Imperialism (1800 -1914)

Section 1: Colonial Rule in South East Asia

Section 1: Colonial Rule in South East Asia

The New ImperialismThe Scramble for Territories

new wave of Western expansion Imperialism

“New Imperialism” Motives for Imperialism

Economic Motives Rivalries Nationalism Social Darwinism and racism

Racism Religious or humanitarian

“The White Man’s Burden” “heathen masses” Democracy and capitalism

Section 1: Colonial Rule in South East AsiaColonial Takeover

Great Britain Southeast Asia Began with the British

1819 – Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles Malay Peninsula – Singapore Kingdom of Burma (Myanmar)

France Vietnam

Christian missionaries Confucian Doctrine

Vietnam too weak The French

Mekong River delta City of Saigon 1884 –City of Hanoi Protectorate Cambodia, Annam, Laos, and Tonkin – to create French Indochina

Section 1: Colonial Rule in South East AsiaThailand – The Exception

France and Great Britain Siam (Thailand) Two Rulers :

King Mongkut King Chulalongkorn

western learning maintained relations 1896 –independent buffer state

United States 1898 – Spanish American War Commodore George Dewey President William McKinley

“civilize” Emilio Aguinaldo

Guerrilla warfare Filipino-American War

Section 1: Colonial Rule in South East Asia

Colonial Regimes Indirect or Direct Rule

Indirect Rule Local rulers Natural resources Cheaper Less impact on local culture

Direct Rule Justification for the conquests

Representative government Religion Language

Educated “heathen” fear Colonial Economies

No Industry Led to plantation agriculture

Peasants (wage laborers) Plantation owners High taxes

Benefits of colonial rule Modern economic system Railroads, roads, schools, Export market

Section 1: Colonial Rule in South East Asia

Resistance to Colonial Rule Resistance

Ruling Class Burma Vietnam

Can Vuong (“Save the King”)Peasant revolts

Burma – 1930 Buddhist Monk Saya San

Early resistance movements failed New resistance

Nationalism Westernized intellectuals

1930’s

Section 2: Empire Building in Africa

Section 2: Empire Building in Africa West Africa and North Africa

Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Spain, and Portugal West Africa

Raw materialsSlave Trade Tension Great Britain

1874 -annexed Gold Coast Nigeria

France 1900 –French West Africa

Germany Togo, Cameroon, German Southwest Africa, and German East

Africa

Section 2: Empire Building in Africa North Africa

Great Britain Egypt

Ottoman Empire Muhammad Ali reforms to modernize Egypt Europeans wanted to build a canal

Ferdinand de Lesseps - Suez Canal British -“Their lifeline to India”

1875 – British will buy Egypt’s share 1881 – Revolt 1914 - Protectorate

Sudan British “to protect their interests” Muslim Cleric Muhammad Ahmad (the Mahdi) British – General Charles Gordon Khartoum in 1885

France 1879 –Algeria 1881 –Tunisia and Morocco protectorates

Italy Ethiopia and 1911 –Tripoli and will rename Libya

Section 2: Empire Building in Africa Central and East Africa

Central Africa Explorers David Livingstone

Uncharted regions Made detailed notes Maps

Henry Stanley New York Herald “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” Livingstone will die in 1873 Congo River to the Atlantic Ocean British King Leopold II of Belgium Leopold will hire Stanley in 1876 France

Section 2: Empire Building in Africa East Africa

1885 – Great Britain and Germany Otto Von Bismarck

“ all this colonial business is a sham, but we need it for the elections”

Great Britain, Germany, Belgium and Portugal Berlin Conference (1884-1885)

German and British Portugal - Mozambique No delegates from African nations were present

Section 2: Empire Building in AfricaSouth Africa

The Boer Republics Rapid expansionBoers and Afrikaners During the Napoleonic Wars

The BoersOrange and Vaal RiversTwo independent republics:

Orange Free StateTransvaal

White superiority was ordained by GodIndigenous people into reservationsZulus -leader was Shaka

Section 2: Empire Building in AfricaCecil Rhodes

“ I think what [God] would like me to do is to paint as much of Africa British red as possible”

Transvaal Rhodes will be replaced

Boer War (1899 – 1902)Boers used guerilla warfare

Burn crops and detention camps19021910 –Union of South AfricaSelf-governing state

Section 2: Empire Building in AfricaEffects of Imperialism

Colonial Rule in Africa 1914 Liberia and Ethiopia The British ruled with indirect rule 1903 in Sokoto in Northern Nigeria

Good Bad foster class and tribal tensions

The French ruled with direct rule Governor-general Assimilation

Rise of African Nationalism New class of Africans

West culture Came to resent to foreign occupation European Superiority Confusion Organize political parties and movements

Section 3: British Rule in India

Section 3: British Rule in IndiaThe Sepoy Mutiny

Events Leading to Revolt British East India Trading Company

Sepoys 1857

Sepoy Mutiny /The first war of Independence /Great Rebellion The problem:

pig and cow grease soldiers had to bite off the ends Sepoys Sepoys in Meerut

Other revolts broke out all over India Muslims and Hindus Many atrocities– Kanpur

Effects of the Revolt Transfer of power 1876 – Queen Victoria Viceroy Help to fuel Indian nationalism

Section 3: British Rule in IndiaBritish Colonial Rule

Benefits of British ruleOrder and stability Fair and honest government

New school system Built roads, canals, universities and medical centers Postal service Built a Railroad system

Costs of British RuleEconomic Costs

Most of the country remained poor British Industries

ZamindarsBritish - farmers to stop growing food Degrading

British racism and arrogance

Section 3: British Rule in IndiaIndian Nationalists

Early NationalistsUpper class and English educated Preferred reform to revolutionIndian National Congress Mohandas Gandhi

1915 – returns to India nonviolent resistance

Section 3: British Rule in IndiaColonial Indian Culture

Cultural revolution in India University of Calcutta Own national identity Indian novelists and poets

Nationalist Newspapers Regional languages – nationalist support Journalist Balwantrao Gangahar Tilak

Kesari (“The Lion”) Editor G.S. Aiyar

Swadeshamitram (“Friend of Our Nation”) Triplicane Literary Society

Tagore Rabindranath Tagore

Most famous Indian author Bande Mataram (“Hail to Thee, Mother”) International university Fought to promote Indian pride in nationalism

Section 4: Nation Building in Latin America

Section 4: Nation Building in Latin AmericaNationalist Revolts

American RevolutionCreoles

land and business Spanish and the Portuguese

Prelude to Revolution Creoles Peninsulares Napoleon’s wars Island of Hispaniola – in Saint Domingue

François-Dominique Toussaint-Louverture Revolt in Mexico

1810 Miguel Hidalgo Native American and Mestizos September 16, 1810

Creoles and the Peninsulares Agustin de Iturbide 1821 Mexico will declare their independence

Section 4: Nation Building in Latin America Revolts in South America

“Liberators of South America” Jose de San Martin (Argentina)

Led revolts throughout the continent 1810 –Argentina Chile

Battle of Chacabuco Chile independence in 1818 Peru Joined forces with Simon Bolivar and defeated the Spanish

Simon Bolivar (Venezuela) 1810 in Venezuela New Granada (Columbia) and Ecuador

1824 – Argentina, Columbia, Chile, Venezuela, Peru, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia 1822 – Brazil 1823 – Central American states had become independent

1838 divided into five republics: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua

Threats to Independence 1820’s Concert of Europe British US– President James Monroe Monroe Doctrine

Section 4: Nation Building in Latin America

Nation Building Problems – wars, revolts, lack of transportation, communication, etc. Rule of the Caudillos

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna 1833-1855 “Napoleon of the West” 1835 –Texas territory of Mexico War with the US (1846-1848)

Benito Juarez 1855 – 1876 Brought liberal reforms

Juan Manuel de Rosa Argentina

A New Imperialism Great Britain and the US US “ Dollar Diplomacy” (William Howard Taft) Foreign investors

Economic Dependence Cash Crops

Persistent Inequality Landed elites Large estates held the best land Land was the basis of wealth, social prestige, and political power

Section 4: Nation Building in Latin America

Change in Latin America The U.S. and Latin America

By the 1870’s - a constitution Late 1800s the US began to intervene 1895 – Jose Marti - Cuba Spanish-American War 1903 – President Teddy Roosevelt

Panama Canal (Opened in 1914)  American investments and US military

Nicaragua – 1912 – 1933 Revolution in Mexico

Porfirio Diaz (1877 – 1911) Francisco Madero Emiliano Zapata 1910 -1920 – Mexican Revolution

New constitution in 1917 Mexican Patriotism

Prosperity and Social Change After 1870 age of prosperity Exports & Imports After 1900 Middle Class in LA