impacts of earthquakes on water reservoirs, pipelines, aqueducts, and distribution systems
DESCRIPTION
IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS. Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA. OVERVIEW OF EARTHQUAKE RISK. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON
WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of
North Carolina, USA
![Page 2: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
OVERVIEW OF EARTHQUAKE RISK
WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS FACE DIFFERENT RISKS FROM THE POTENTIAL DISASTER
AGENTS OF EARTHQUAKES
![Page 3: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
• Have POINT-SENSITIVE and AREA-SENSITIVE components, …
• which have varying vulnerabilities when exposed to the TIME – and SPACE- DEPENDENT potential disaster agents of EARTHQUAKES.
![Page 4: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
TIME HISTORY AND SPECTRUM
![Page 5: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
WATER,RESERV.,WATER,RESERV.,AQUEDUCTS, AQUEDUCTS,
PIPELINES,, AND PIPELINES,, AND DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMSSYSTEMSDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION
HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS
•EARTHQUAKES•INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION
RISK ASSESSMENTRISK ASSESSMENT
RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
GOAL: DISASTER GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE
PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY
PPLICIES:FOR PPLICIES:FOR RESILIENT SYSTEMSRESILIENT SYSTEMS
![Page 6: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
DAMAGE; DAMAGE; INJURIESINJURIES
ELEMENTS OF ELEMENTS OF UNACCEPTABLE RISKUNACCEPTABLE RISK
FAILURE; FAILURE; DEATHSDEATHS
LOSS OF LOSS OF FUNCTIONFUNCTION
ECONOMICECONOMIC
LOSSLOSS
RISKRISK
![Page 7: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
EARTHQUAKEHAZARD MODEL
SEISMICITY TECTONICSETTING &
FAULTS
![Page 8: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
THE BASIC FAULT MODELS
Strike-Slip Reverse
Normal
![Page 9: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
EXPOSUREMODEL
LOCATION OFWATER
SYSTEMS
IMPORTANCE AND VALUE OF SYSTEM
AND CONTENTS
![Page 10: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
VULNERABILITYMODEL
QUALITY OF DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION
ADEQUACY OF LATERAL-FORCE
RESISTING SYSTEM
![Page 11: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
• Vulnerability is a function of materials, age, maintenance, and the system’s exposure as a site-specific, or a spatially- distributed above-or-below-ground system.
![Page 12: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
UNREINFO
RCED MASONRY, B
RICK O
R STO
NE
REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH UNREINFORCED W
ALLS
INTENSITYINTENSITY
REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH REINFORCEDWALLS
STEEL FRAME
ALL METAL & WOOD FRAME
VV VIVI VIIVII VIIIVIII IXIX
3535
3030
2525
2020
1515
1010
55
00
MEA
N D
AMAG
E RA
TIO
,
%
MEA
N D
AMAG
E RA
TIO
,
%
OF
REPL
ACEM
ENT
VALU
EO
F RE
PLAC
EMEN
T VA
LUE
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND
SHAKING
![Page 13: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
COMMENTS ON DAMAGE• MMI VI DENOTES TO ONSET OF DAMAGE
DUE TO LIQUEFACTION • MMI VII DENOTES DAMAGE FROM
CRACKING; APPROXIMATELY 12% g• MMI VIII DENOTES SEVERE DAMAGE,
TYPICALLY AT JOINTS OF PIPES; APPROXIMATELY 25 % g
• MMI IX DENOTES VERY HEAVY DAMAGE, MANY BREAKS/KM; 50 %^ g.
![Page 14: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
TECTONIC DEFORMATION
EARTHQUAKE
TSUNAMI
GROUNDSHAKING
FAULT RUPTURE
FOUNDATION FAILURE
SITE AMPLIFICATION
LIQUEFACTION
LANDSLIDES
AFTERSHOCKS
FIRE
DAMAGE/LOSSDAMAGE/LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/LOSSDAMAGE/LOSS
![Page 15: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
EARTHQUAKES
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING, LIQUE-FACTION
& LANDSLIDES)
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN, AND [OOR ROUTE
TSUNAMI IMPACTS
POOR DETAILING AND WEAK CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
FRAGILITY OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
![Page 16: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
EXAMPLES OF FAILURES (AND ALMOST FAILURES) IN PAST EARTHQUAKES
![Page 17: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
INADEQUATE SEISMIC DESIGN PROVISIONS (I.E., BUILDING CODES )
MEAN 1) INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING2) COLLAPSE AND FAILURE OF
ABOVE-GROUND SYSTEMS
![Page 18: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
UNDERGROUND PIPELINES AND DISTRIB-UTION SYSTEMS NEED PROTECTION
• A UTILITY CORRIDOR IS VULNERABLE TO LOSS OF FUNCTION WHEN IT IS ROUTED THROUGH SOILS THAT ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO LIQUEFACTION. (USA 1995)
![Page 19: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
INADEQUATE SEISMIC DESIGN PROVISIONS (I.E., WATER SYSTEM STANDARDS) AND THE ROUTING)
MEAN 1) SUSCEPTIBILITY TO PERMANENT GROUND FAILURE (LIQUEFACTION,
LANDSLIDES), 2) FAILURE OF BELOW-GROUND
SYSTEMS
![Page 20: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
ABOVE-GROUND SYSTEMS NEED PROTECTION FROM LANDSLIDES
• RESEVOIRS ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO LANDSLIDES INDUCED BY EARTHQUAKES. (CHINA 2008)
![Page 21: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
AQUEDUCTS: ABOVE-GROUND SYSTEMS THAT CARRY WATER FROM “A” TO “B”
• AQUEDUCTS ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO LANDSLIDES INDUCED BY EARTHQUAKES. (ARIZONA);
![Page 22: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
AQUEDUCTS: ABOVE-GROUND SYSTEMS THAT CARRY WATER FROM “A” TO “B”
• ELEVATED AQUEDUCTS ARE VERY SUSCEPTIBLE TO GROUND SHAKING.
![Page 23: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
CHINA 2008: RESERVOIRS NEED PROTECTION IN AN EARTHQUAKE
![Page 24: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
JAPAN 2011: ABOVE GROUND SYSTEMS NEED PROTECTION IN AN EARTHQUAKE
![Page 25: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
SICHUAN, CHINA: ABOVE GROUND SYSTEMS NEED PROTECTION
![Page 26: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
HAITI 2010: ABOVE-GROUND SYSTEMS NEED PROTECTION
![Page 27: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
TURKEY 2010: ABOVE GROUND SYSTEMS NEED PROTECTION
![Page 28: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
KEY CONSIDERATIONS FOR PROTECTIVE DESIGN AND
SMART ROUTING
WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS
![Page 29: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
• Above-ground siting makes water- reservoirs and aqueducts more vulnerable to earthquake ground shaking than the buried pipelines and distribution systems are.
![Page 30: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
EARTHQUAKE SCENARIOS
A DISASTER RISK ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUE
FOR USE IN AN EARTHQUAKE-PRONE AREA
![Page 31: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
DESIGN SCENARIOS • Distributed Systems: The risks
need to be assessed in terms of regional ground shaking and ground failure maps; ---
• Non-distributed systems: Assess risks in terms of site-specific criteria.
![Page 32: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
EXAMPLE: PROBABILISTIC GROUND SHAKING HAZARD
MAPSPGA: 10 % P(EXCEEDANCE) IN
50 YEARSSOURCE
GLOBAL SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT PROGRAM
US GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
![Page 33: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
A probabilistic ground shaking hazard map integrates physical properties determined from geology, geophysics, and seismology in a consistent way to define:1)Seismic source zones2)Regional seismic wave attenuation rates
![Page 34: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
• Seismic Source Zones: Each zone has its own unique spatial and temporal distribution of faults, magnitudes and recurrence intervals.• Regional Seismic Attenuation Rates: seismic waves decay more rapidly near a plate boundary than far from the boundary.
![Page 35: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
GROUND SHAKING HAZARD ASSESSMENTGROUND SHAKING HAZARD ASSESSMENT
ATTENUATION
SESMIC SOURCES RECURRENCE
PROBABILITY
![Page 36: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Each map shows relative levels of the ground shaking hazard on a small scale in terms of the mapping parameter: peak ground acceleration (and sometimes MMI).
![Page 37: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION
Peak ground acceleration correlates best with the short-period asymptote of the response spectrum, and is related to how a short waste water facility would respond to ground shaking.
![Page 38: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
The maps are most useful for small-scale applications such as comparison of the relative ground shaking hazard between the end-points of a long, distributed water pipeline system.
![Page 39: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
• The mapping parameter, peak ground acceleration, is not as good a descriptor of how the ground actually shakes as is a time history
• The response spectrum of a time history is an approximation of how a water system element might respond to ground shaking of a certain period.
![Page 40: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
• The regional-scale peak ground acceleration maps are not appropriate for site-specific design.
![Page 41: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
• Regional maps do not incorporate information on soil properties (e.g., shear wave velocity; data related to liquefaction; slope stability).
• Soils data require sampling and mapping on a larger scale.
![Page 42: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
http://www.seismo.ethz.ch/gshap/eastasia/
PGA SCALE FOR MAPS
Afghanistan
![Page 43: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
![Page 51: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
![Page 55: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 57: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
![Page 58: IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPELINES, AQUEDUCTS, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081604/5681683a550346895dde0391/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
RESILIENT RESILIENT SYSTEMSSYSTEMS
RISK ASSESSMENT
• VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY
• EXPOSUREEXPOSURE
• EVENTEVENT
POLICY ASSESSMENT
• COSTCOST
• BENEFITBENEFIT
•CONSEQUENCESCONSEQUENCES
RISK ASSESSMENT LEAD TO POLICY RISK ASSESSMENT LEAD TO POLICY IMPLEMENTATIONIMPLEMENTATION
““WATER WATER SYSTEMS”SYSTEMS” EXPECTED EXPECTED
LOSSLOSS