Imperialism Part IIExamples Worldwide

(For use with chart)

Egypt—Suez Canal

• Built by combined French and Egyptian effort, 1854-69

• Egypt went into heavy debt by the time it opened

• Egypt forced to sell its share to the British

Liberia

• Created by American Colonization Society, 1847 protected by U.S.

• Freed slaves were sent to Liberia to have their own new country

• Abolitionists (against slavery) were concerned that blacks and whites would not be able to live together in American society

Ethiopia• Successfully resisted European

imperialism when King Menelik II

--played British, French and Italians against each other

--built up arsenal of modern weapons

--defeated Italians in Battle of Adowa

--modernized Ethiopia

Algeria

• Algerians, waged active military resistance against the French (lasted for 50 years)

• Samori Touré led Mandingo against French for 16 years; fell as a result of famine

• French ultimately controlled much of North and West Africa

Maji Maji Rebellion

• German East Africa, 1905-06

• Villagers resisted switch to cotton (cash crop, not food)

• Belief in maji-maji (magic water) for protection

• Slaughter of 30% of population

China• British established Opium trade in

China, leading to widespread addiction, and refused to end this drug trade

• China suffered humiliating defeat—forced to sign Treaty of Nanjing

• Britain got Hong Kong

• Treaty Ports established

China• Taiping Rebellion

--and other resistance caused internal pressure on Qing government

--30 million people died

--Qing government tried to update education system, diplomatic service and military with mixed results

• Foreign nations established spheres of influence

--Gained control over China’s economy

China--Boxer Rebellion• U.S. urged Open Door Policy to

open trade between China and all foreign traders

-Outcome: Policy protected U.S. trade rights in China and protected China from colonization

-Outcome: China still under control of foreign powers

• Boxer Rebellion—Chinese citizens rebelled against foreigners• European military forces ended

rebellion; Qing dynasty collapsed

Modernization in Japan • American motive—to convince Japanese

to open their ports to trade

• U.S. benefits—U.S. could use two ports

• Meiji modernization—

--a. studied western gov’t and culture;

--b. adopted best aspects of western civilization;

--c. modernized the military;

--d. universal public education;

--e. industrialization

Modernization in Japan• Korea—Both Japan and China wanted

trade and military posts in Korea

• Sino-Japanese War—China sent troops to help Korea’s king put down a rebellion, violating its treaty with Japan

• S-J War Consequences—Japan drove Chinese out of Korea, destroyed Chinese navy, gained territory in Manchuria; Japan gained first colonies

Modernization in Japan

• Causes of Russo-Japanese War--Russia refused to stay out of Korea, Japan refused to recognize Russian rights in Manchuria; Japan attacked Russia

• Consequences—Japan forced Russia out of Korea, captured Russia’s Pacific fleet, destroyed Russia’s Baltic fleet

• Ruling Korea—Harsh rulers: shut down Korean newspapers, took over schools, took land, prohibited Koreans business

India:

• Mughal Empire collapses; British East India Co. gained control of India• British establish a railroad network in India

to transport raw materials and manufactured goods; India becomes increasingly valuable to British

• British force emphasis on cash crops; cause famine; villagers no longer self-sufficient

• Sepoy Mutiny occurs and uprisings spread over much of northern India• British gov’t took direct control of India

British Imperialism in India: Outcomes

• Nationalism grew in India, along with calls for modernization and westernization

• Indians form Indian National Congress, which calls for self-government

• British partition Bengal into Hindu and Muslim sections; Indians find it more difficult to gain independence because they were divided

Hawaii• American companies such as

Dole Pineapple Company established sugar and fruit plantations

• U.S. supported overthrow of Hawaiian monarch, Queen Liliuokalani

• U.S. annexed Hawaii as a territory, then a state (1959)

Cuba

Who were the Imperialists?

Originally Spain, then the U.S.

How did the US gain/maintain control?

Economic Imperialism▪US Businesses established holdings in Cuba▪ 1898 Spanish-American War: When Cubans fought Spanish for independence, US supported their fight (probably more self-interested than concerned for oppressed Cubans)

Imperialism: Cuba and Latin America• U.S. feared that European

powers would try to re-conquer Latin American countries—issued Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine

OUTCOMES

U.S. installed military government in Cuba and exerted control over Cuban affairs; Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines became U.S. territories

Panama

• Panama was part of the South American country, Colombia

• Colombia would not allow the U.S. to build a canal

• The U.S. supported a civil war, helped Panama get independence from Colombia

• The U.S. built the Panama Canal, which opened in 1914

• Panama gained control of canal December 31, 1999

• Santa Anna—1821 fought for independence from Spain and in 1829 fought to keep Spain from retaking control;

• Became Mexico’s president four times (1833-1855);

• Lost Texas and California to the U.S. in Mexican-American War (1845-48);

• Exiled—returned to Mexico poor, blind, powerless, forgotten (1874)

Turmoil and Change in Mexico

Turmoil and Change in Mexico• Benito Juarez—poor Zapotec

Indian, gained education, law degree;

• Started liberal reform movement, La Reforma(1840s-50s);

• Became president 1861-72;

• Legacy of peace, progress and reform

Turmoil and Change in Mexico• Porfirio Diaz—noted military general;

• Took control of Mexico in military coup 1876-1911;

• Offered land, power, and favors to supporters and terrorized opponents;

• Elections became meaningless; rich got richer and the poor got poorer.

• Francisco Madero—ran for president, arrested by Diaz;

• Called for Revolution;

• Won election after Diaz stepped down 1911-1913

• Replaced by military leader Victoriano Huerta, who likely was responsible for Madero’s assassination

Turmoil and Change in Mexico: Mexican Revolution

Turmoil and Change in Mexico: Mexican Revolution

EmilianoZapata—led army in southern Mexico; called for reform, “Land and Liberty”

Pancho Villa —led army in

northern Mexico;

“Robin Hood” —stole from

rich to give to poor

Overthrew Huerta to put Venustiano Carranza in power.

Venustiano Carranza—overthrew Huerta’s government, Turned his army on Villa and Zapata (his former allies); Began revising Mexico’s constitution but did not support final version—overthrown 1920Civil War ended with more than 1 million Mexican people dead.

Turmoil and Change in Mexico: Mexican Revolution

New Mexican Constitution

• Adopted 1917

• Promoted education, land reforms (broke up large estates), and women’s rights

• Supported by new leader, Alvaro Obregón

• United Mexico with nationalist emphasis

• In 1929, Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) took over; not tolerant of opposition, but enforced period of peace, stability