Impact of Social Media Posts in Real life Violence: A Case Studyin Bangladesh

Jibon NaherKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology

jibon@kaist.ac.kr

Matiur Rahman Minarminar09.bd@gmail.com

ABSTRACTSocial Networking Site (SNS) is a great innovation of modern times.Facebook, Twi�er etc. have become an everyday part of peoples’ life.Among all SNSs, Facebook is the most popular social network allover the world. Bangladesh is no exception. People of Bangladeshuse Facebook for social communication, online shopping, business,knowledge and experience sharing etc. As well as the various usesof SNSs, people sometimes �nd themselves involved in real lifeviolence, provoked by some social media posts or activities. In thispaper, we discussed some case studies in which real life violence isoriginated based on Facebook activities in Bangladesh. Facebookwas used in these incidents intentionally or unintentionally mostlyas a tool to trigger hatred and violence. We analyzed and discussedthe real-world consequences of these virtual activities in socialmedia. Lastly, we recommended possible future measurements toprevent such violence.

KEYWORDSHuman-computer interaction, Social media, Facebook, Technologymisuse, Violence, BangladeshACM Reference format:Jibon Naher and Matiur Rahman Minar. 1997. Impact of Social MediaPosts in Real life Violence: A Case Study in Bangladesh. In Proceedings ofACMWoodstock conference, El Paso, Texas USA, July 1997 (WOODSTOCK’97),7 pages.DOI: 10.475/123 4

1 INTRODUCTIONEvery single person using internet nowadays uses social network-ing sites. Social media has become a platform for every kind ofcommunication. Now-a-days one can hardly �nd anyone who isnot a user of any social media, whether an active or silent user.Facebook is the most popular of all the social networking sites.Facebook was originally developed as a communicating site forcollege students [64]. Now, people use Facebook mainly for com-municating. Other uses of Facebook include online marketing,knowledge sharing, studying etc. From a report of Statista, in caseof monthly active users, Facebook has grown from 100 million toalmost 2.2 billion in just one decade. Moreover, approximately,one-third of people use Facebook at least monthly. [48]. Socialmedia is not only a communicating site now-a-days. People use

Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal orclassroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributedfor pro�t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citationon the �rst page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored.For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s).WOODSTOCK’97, El Paso, Texas USA© 2016 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). 123-4567-24-567/08/06. . .$15.00DOI: 10.475/123 4

social media in a variety of ways. �ere are research works whichshowed that sometimes usage of social media can be very helpfulin personal, educational or professional life[27, 37].

With the increasing popularity and uses of social media spe-cially Facebook all over the world, people of Bangladesh also �ndFacebook as a platform for social communication. Currently, thereare around 25-30 million Facebook users in Bangladesh [23].�is isthe most popular social network site in Bangladesh [21]. Almostall internet users use Facebook regardless of age, gender, localityor ethnic identity [19, 26]. Also, Dhaka is ranked second amontgthe top cities for total number of active Facebook users [23]. InBangladesh, Facebook is now a integral part of daily activities.People use Facebook for social Communication, knowledge and ex-perience sharing, and business purposes and various other reasons[21] .

Since all sorts of people all over the world are using Facebook forsocial communications and other purposes, its undeniable that mis-uses of social networks are bound to happen. Starting from socialscams, business frauds, harassment, cheating and many other forms.Almost 57% women using Facebook have to face online harassmentand it is the biggest number of all social networking sites [47].Sometimes, women have to face new form of domestic violence,e.g., closing the social media account, because of cyberstalking or ha-rassment in social media [49]. Not only women, online harassmentis a common phenomena for almost everybody whether he/she isadult or university student or child [24, 25, 36, 62]. Facebook isused by gangs as a communicating platform [46]. Gang violence isalso increasing in this era of social networking[38, 41, 42]. Peopleare worrying and talking about the increasing youth violence inthe social media age [28].

Recently, a new concern is becoming a major issue as well asthese negative uses of social media in online. Along with the on-line harassment, bullying, cheating and gang violence, now-a-dayspeople are severely in�uenced by social media and take real lifeactions which is undesirable. Facebook was accused to aid genocideby Myanmar activists.

clear examples of (Facebook) tools being used toincite real harm.

cited by the activits about the incident [4, 5]. In India, a Hindu-Muslim violence was triggered by a Facebook post.

A Facebook post was all it took to undo decades ofcommunal harmony in a small east Indian town [1].

A WhatsApp message in India invoked anger among the people,causing death of seven people from being beaten up [2]. Mobviolence in Sri Lanka was triggered by false stories in Facebook[3]. Real life crimes and violences are triggered from social media

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WOODSTOCK’97, July 1997, El Paso, Texas USA Jibon Naher and Matiur Rahman Minar

activities, sharing of images in social media etc. Facebook postsalso invoke youths in real life violence and crime, even suiside [22].

In Bangladesh, almost all kinds of people using Internet use socialmedia especially Facebook. �us, similar types of incident are proneto happen. Some terrible incidents occurred in Bangladesh whichwere triggered by Facebook posts or activities. First major incidentsuch that was in Ramu, Cox’s Bazar in 2012. In this study, we aregoing to brie�y discuss about some of the violent incidents triggeredby social media in Bangladesh. We will analyze the incidents andlastly recommend some possible preventive measures. We are goingto discuss the incidents in section 2. In section 3, we will analyzethe cases, discuss the similarities and the links with social media,i.e., Facebook. Section 4 is about some possible recommendationsabout how we can prevent these kind of violence.

2 CASE OVERVIEWFor the last 5-6 years, quite a number of real life violent incidentsoccurred in Bangladesh, triggered by some Facebook activities. Wewill discuss �ve such incidents where the incidents, were terribleand the loss were tremendous. �ere are numerous other smallincidents which might not get enough a�ention.

Number Year Location TriggeredBy1 2012 Ramu Post image on Facebook2 2013 Pabna Facebook post3 2014 Comilla Comment on a Facebook post4 2016 Brahmanbaria Facebook post5 2017 Rangpur Facebook post

In the following subsection, we are going to discuss the casesfrom one to �ve. We will analyze the cases from the perspective ofhow some social media posts and comments can become a terribletool to trigger real life active violence.

2.1 Ramu, 2012Ramu is an Upazilla of Cox’s Bazar District in Bangladesh. It islocated in the south-east area of the country, under the divisionof Chi�agong. Buddhist temples in Ramu, Cox�s Bazar is of greatimportance towards Buddhists as well as tourists. [66] [65]

In September 2012, Buddhist temples in Ramu, Cox�s Bazarwas burnt to the ground. �is terrible incident was originatedfrom a local Buddhist, Uttam Kumar Barua being tagged ina Facebook image of �ran. An unknown/fake Facebook user,using a pseudonym, posted burning-�ran image on U�am KumarBarua�s Facebook wall. Reacted by the post, a group of arsonistsput �re at the Buddhist temple. Fanatics a�acked the Buddhistcommunity in Cox’s Bazar’s Ramu, claiming that a Buddhist youth�insulted Islam� on social media. [63] [51] [12] [13] [9] [14] [52]

�e mobs destroyed 12 Buddhist temples and monasteries and50 houses as shown in �gure 2. �e violence started in reaction toa tagging of an image depicting the desecration of a �ran on thetimeline of a fake Facebook account under a Buddhist male name.�e actual posting of the photo was not done by the Buddhist whowas falsely slandered. �e Buddhist was innocent of the accusa-tion. �e violence later spread to Ukhiya Upazila in Cox’s BazarDistrict and Patiya Upazila in Chi�agong District where Buddhist

Figure 1: Rampage in Ramu triggered by a Facebook post,2012

monasteries, Sikh Gurudwaras and Hindu temples were targetedfor a�acks. [63] [51] [12] [13] [9] [14] [29]

Figure 2: Destruction of famous Buddhist temples in Ramuincident

�e man who sparked the riots, who has gone into hiding, toldlocal media he did not post the picture, insisting someone else hadtagged his account with the image on the social network [9]. Later,it was found that, the Facebook page with an anti-Islam picture thatprovoked the September 29, 2012 rampage against the Buddhistcommunity in Ramu was photoshopped [50]. Somebody or a grouphad taken a screenshot of U�am Kumar Barua’s facebook pro�lepage, cut out the address of an anti-Islam website and pasted iton the address bar visible in the image. Once the fabrication wasdone, it looked like the website has shared the anti-Islam imagewith U�am and 26 others. [50] [29]

2.2 Pabna, 2013�is is another occurrence where misuse of Facebook was hap-pened. In November 3, 2013, A mob went on a rampage in a Hindu-dominated neighbourhood in Bonogram of Pabna, Bangladesh fol-lowing reports that a boy from the minority community had com-mi�ed blasphemy. As a result, more than 25 houses belonging toHindus vandalised as shown in �gure 3, several idols in templesdamaged and about 150 families forced to �ee the area [44] [31][53].

A group of people were distributing photocopies of what theysaid was a �Facebook page�. �ey claimed one Rajib Saha had

Impact of Social Media Posts in Real life Violence: A Case Study in Bangladesh WOODSTOCK’97, July 1997, El Paso, Texas USA

maligned Prophet Mohammad (pbuh) in the page [53] [34]. Aneyewitness said,

None was given the chance to ask whether or not itwas a faked Facebook posting.[53]

Rajib, son of Babul Saha, a shop owner in the bazaar, is a class-Xstudent of Bonogram Miapur High School [53]. Babul Saha said,

He was preparing for SSC examination. He can’t doanything like what the people here are alleging.[53]

Figure 3: Mob attack in Pabna provoked by a Facebook postin 2013

�e name of the Facebook page was wri�en in Bangla and den-igrates the prophet. It was opened on September 14, 2013. It didcontain hateful posts, majority of which was issued by the adminis-trator. Some people gave negative reactions to these posts, askingothers to refrain from liking this page [53] [34]. It was later foundthat the Facebook page whose photocopies were used to incite thea�acks on the Bonogram Hindu community has no links with Rajibwho was being accussed [53] [31].

2.3 Comilla, 2014Fake news of defaming religion on Facebook triggered vi-olent attacks in Comilla, 2014. It was in Homna Upazilla ofComilla, Bangladesh over Hindu minority [32] as shown in �gure4.

Figure 4: Attack triggered by Facebook comment in Comilla,2014

At least 28 houses of Hindus were ransacked at Bakhsitarampurvillage in Homna upazila of Comilla in an a�ack of a mob of nearly

3,000 prompted by rumours that Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) hadbeen defamed in Facebook posts by some Hindus [54] [11] [35][32]. Homna police station OC Aslam Shikder said that hundredsof people from the Panchkipta village a�acked temples and homesof at least 28 Hindu families alleging that two Hindu youths posteddefamatory comments on Facebook about the Prophet [11]. Policedetained two persons Utshab Das and Srinibas Das as well as nineothers over the rumours of Facebook post [11]. Homna policestation OC Aslam Shikder said,

During the interrogation they have denied postingany such remark. [11]

Villagers said a call was made from the loudspeakers of a Madrasaat Rampur village, near Baghsitarampur, to launch the assault onthe Hindus. Before the a�acks, lea�ets were distributed for lastseveral days in the madrasas claiming that two Hindu youths hadslandered the prophet in a Facebook post on April 27, 2014. [15]

2.4 Brahmanbaria, 2016In October, 2016, violent mob carried out a synchronized a�ack onthe Hindus in Brahmanbaria’s Nasirnagar upazil over an allegedFacebook post. Destroying and se�ing �re on more than 150 homesand at least 15 temples and looting valuables [30] provoked by theFacebook post insulting Islam [16] [57], as shown in �gure 5. Atleast 20 people including several temple devotees were le� woundedin the a�ack [16]. Later, twice more, a�acks were carried out onHindus �� se�ing their houses on �re [57] [30] [56].

Figure 5: Brahmanbaria attack provoked by a Facebook post,2016

�e violence was triggered by a Facebook post purportedly fromthe account named ’Rasraj Das’, son of Jagannath Das at HaripurUnion�s Harinberh village for ”hurting religious sentiments ofMuslims”, as the locals said [16]. Police later arrested Rasraj for�denigrating Islam� through his post on the social media. A courtthen ordered him into prison [16] [55] [20] [56].

It was later exposed that Awami League leader Faruk Mia, theDistrict Union President of Nasirnagar had some problem withthe local Fishermen Union leader Rasaraj Das [56]. Hence, Farukopened an Facebook account in the name of Rasaraj Das [30].�en,Faruk posted a picture of Kaba juxtaposed with Hindu deity LordShiva with the help of his brother Kaptan Mia in the timeline ofRasaraj [30].

WOODSTOCK’97, July 1997, El Paso, Texas USA Jibon Naher and Matiur Rahman Minar

2.5 Rangpur, 2017In November 10, 2017, a clash broke out in �akurpara, Rangpur[58] which was triggered by a Facebook post [59]. �is resulted1 killed, 20 hurt including 7 policemen [58] [59] [17]. At least 30Hindu houses were burned and vandalized in Horkoli �akurparavillage of Rangpur [59] [17] as shown in �gure 6.

Figure 6: Rangpur incident triggered by Facebook post, 2017

�is incident was triggered by a Facebook post. In November5, 2017, Titu Chandra Roy from Rangpur, Bangladesh who was re-cently living in Narayanganj, Bangladesh shared a Facebook statussaid to be �Defaming religion� [59]. Similar to Ramu violence in2012 [63], a group of arsonists put �re to the property of Hinduminority at Horkoli �akurpara village of Rangpur [59]. �e contro-versial Facebook post being �defamation of Prophet Muhammad�,triggered the communal a�ack on the Hindu houses by irrate mobin �akurpara village of Rangpur [33]. �e Facebook account re-sembling Titu Roy is named as MD Titu. �e account was openedjust two months before of the incident, in September 2017, althoughit had managed to make 288 Facebook friends by this time [33].Ziton Bala, mother of Tito Chandra Roy, said [61] [60],

My son’s name is Tito; people are telling me hisname is Titu and it’s not true.

�e home minister said [18],We have heard that Titu is illiterate [33].

Figure 7: Mayham in Rangpur, 2017

Sirajul Islam, an Imam of a mosque in a nearby village, andAlamgir Hossain, a trader, �led a case against one Titu Chandra

Roy with Gangachara Police Station, accusing him of making apost on Facebook that hurt religious sentiments of Muslims [61][60]. �en the in�uential locals spread hatred which resulted theviolence and clash with police [61]. A mobile phone number isfound which was used for opening the Facebook ID around twomonths ago. �e phone number was found unused and police couldnot verify who the number was registered to. �e owner of theFacebook account generally shared posts or uploaded screenshotsof others’ posts [61] [60]. Tito Chandra Roy, an accused in a case�led for allegedly making a post on Facebook that sparked mayhemin �akurpara village of Rangpur, was arrested in Jaldhaka upazilaof Nilphamari district in November 14, 2017 [60] [18]. RangpurSuperintendent of Police Mizanur Rahman said [18],

We did not �nd any status insulting religion onhis Facebook. False information was spread to stira�acks, arson and looting against the Hindu com-munity.

3 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONSWe are now going to analyze deeply about how the incidents trig-gered at the �rst place from social media with respect to our discus-sion in 2. We will try to �nd the link, relationship and dependenciesof social media in all the cases.

3.1 RamuIn the Ramu incident, from the reports and articles it is clear thatthe incident was triggered intentionally. �e accused was framedby someone by being tagged in a fake Facebook image. Facebookwas used there as a medium of reaching a large number of peo-ple. Nobody tried to question the authenticity of the Facebookpost. Someone took the advantage of social media and a violenceoccurred.

3.2 PabnaA boy was accused in this case to commit blasphemy in a Facebookpage against a religion. However, it was later found that the boyhad no connection with the page. He was framed by someone usingthe popularity of Facebook.

3.3 Comilla�is incident was triggered by defaming the accused about com-menting something objectionable on a Facebook post. Which wassaid to be fake later. �ere was not any clear evidence that theaccused actually did some comments which were defamatory.

3.4 BrahmanbariaIn this incident, someone used Facebook to get revenge regardingpersonal issue. He opened a Facebook account in the name ofanother person and posted something questionable, which ignitedthe people. �at caused a mob a�ack.

3.5 RangpurAlmost same type of misuse of Facebook was happened in Rangpurtoo. �e accused was said to be allegedly making a post on Facebook

Impact of Social Media Posts in Real life Violence: A Case Study in Bangladesh WOODSTOCK’97, July 1997, El Paso, Texas USA

that sparked mayhem in �akurpara village of Rangpur. However,none found any proof that he actually did something like that.

In this paper, we discussed �ve of the caeses where Facebookpost or comments or images were used to provoke general peopleinto violence and mob a�ack. Bangladesh saw dozen of virulenta�acks on minorities with spreading rumors or posting objection-able elements on social media similar to this. In all these cases,perpetrators took the advantage of popular social media platformFacebook to generate fundamental sentiments to a�ack minoritiesin Bangladesh [30] [33].

From these cases, one thing is common. All started from Face-book posts or comments or sharing images in Facebook, whichtriggered arson and violence. Also, the arsonists and a�ackersseem to be greatly a�ected by social network i.e. Facebook postsor activities. �is indicates the availability and expansion of socialnetworks in a third-world and developing country like Bangladesh.�is also indicates the ignorance and unwillingness of local or re-lated people towards veri�cation of authenticity of such defamingposts or activities.

Facebook activities are seem to be taken into granted here with-out any context or authenticity. Also it seems some are takingadvantages of this ignorance, trying deliberately to drive peopletowards hatred and extremism, while gaining di�erent purposes.

4 RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTUREPREVENTION

Many research and development works are being done using tech-nology oriented solutions for Bangladeshi social problems [7]. Forexample, Protibadi [6] is a notable one. Also there are works likeremote health monitoring [39] in the context of Bangladesh. [40]studied some trust issues of social networks and proposed ways tosolve them.

A�er discussing and analyzing the case studies, we think thatthere are some possible measurements that can be taken to preventthis kind of active violence based on social media, specially inBangladesh.

4.1 Technological perspective�e violence were provoked from social media, specially Facebook.From technological perspective, there may be some steps to betaken so that prevention is possible for such mob violence. �efollowing are possible recommendations that can be taken, in thecontext of Bangladesh-

• Considering this study, social networks need to be stricteron moderating users� identity and activities. It seemsthat some people are deliberately using Facebook as amedium of triggering violence. Social media can use mul-tiple levels of identity veri�cation of the users and theirpurposes in social networks and take suitable steps to iden-tify fake/inactive users and close their accounts as well.

• Detection of harassment, bullying in social media can beuseful in preventing violence. �ere are already existingworks for detecting online harassment or cyberbulling[10, 45]. In some of the cases we discussed, Facebook wasused for religious or personal revenge. �us, detectingposts or comments in social media related to religion can

be useful in preventing such violence in a country likeBangladesh.

• To prevent these kind of violence beforehand, social net-works and defensive forces can use detection system overFacebook and other social networks. Detecting suspicioususers and activities from social networks could be usefulin this regard. For example, Facebook recently launchedArti�cial Intelligence based program to predict and pre-vent suicides [67]. Similar programs can be implementedto predict and prevent violence and extremism.

4.2 Psychological perspectiveIn all of the cases, people were greatly in�uenced by social media.It is very interesting and a ma�er of study how the virtual worldprovoked someone in the extent to take physical action, e.g., mobviolence. So, one can not but to agree to take some steps about theuse of social media from psychological perspective.

• Now-a-days everybody is dependent on online social me-dia. Social network in�uence peoples’ life in almost everyway. Every area of life whether it is lifestyle, academic orbusiness, virtual media plays an important role [8, 43]. It islike people cannot no more di�erentiate properly betweenvirtual and physical life. People are being more and moreinvolved in virtual world leaving the physical world. Wethink people should increase real life activities with friendsand family. It will help them to not engaged so much invirtual world and in�uence negatively.

• In all the cases we discussed in this paper, people believedsocial media blindly. Nobody questioned about the authen-ticity of the Facebook posts or tried to prove whether thenews is fake or not. People should not trust virtual worldat this level because it is very easy to frame someone in thissocial media age. Which happened in some of the casesactually.

5 CONCLUSION�e case studies discussed in this paper give an overview about thealarming phenomenon of real life violence provoked by Facebookactivites in Bangladesh. However, in most of the cases, the postwas fake or someone intentionally misuse the popularity of socialmedia for personal reason. It is a ma�er of great anxiety thatsuch violence occurred in the �rst place. Social media is a veryuseful place for people to reach, communicate and contact lotsof people at the same time. �ere should be some policies thatinclude guidelines for online communications established by somerespective authority. Well de�ned infrastructure may be developedthat promotes safety, and provide intervention in using social mediawhen needed. Comprehensive research e�orts to de�ne, detect andexamine such active violence provoked by social media are needed.

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