imperialism. i. introduction to imperialism the policy, practice, or advocacy of extending the power...

ImperialismImperialism

I. Introduction to ImperialismI. Introduction to Imperialism

• The policy, practice, or advocacy of extending the The policy, practice, or advocacy of extending the power and dominion of a nation especially by power and dominion of a nation especially by direct territorial acquisitions or by gaining indirect direct territorial acquisitions or by gaining indirect control over the political or economic life of other control over the political or economic life of other areas;areas;

• The extension or imposition of power, The extension or imposition of power, authority, or influence.authority, or influence.

- - Merriam-Webster OnlineMerriam-Webster Online DictionaryDictionary

• Imperialism is also known as colonialism of neo-Imperialism is also known as colonialism of neo-colonialism.colonialism.

I. Introduction to Imperialism: I. Introduction to Imperialism: Causes of ImperialismCauses of Imperialism

• 6 major causes:6 major causes:

1.1. EconomicEconomic2.2. PoliticalPolitical3.3. MilitaryMilitary4.4. CulturalCultural5.5. ReligiousReligious6.6. Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism


1. Economic1. Economic

• The need for raw materials / natural resources for The need for raw materials / natural resources for IndustrializationIndustrialization

• The need for agricultural productsThe need for agricultural products

• The need for guaranteed markets for mass produced The need for guaranteed markets for mass produced goodsgoods

• Cheap labor = cheaper products / cheaper food / cheaper Cheap labor = cheaper products / cheaper food / cheaper commoditiescommodities

• ExamplesExamples: The British in India, the Caribbean islands, : The British in India, the Caribbean islands, Africa / France in Vietnam, Haiti, Africa / Spain in the Africa / France in Vietnam, Haiti, Africa / Spain in the Americas & the CaribbeanAmericas & the Caribbean


• A major impetus for the “new imperialism” (1870-1914) was the A major impetus for the “new imperialism” (1870-1914) was the Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution..

• Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution - - The process of change from an agrarian, The process of change from an agrarian, handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacture. This process began in England in the 18th century manufacture. This process began in England in the 18th century and from there spread to other parts of the world. and from there spread to other parts of the world.

• To sustain industrialization, a steady To sustain industrialization, a steady supply of raw materialssupply of raw materials such such as coal, iron, steel, nickel, bauxite, cotton, oil are necessary. as coal, iron, steel, nickel, bauxite, cotton, oil are necessary.

• Early industrial leaders such as Great Britain, Belgium, France Early industrial leaders such as Great Britain, Belgium, France created or expanded an already-existing imperial system.created or expanded an already-existing imperial system.

• A result of the Industrial Revolution was the A result of the Industrial Revolution was the mass productionmass production of of goods. National economies could not absorb the increased supply goods. National economies could not absorb the increased supply of goods. Capitalists looked to of goods. Capitalists looked to expand their marketsexpand their markets > another > another reason for colonies.reason for colonies.


2. Political2. Political

• When the dominant country imposes When the dominant country imposes its political values and system on its political values and system on subordinate countries.subordinate countries.

• ExampleExample: The Soviet Union imposing : The Soviet Union imposing Communist government on Eastern Communist government on Eastern European states (1945-1989)European states (1945-1989)


3. Military3. Military

• The United States has over 730 military bases The United States has over 730 military bases and installations in over 50 countries. (2003)and installations in over 50 countries. (2003)

• American forces are deployed in roughly 130 American forces are deployed in roughly 130 countries around the world, performing a variety countries around the world, performing a variety of duties from combat to peacekeeping to of duties from combat to peacekeeping to training foreign militaries, according to training foreign militaries, according to GlobalSecurity.org, a defense-oriented think tank. GlobalSecurity.org, a defense-oriented think tank. (2007)(2007)

• The “War on Terror” / protection of “American The “War on Terror” / protection of “American national interests”national interests”


4. Cultural 4. Cultural

• The use of political and economic The use of political and economic power to exalt and spread the values power to exalt and spread the values of a foreign culture at the expense of of a foreign culture at the expense of a native culture.a native culture.

- John Tomlinson, - John Tomlinson, Cultural Cultural Imperialism Imperialism

I. Introduction to Imperialism: I. Introduction to Imperialism: Cultural ImperialismCultural Imperialism

• SpainSpain imposed its language, religion and culture throughout imposed its language, religion and culture throughout the Americas and the Caribbean.the Americas and the Caribbean.

• FranceFrance promoted its language and culture throughout promoted its language and culture throughout Europe and imposed it on its colonies in Africa, Southeast Europe and imposed it on its colonies in Africa, Southeast Asia, the Middle East and the Caribbean.Asia, the Middle East and the Caribbean.

• EnglishEnglish became the international language, surpassing became the international language, surpassing French when the British became the world’s most powerful French when the British became the world’s most powerful nation in the 18nation in the 18thth century. Because of the superpower century. Because of the superpower status of the U.S., English continues to be the dominant status of the U.S., English continues to be the dominant world language.world language.

• RussianRussian language and customs were imposed on a diverse language and customs were imposed on a diverse group of people from Muslims in Central Asia and the group of people from Muslims in Central Asia and the Caucasus to Hungarians and other Eastern Europeans.Caucasus to Hungarians and other Eastern Europeans.

I. Introduction to Imperialism: I. Introduction to Imperialism: Cultural ImperialismCultural Imperialism

• The United States is accused of The United States is accused of spreading “American values” spreading “American values” throughout the world through its:throughout the world through its:

-music and film industry -music and film industry -news media (CNN)-news media (CNN)

-fast-food industry -fast-food industry (McDonald’s,Pizza Hut, (McDonald’s,Pizza Hut,

Starbucks)Starbucks)- fashion industry- fashion industry

American Cultural Imperialism?American Cultural Imperialism?

• On an average day in On an average day in 2007, the company 2007, the company serves nearly serving serves nearly serving 52 million people in 52 million people in more than 100 more than 100 countries. countries.

• By the turn of the 21st By the turn of the 21st century there were century there were more than 850 more than 850 McDonald's McDonald's restaurants in France, restaurants in France, employing over employing over 30,000 people.30,000 people.


In China (2002):In China (2002):

• 80 McDonald's in Beijing alone 80 McDonald's in Beijing alone

• The number of Kentucky Fried Chicken outlets has The number of Kentucky Fried Chicken outlets has increased by 100 a year for the last 2 years, to about 600. increased by 100 a year for the last 2 years, to about 600.

• Shanghai and Beijing each have more than two dozen Shanghai and Beijing each have more than two dozen Starbucks. Most Chinese never drank coffee until Starbucks Starbucks. Most Chinese never drank coffee until Starbucks came to town in 1999.came to town in 1999.

• "Chinese people these days have a very positive impression "Chinese people these days have a very positive impression of American commercial culture and popular culture." - of American commercial culture and popular culture." - Victor Yuan, president of Horizon. “Victor Yuan, president of Horizon. “Buicks, Starbucks and Buicks, Starbucks and Fried Chicken. Still China?”Fried Chicken. Still China?” Elisabeth Rosenthal Elisabeth Rosenthal New York TimesNew York Times, , February 25, 2002.February 25, 2002.

American Cultural Imperialism?American Cultural Imperialism?• "Calling for political independence from the U.S. is one thing, and liking "Calling for political independence from the U.S. is one thing, and liking

American brands is another. Of course I like IBM, Dell, Microsoft, Starbucks, American brands is another. Of course I like IBM, Dell, Microsoft, Starbucks, and Coke." Park Young Hoon, South Korea.and Coke." Park Young Hoon, South Korea.

• "Yemeni students were out burning the American flag, chanting 'kill the "Yemeni students were out burning the American flag, chanting 'kill the Americans"' in early March, notes Jack Valenti, CEO of the Motion Picture Americans"' in early March, notes Jack Valenti, CEO of the Motion Picture Association of America. "As soon as the theaters opened at 7 p.m., bingo, Association of America. "As soon as the theaters opened at 7 p.m., bingo, they were all in there.“they were all in there.“

• Ahmad Tarouat, a 23-year-old Parisian salesman, may insist that he will Ahmad Tarouat, a 23-year-old Parisian salesman, may insist that he will never ingest a Big Mac because "McDonald's stands for American never ingest a Big Mac because "McDonald's stands for American imperialism," but he seems oblivious to the origin of the Nike sneakers on imperialism," but he seems oblivious to the origin of the Nike sneakers on his feet or the pack of Marlboro Lights in his hands.his feet or the pack of Marlboro Lights in his hands.

- - Brands in an Age of Anti-AmericanismBrands in an Age of Anti-Americanism, August 4, 2003. , August 4, 2003. http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/03_31/bhttp://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/03_31/b 3844011_mz046.htm3844011_mz046.htm


• According to Business Week, out of According to Business Week, out of the top 100 most valuable global the top 100 most valuable global brands, 62 are from the USA, brands, 62 are from the USA, including 8 of the top 10. (2003) including 8 of the top 10. (2003)

How Countries Counter How Countries Counter “Cultural Imperialism”“Cultural Imperialism”

• European Union European Union

- DIRECTIVE 89/552/EEC "TELEVISION - DIRECTIVE 89/552/EEC "TELEVISION WITHOUT FRONTIERS" WITHOUT FRONTIERS" (1989) (1989)

- at least 50% of broadcast time must be devoted to - at least 50% of broadcast time must be devoted to programs of European origin. programs of European origin.

-The threat is seen to derive from English language -The threat is seen to derive from English language services services and productions originating from the United and productions originating from the United States, not States, not England--in that only the United States is England--in that only the United States is considered to considered to have film and television industries organized on a have film and television industries organized on a scale scale large enough to take advantage of the single market. large enough to take advantage of the single market.

How Countries Counter How Countries Counter “Cultural Imperialism”“Cultural Imperialism”

• FranceFrance

• France has gone the farthest in France has gone the farthest in implementing the Directive.implementing the Directive.

• France – battling "American cultural France – battling "American cultural imperialism.." imperialism.."

• France currently requires that no more France currently requires that no more than 40% of films shown in the country are than 40% of films shown in the country are of non-European origin. of non-European origin.

The Rise of Asian Cultural The Rise of Asian Cultural Imperialism?Imperialism?

• Asian countries are making a large mark on the film industry:Asian countries are making a large mark on the film industry:

- Whereas Hollywood releases about 250 commercial films - Whereas Hollywood releases about 250 commercial films a a year, year, IndiaIndia alone cranks out 800 to 900 (most of them alone cranks out 800 to 900 (most of them are are low- low- budget productions).budget productions).

- The Chinese film "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon" has - The Chinese film "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon" has grossed more than $100 million in the United States grossed more than $100 million in the United States

alone alone — the first foreign-language film to take in that kind of — the first foreign-language film to take in that kind of cash. cash.

Tom Plate, “Hollywood Faces New Competition: World Film Industry Is Globalization at Its Best.” 8/29/02 Tom Plate, “Hollywood Faces New Competition: World Film Industry Is Globalization at Its Best.” 8/29/02 http://www.international.ucla.edu/bcir/news/article.asp?parentid=2059http://www.international.ucla.edu/bcir/news/article.asp?parentid=2059

I. Introduction to Imperialism: I. Introduction to Imperialism: Causes of Imperialism Causes of Imperialism I. I.

Introduction to Imperialism: Introduction to Imperialism: Causes Causes of Imperialismof Imperialism5. Religious5. Religious

• Spread of Islam by Arab armies during the Spread of Islam by Arab armies during the 77thth-13-13thth centuries. centuries.

• Spread of Christianity by Spain & Portugal Spread of Christianity by Spain & Portugal in the Americasin the Americas

• Spread of Christianity by Britain, France, Spread of Christianity by Britain, France, Belgium in Africa Belgium in Africa

I. Introduction to ImperialismI. Introduction to Imperialism: : Causes of ImperialismCauses of Imperialism

6. Social Darwinism6. Social Darwinism

• Justification for imperialism derived from the teachings of Justification for imperialism derived from the teachings of Charles Darwin on natural selection and the survival of the Charles Darwin on natural selection and the survival of the fittest.fittest.

• Justified the overseas expansion of European nations by Justified the overseas expansion of European nations by claiming racial superiority over the non white people in claiming racial superiority over the non white people in Africa, Asia and Latin America.Africa, Asia and Latin America.

• Countries that proved to be more powerful and more Countries that proved to be more powerful and more civilized had the right and the obligation to impose their civilized had the right and the obligation to impose their economic and political systems on the weaker countries. economic and political systems on the weaker countries. They were also obligated to spread their values to the They were also obligated to spread their values to the weaker countries.weaker countries.

I.I. Introduction to ImperialismIntroduction to Imperialism:: Rudyard Kipling – The White Man’s Rudyard Kipling – The White Man’s

Burden(1899)Burden(1899)• ““Take up the White Man's Take up the White Man's

burden--burden--The savage wars of peace--The savage wars of peace--Fill full the mouth of Fill full the mouth of FamineFamineAnd bid the sickness And bid the sickness cease;cease;And when your goal is And when your goal is nearestnearestThe end for others sought,The end for others sought,Watch sloth and heathen Watch sloth and heathen FollyFollyBring all your hopes to Bring all your hopes to naught.”naught.”

I. Introduction to ImperialismI. Introduction to Imperialism::Great Britain in IndiaGreat Britain in India

Thomas MacaulayThomas Macaulay Between 1834 and 1838 he Between 1834 and 1838 he

lived in Calcutta and served lived in Calcutta and served on the British "Supreme on the British "Supreme Council for India". Council for India".

““I have never found one I have never found one among them who could among them who could deny that a single shelf of deny that a single shelf of a good European library a good European library was worth the whole native was worth the whole native literature of India and literature of India and Arabia. The intrinsic Arabia. The intrinsic superiority of the Western superiority of the Western literature is, indeed, fully literature is, indeed, fully admitted by those admitted by those members of the Committee members of the Committee who support the Oriental who support the Oriental plan of education.”plan of education.”

I.I. Introduction to ImperialismIntroduction to Imperialism::U.S. in IraqU.S. in Iraq

• U.S. Army Brigadier U.S. Army Brigadier General Mark KimmittGeneral Mark Kimmitt

• An Iraqi journalist asked a An Iraqi journalist asked a U.S.military spokesman U.S.military spokesman what should be said to what should be said to children scared by low-children scared by low-flying US helicopters. flying US helicopters. "Tell "Tell them it's the sound of them it's the sound of freedom,"freedom," he replied, he replied, without batting an eyelid. without batting an eyelid.

http://http://www.newstatesman.com/www.newstatesman.com/200403220016200403220016

II. Forms of Imperialist RuleII. Forms of Imperialist Rule

1.1. ColonyColony

2.2. ProtectorateProtectorate

3.3. Sphere of InfluenceSphere of Influence

II. Forms of Imperialist RuleII. Forms of Imperialist Rule1.1. ColonyColony

• extension of political and economic control over an area by a state whose nationals extension of political and economic control over an area by a state whose nationals have occupied the area and usually possess organizational or technological have occupied the area and usually possess organizational or technological superiority over the native population. It may consist simply in a migration of superiority over the native population. It may consist simply in a migration of nationals to the territory, or it may be the formal assumption of control over the nationals to the territory, or it may be the formal assumption of control over the territory by military or civil representatives of the dominant power territory by military or civil representatives of the dominant power

Direct RuleDirect Rule

• Officials from the metropolis directly administer the colony with little or no help from Officials from the metropolis directly administer the colony with little or no help from the local population.the local population.

ex.: French imperialism, Spanish imperialism,ex.: French imperialism, Spanish imperialism, Portuguese imperialismPortuguese imperialism

Indirect RuleIndirect Rule

• The use of local, indigenous leaders to administer the colony in the interest of the The use of local, indigenous leaders to administer the colony in the interest of the metropolis. The indigenous upper class and its offspring encouraged to study in the metropolis. The indigenous upper class and its offspring encouraged to study in the metropolis.metropolis.

ex.: Great Britain in Indiaex.: Great Britain in India

II. Forms of Imperialist RuleII. Forms of Imperialist Rule

2. 2. ProtectorateProtectorate

• A protectorate surrenders part of its sovereignty A protectorate surrenders part of its sovereignty (independence) to another state.(independence) to another state.

• Usually, the protected state gives up all or most of its Usually, the protected state gives up all or most of its control over foreign affairs while retaining greater control control over foreign affairs while retaining greater control over internal matters.over internal matters.

• Citizens of the protected state DO NOT become citizens of Citizens of the protected state DO NOT become citizens of the protector state.the protector state.

Ex.: Cuba (under the Platt Amendment) was an American Ex.: Cuba (under the Platt Amendment) was an American protectorate.protectorate.

II. Forms of Imperialist RuleII. Forms of Imperialist Rule3. Sphere of Influence3. Sphere of Influence

• An area over which an outside power claims hegemony An area over which an outside power claims hegemony with the intention of gaining more definite control or with with the intention of gaining more definite control or with the intention of securing an economic monopoly over the the intention of securing an economic monopoly over the territory without assuming political control.territory without assuming political control.

• Theoretically, the sovereignty of a nation was not impaired Theoretically, the sovereignty of a nation was not impaired by the establishment of a sphere of influence by the establishment of a sphere of influence

• Currently, it is used by the more powerful nations of the Currently, it is used by the more powerful nations of the world to denote the exclusive or predominant interest they world to denote the exclusive or predominant interest they may have in certain areas of the globe, especially for the may have in certain areas of the globe, especially for the purposes of national security.purposes of national security.

Ex.: United States in Latin America / Russia in the former Ex.: United States in Latin America / Russia in the former Soviet Republics /Soviet Republics /

imperialism. i. introduction to imperialism the policy, practice, or advocacy of extending the power...

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