IMPERIALISM

CHAPTER 9

Developed Developing

• US, England, Germany, France, Portugal, Spain

• Highly industrialized• Higher standard of

living• Highly advanced in

– Technology– Military strength

• Africa, Asian nations

• No industry• No technology• Higher % of poor• Higher % suffering

Reasons for Imperialism

• Economic $$$- customers & materials

• Military – places to refuel/resupply

• New territory – new markets for sales

• Ideology– Nationalism (love your country)– Cultural superiority (developed better than

developing)

Hawaii

• “discovered” 1778 by Capt. James Cook (England)

• King Kamehamaha – 8 islands– Sandlewood trade– Missionaries (white)– Sugarcane plantations

(imported Asians-work)– Brought disease (pop.

300,000 to 40,000)

Hawaii - 1874

• King Kalakawa (Nationalist) – wants Americans out of Hawaii

• Sugar Treaty 1875 (tax-free imports to US)• Sugar tycoons (white plantation owners)

– Hawaiian League (to dethrone King)– Establish democracy for Hawaii– Bayonet Constitution signed by King (limited

King’s power)– Gave US permanent military base in Hawaii

Annexation of Hawaii

• 1891 Queen Liliuokalani takes over

• 1893 cancels Bayonet Constitution

• Queen Lili placed on house arrest

• Surrenders on Jan. 17, 1893

• Stevens granted US recognition of Dole

• Sugar tycoons plan her overthrow

• John L. Stevens (US Minister to Hawaii) sent 4 warships to Hawaii harbor & Marines to her palace

• Void her queenship• Sanford Dole, new

leader for Hawaii

President’s Thoughts

• Grover Cleveland– Did NOT approve– Orders investigation

into Hawaii events– Orders Stevens to

cancel US approval– Orders Sanford to

resign– Cleveland gives up,

nothing changes

• William McKinley– Favored annexation of

Hawaii– Asked for

Congressional ok in 1898

– Hawaii is official US territory in 1898

– Hawaii is 50th State in 1959

Manifest Destiny

• White, male Americans responsibility to the world was to “civilize and Christianize” all developing nations.

• “White Man’s Burden” Rudyard Kipling, which in truth criticized imperialism (made a joke of the practice-helping the “ignorant savages” of the world to “see the light”.

Cuban Revolution (from Spain)

• Jose Marti– 1878 exiled to NYC– Cuban Revolutionary

Party in 1892– Led revolt 1895, killed

and became the “martyr” of the movement

• Reconcentrado • General Valeriano

Weyler– Spanish general to put

revolt down– “Nuns into prison”

story; locks up 400,000 Cubans with low food, water

Cuban Revolution

• Jose Marti– Lead movement

against Spanish control over Cuba

– Exiled to NYC where he created the Cuban Revolutionary Party in 1982

– Recruits other exiles to join him

Images from Cuba

American response to Cuba

• William Randolph Hearst & Joseph Pulitizer– New York Journal– New York World– “yellow journalism” to

get war started, supported Cuban rebels

– No objectivity

• Frederick Remington (artist) sent to Cuba by papers– To show Spanish

cruelty– Paint negative images

of Cubans suffering

De Lome Letter

• Insulted Pres. William McKinley sent by Enrique Dupuy de Lome (Spanish Ambassador in Cuba)– Said McKinley “worst president ever” for

America– Called McKinley “weak and a low politician”– Said Pres. Only wanted to be popular

“Remember the Maine”

• Havana, Cuba – Jan. 25, 1898

• Senator William Proctor (Vermont) visit Cuba– USS Maine explodes Feb. 15, 1898– Debate:

• Did Spain blow up our ship?• Did we have an accident?

The Maine

• After• Before

The USS Maine

• 250 Americans killed• Americans say

Spanish submarine sank ship

• Pres. McKinley demands Spain free Cuba

• War declared April 25, 1898

• Spanish investigation claims “fish story”– Lack of dead fish

proves they did not attack

– Spain refuses to free Cuba

Spanish-American War

• 4 month war

• 2 frontal attack plans:– Cuba

• US soldiers unprepared for war (antiquated equipment, uniforms)

• Had enlisted men + volunteers• Rough Riders (Teddy Roosevelt)

– Foot soldiers– Battle of San Juan Hill, captures Santiago, July 1898

Span. American War

• Philippines front– Commodore George Dewey (The Olympia)– Battle of Manila Bay, May 1, 1898 at dawn

• Spanish (old, wooden ships)• Americans fire on ships all morning

– Take lunch break, while Spanish ships burn– Back to fighting at noon; lasted 3 hours– 0 American dead, 400 dead Spanish

Asian Lands

• Philippines– Americans owned the

islands, but rebels under Emilio Aguinaldo fought US control

– 1901, American captured EA. Over 5,000 Americans dead and +200,000 natives

– Cost +$400,000 million to fight rebels

• China – Boxer Rebellion

(wanted foreigners out) May 1900

– European, American + Japanese (20,000 troops sent to stop)

– Rebellion stopped, China forced to pay $$$ for damage

– 1911 rebels overthrew the emporer

Open Door Policy

• American response to Boxer Rebellion

• Secretary of State John Hay declared “Open Door Policy” toward China– No colonies in China– American would fund scholarships for

Chinese kids in American schools– America wanted free trade

Treaty of Paris

• December 1898

• Officially ends Spanish-American War

• Cuba is guaranteed freedom.

• Gave America an empire and a new level of importance in world affairs.

End of Spanish-American War

• Terms of surrender– Spain gave up Cuba– Puerto Rico– Philippines– America gave $20

million for Philippines

– Total cost of war:• $250 million• 2,000 American lives

• Gains for America:– Territories (3)– Malaria controlled– Cuban Constitution

1901• Cuba unable to make

treaties• Cuba US “protectorate”• Platt Amendment

– Guantanamo Bay would always be US possession

Russo-Japanese War

• Russia sent troops to Manchuria

• 1904 Japan attacked Russian fleet at port in China

• +100,000 Russians died + Japanese in battles in Manchuria

• 1905 Peace Meeting in Portsmouth, NH

• Pres. Roosevelt convinced both sides to sign treaty-set up problems with Japan

• Roosevelt won Nobel Peace Prize– Gentlemen’s Agreement

signed to ease tensions with Japan

Puerto Rico

• US territory (still today)

• 1900 Foraker Act– US would appoint Governor + Senate– Puerto Ricans would vote for Rep.– 1917 Puerto Ricans made US citizens– 1952 Puerto Rico made a self-governing

commonwealth of US

Puerto Rico

Big Stick Diplomacy

• Pres. Roosevelt “walk softly and carry a big stick, and you will go far”. (Military strength)

• Responsibility of America to “civilize” or uplift weaker nations– Agreed with view of most Americans at the

time

Panama

• Colombia controlled to 1902

• US supports revolt in Nov. 1903; wins

• Republic of Panama signed deal with US for Panama Canal

• May 1904, Panama Canal work begins

• 1914 SS Ancon (first ship to pass through canal)

Lt. Col. George Goethals+60 giant steam shovels+44,000 workersIssues:

sanitation/health of workers

Drain swamps, oil water, brought spiders in to eat mosquitoes. Lizards imported also

1913 disease eliminated

Panama Canal

Roosevelt Corollary

• Roosevelt updated the Monroe Doctrine:– America would act as “world police” in matters

that related to western hemisphere– Would restore world order– Would not hesitate to use “military” force if

necessary

Dollar Diplomacy

• William Howard Taft (President)– Said “big stick” not always best tool – Identified his plan “Dollar Diplomacy” better

• “dollars for bullets”• Aimed to increase American businesses and

banks throughout Central and Latin America• Mines, oil wells, banks, railways • America not afraid to go back to “big stick” to

protect those new America businesses

Mexico

• Porfior Diaz (1877-1910)

• Jailed all opponents• No freedom of press• Army maintained

peace• Wealth in hands of

few• Average Mexicans left

out

• Election 1910• Francisco Madero

(wealthy landowner) opposed Diaz; lost, ran to Texas

• Calls for revolution from Texas; gains large following

Mexican Revolution

• Madero leads revolutionary bid– Joined by Emiliano Zapata– Francisco “Pancho” Villa– May 1911, Pres. Diaz resigned– Nov. 1911 Madero wins President of Mexico– 1913, Victoriano Huerta (military comm.)

overthrew Madero.– Huerta named himself President & executed

Madero

US response to Mexican Issue

• Pres. Wilson calls for “watchful waiting” Feb. 1914.

• Refused to recognize Huerta’s presidency

• Refused to sell arms to Huerta’s enemiesstay neutral…until….

Tampico Incident

• USS Dolphin, April 9, 1914– 9 American sailors-Tampico, Mexico– Arrested, quickly released; American Adm.

Henry Mayo demands apology-Huerta refuses– April 20, 1914 Wilson asks Congress to use

military against Mexico– +++

Battle of Veracruz

• German ship was to deliver weapons to Huerta

• Wilson orders navy to stop, detain ship– Battle happens

• 17 Americans dead, 300 Mexicans• Argentina, Brazil, and Chile intervene to stop

America from declaring war on Mexico• Huerta resigns

Mexico Stabilizes

• Venustiano Carranza (declared new leader in Mexico; supported by US) August 1914

• Sept. 1916, +150,000 American troops along border

• Dec. 1916 new Mexican Constitution written; Feb. 5, 1917

• Pancho Villa invaded US at Columbus, NM

• Killed 17 Americans• Wilson sent Gen.

John J. Pershing + 10,000 after Villa; no success