31.69 0.87 13.69 514.01 25.83 4.6010.CD 5% 2.28 0.09 1.69 20.20 0.86 0.56

Ambedkar.B.B. University, India.

TABLE NO:12 Fruit yield and nutrient uptake in tomato fruits as influenced by foliar application of micro nutrients.

GBPUAT, Pantnagar. Bhatt and Srivastava (2005)

Treatment Sulphur (kg/ha)

Iron (kg/ha)

Copper (kg/ha)

Zinc (kg/ha)

Manganese (kg/ha)

Boron (kg/ha)

Dry matter yield of

fruit (g/ha)

Total fruit yield

(g/ha)

1.T1 ( Control)

6.13 70.19 7.33 31.37 16.63 35.22 10.77 200.50

2.T2 (Boron)

8.17 102.76 12.09 42.69 22.08 69.09 13.12 232.00

3.T3 (Zinc) 11.63 105.56 14.97 48.19 24.90 58.74 14.35 240.30

4.T4 (Molybdenum)

11.15 81.55 9.76 36.90 19.37 45.94 12.19 216.10

5.T5 (Copper)

11.08 92.58 17.40 39.08 24.53 60.49 12.63 212.30

6.T6 ( Iron) 11.00 115.75 15.87 45.02 22.12 62.06 14.15 242.107.T7 (Manganese)

8.95 80.28 14.97 40.35 23.09 54.65 11.86 214.60

8.T8 (Mixture of all)

16.14 141.81 23.13 63.06 34.08 95.23 16.98 266.60

CD (P=0.05%)

2.58 15.32 3.53 8.53 5.54 10.81 2.02 20.50

Effect of micronutrients application on quality of fruit and seed in tomato.

TABLE NO:13

Santosh Kumari (2012)

Treatments Seed germination

(%)

Seedling length (cm)

Speed of germination

TSS (°B) Ascorbic acid (mg/100g)

Lycopene (mg/100g)

1. Control 80 12.80 12.38 3.55 18.46 3.842. Boron 95 14.68 12.91 4.39 23.85 3.633. Zinc 76 12.55 12.43 4.25 25.27 3.394. Molybdenum 68 13.00 11.00 3.77 20.27 4.90

5. Copper 61 14.20 11.68 4.52 24.43 4.496. Iron 92 14.82 15.44 3.48 18.31 4.627. Manganese 88 15.17 16.36 4.46 23.50 3.488. Mixture of all 77 14.50 10.52 4.11 20.48 4.85

9. Multiplex (100 ppm) 84 15.75 10.65 3.93 21.29 4.93

10. SE 6.05 0.73 0.34 0.20 0.08 0.5311. CD 0.05 12.70 1.50 0.71 0.42 0.17 1.11

Dr.Y.S. Parmar University, Solan.

TABLE NO:14Mean values for various growth and yield components of chilies as influenced by foliar application of macro and

micro nutrients.

Baloch et al. (2008)

Treatment Plant height (cm)

No. of branches per plant

No. of fruit per plant

Fruit length (cm) Fresh fruit weight(g/plant)

Fresh fruit yield (kg/ha)

1.T1 (Control) 63.46 4.20 93.06 2.87 288.33 10525.00 2.T2 (HiGrow@4ml/L Water)

65.60 4.26 99.60 3.37 308.00 11187.00

3.T3 (HiGrow@4ml/L Water

65.86 5.20 102.56 3.78 337.66 12059.66


66.46 5.80 112.36 3.89 351.66 12696.33


67.86 6.53 117.20 4.14 391.33 14562.33


68.00 6.93 118.86 4.19 395.00 14977.00

SE 0.4165 0.0755 1.0379 0.0657 2.2224 65.4614LSD 0.05 1.750 0.3163 4.3610 0.2766 9.3380 425.10LSD 0.01 2.398 0.4334 5.9750 0.3790 12.790 536.90CV% 4.54 5.73 4.37 4.34 5.58 5.71

Sindh Agriculture University.

TABLE NO: 15 Effect of Boron and Zinc on fruiting character of winter season guava.

Treatments Fruit set (%) Fruit drop (%) Fruit retention (%) No. of fruit/tree.

1.T0 (Control) 70.92 56.53 43.47 172.00

2.T1 (ZnSO4 0.4%) 76.43 48.59 51.41 183.50

3.T2 (ZnSO4 0.8%) 77.78 44.27 55.73 196.83

4.T3 (Borax 0.2%) 77.43 47.91 52.09 191.17

5.T4 (Borax 0.4%) 78.37 43.04 56.93 204.33

6.T5 (Borax 0.2%+ZnSO4 0.4%)

77.93 46.87 53.13 214.71

7.T6 (Borax 0.2%+ZnSO4 0.8%)

78.13 42.72 57.26 221.81

8.T7 (Borax 0.4%+ ZnSO4 0.4%)

78.46 41.72 58.28 230.11

S.E. ± 0.36 0.32 0.39 3.47

C.D. (P=0.05%) 1.10 0.97 1.18 10.40

Hindu University, India. Hada et al. (2014)

3. Impact of secondary and micronutrient on soil properties.

TABLE NO: 16 Effect of micronutrients, GA3 and ascorbic acid on Fe, Zn and Mn mineral status of flame seedless grapevines under calcareous soil

conditions.

Razek et al. (2015)

Treatment Fe (ppm) Zn (ppm) Mn (ppm)

1. T1 (chelated Fe+Zn+Mn 100 ppm)

122 26 75


125 29 76


131 30 83

4. T4 (T1+ascorbic acid 500 ppm)

135 33 85

5. T5 (T2+ascorbic acid 500 ppm)

139 35 89

6. T6 (T3+ ascorbic acid 500 ppm)

148 36 93

7. T7 (Control) 92 19 61

4. Vitamin-C content of the fruit was increased in the concentration micronutrientapplication in all the treatment.

5. The application of micronutrient in general and Zn and B particularly will reduce and control the dieback problem in future.

1.The maximum fruit yield was obtained , when 0.4 kg Zn/ha and 0.2 kg Mn/ha was sprayed along with 1.56 kg N/ha and 0.4 kg surfactance/ha in 400 L of water.

2. The spray of zinc sulphate at 0.4% enhances the TSS, total sugars, sugar/acid ratio and reduced the acidity of the fruits,whereas boric acid spray at 0.4% increase the pectin and vitamin-C contents of the fruits.

3. For improving yield and quality of Flame Seedless grapes under calcareous soil condition of Egypt, It is recommended to apply mixture chelated microelement at 200 ppm as soil application in the beginning of opening bud stage and repeated 2 times- one month intervals combined with spraying GA3 and ascorbic acid at 500 ppm as foliar application.

CONCLUSION