impacts of perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes on organizational behavior
TRANSCRIPT
Impacts of Perceptions, Beliefs, and Attitudes on Organizational BehaviorOrganizational Behavior – Session 3
Dr. S. B. Alavi, 2009.
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Table of Contents• Beliefs and Attitudes about Others
Stereotyping, Entity/Incremental Theorists,
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy, Halo Effect, Contrast Effect, Fundamental Attribution Error
• How evaluate our beliefs about others
• Beliefs and Attitudes about SelfSelf-Efficacy, Self-Esteem, Narcissisms,
Self-Independence/Interdependence
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Beliefs and Attitudes about Others
• Stereotyping
– Judge someone on the basis of our perception of the group to which he or she belongs
– Examples:• “older employees can’t learn new skills”
• “Overweight employees lack discipline”
• “Asian employees are hardworking and conscientious”
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Beliefs and Attitudes about Others (cont.)
• Entity theorist and incremental theorists:
– Entity theory refers to a view that
human characteristics are fixed and don’t change much with experience
– Incremental theory refers to a view that
human characteristics are malleable and can be changed with experience and can be developed
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Beliefs and Attitudes about Others (cont.)
• Self-fulfilling prophecy
– is that
people’s expectations or beliefs determine their behavior and performance,
thus
serving to make their expectations come true
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. اقدام و تصمیم گیری 2بر اساس پیش فرض: تفویض اختیار به وی
اقدامی معقول نیست. پس اختیار زیادی نباید در تصمیم گیری داشته باشد
. ایجاد واکنش در 3ایجاد بی فرد مقابل:
انگیزگی و بی تفاوتی در زمان اجرای
تصمیمات سازمانی
. بروز رفتارهایی 4همراستا با پیش فرض
رفتارهای اولیه: غیرکارکردی و افت
عملکرد
. پیش فرض 1مدیر درباره
وی کارشناس: فردی ناتوان است
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Beliefs and Attitudes about Others (cont.)
• Halo Effect– General impression about an individual on the
basis of a single characteristic such as
Intelligence, Sociability, Appearance
– For example:• An interviewer may make incorrect image about a well
dressing marketing applicant which causes making positive judgment about his/her abilities and responsibilities.
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Beliefs and Attitudes about Others (cont.)
• Contrast Effect– Evaluation of a person’s characteristics that are
affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics with a contrast.
– For example:• An interviewee may be overestimated if be compared
with a moderate person if there is a contrast between their abilities.
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Beliefs and Attitudes about Others (cont.)
• Fundamental Attribution Error– The tendency to underestimate the influence of
external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about behavior of others
– For example:• We may attribute the failures of others to their
indiscipline while attribute our failure to system troubles and/or environmental problems
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How Evaluate our Beliefs
• Identifying Ladder of Inference in our mind
• Improving our dialogue skills
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Identifying Ladder of Inference in our mind
These conclusions may not be examined and may be false
?
?
?
?
?
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Identifying Ladder of Inference in our Mind
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Strengthen of Dialog Skills
• Reflection: slowing down our thinking process and perception process;
• Inquiry: Asking questions in order to suspend our assumptions and examine the truth.
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Beliefs and Attitudes about Self
• Self-Efficacy
– Beliefs in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to produce given attainments
(Bandura, 1997, p. 3)
– individuals with high self-efficacy work harder and longer
(Wood & Bandura, 1989)
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A self-efficacious cat!
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Beliefs and Attitudes about Self (cont.)• Self-Esteem
– Refers to the extent to which a person feels self-worth in a domain
– It indicates the degree to which an individual likes herself/himself
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Beliefs and Attitudes about Self (cont.)• Some consequences of Self-Esteem:
Low Self-Esteem
Seek approval from others
HighSelf-Esteem
Take more risks in job selection
choose unconventional jobs
More likely
to
More likely
to
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Narcissism
• The tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose sense of self-importance, require excessive admiration, and have a sense of entitlement.
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Beliefs and Attitudes about Self (cont.)• Self-Interdependence
– the extent to which an individual perceives him/herself to be interdependent with other group members
(Markus & Kitayama, 1991)
• Self-Independence– the extent to which an individual perceives
her/himself to be independent from other group members
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Beliefs and Attitudes about Self (cont.)• Some consequences of Independence:
Independent Self-Construal
Openly express their ideas
Interdependent Self-Construal
Give help to their colleagues
cooperate with their in-group members than out-group
members
More likely
to
More likely
to
More likely
to