imperialism to today

The Middle EastThe Middle East

Western Influence, Western Influence, Development, and TodayDevelopment, and Today

End of the OttomansEnd of the Ottomans

Challenges to the Ottoman Empire:Challenges to the Ottoman Empire: ImperialismImperialism

European imperialism began to play a strong European imperialism began to play a strong role in the break up of the Ottoman Empirerole in the break up of the Ottoman Empire

ReformsReforms Ottoman rulers began acting more Western Ottoman rulers began acting more Western

than Middle Easternthan Middle Eastern NationalismNationalism

Ottoman-ruled regions began nationalist Ottoman-ruled regions began nationalist movementsmovements

European ImperialismEuropean Imperialism

The empire began breaking into The empire began breaking into numerous independent states around numerous independent states around the 19the 19thth century century Those states were then put under the Those states were then put under the

control of European countriescontrol of European countries Example: Egypt- Great BritainExample: Egypt- Great Britain

Egypt & ImperialismEgypt & Imperialism

Britain and Britain and France fought France fought to gain control to gain control of Egyptof Egypt They wanted They wanted

control of the control of the Suez CanalSuez Canal

Links the Red Links the Red Sea with the Sea with the Mediterranean Mediterranean SeaSea

The French initially controlled the The French initially controlled the canal in the mid-1800scanal in the mid-1800s

The British gained protection of it as The British gained protection of it as a “neutral zone” during an Egyptian a “neutral zone” during an Egyptian civil war before WWIcivil war before WWI Gave Egypt “self rule”Gave Egypt “self rule”

After WWII, the British agreed to After WWII, the British agreed to leave Egypt and left the canal in the leave Egypt and left the canal in the hands of the Egyptian governmenthands of the Egyptian government

Egypt & ImperialismEgypt & Imperialism

One of Egypt’s great rulers during One of Egypt’s great rulers during British imperialism was Muhammad British imperialism was Muhammad AliAli He promoted:He promoted:

ModernizationModernization Growth of cash cropsGrowth of cash crops Western reformsWestern reforms

Egypt and ImperialismEgypt and Imperialism

Ottomans attempted to reformOttomans attempted to reform Modernized the government and armyModernized the government and army Created secular schools to teach Created secular schools to teach

western ideaswestern ideas This plan backfired…This plan backfired…

Ottoman ReformsOttoman Reforms

The Young Turks (ca 1909)The Young Turks (ca 1909) Arab nationalist group that wanted to Arab nationalist group that wanted to

end western influence in the empireend western influence in the empire Took over the empire and ruled harshlyTook over the empire and ruled harshly

NationalismNationalism

The empire was officially dissolved The empire was officially dissolved after WWI (1919), when its ally, after WWI (1919), when its ally, Germany, was defeatedGermany, was defeated



Ottoman Empire at its height

Republic of TurkeyRepublic of Turkey

Turkey became independent, Turkey became independent, however its new ruler was “western” however its new ruler was “western” through and throughthrough and through AtaturkAtaturk: Became President of Turkey in : Became President of Turkey in

the 1920sthe 1920s Adopted policies of westernization and Adopted policies of westernization and

modernizationmodernization

Western style clothingWestern style clothing Separation of church and stateSeparation of church and state Secular public schoolsSecular public schools

Republic of TurkeyRepublic of Turkey

Even language reform.Turkey Video

Arab NationalismArab Nationalism

After the break up of the Ottoman After the break up of the Ottoman Empire, Britain and France got Empire, Britain and France got control of many Arab landscontrol of many Arab lands Arab nationalists demanded self-ruleArab nationalists demanded self-rule Importance of oil made Europeans Importance of oil made Europeans

reluctant to leave the Middle Eastreluctant to leave the Middle East

Conflict Over PalestineConflict Over Palestine

ZionismZionism: movement in : movement in the 1920s and 1930s to the 1920s and 1930s to reestablish a Jewish reestablish a Jewish nation in Palestinenation in Palestine

Jews had been expelled by Jews had been expelled by RomansRomans

Palestinian Arabs Palestinian Arabs promoted anti-Semitism promoted anti-Semitism as the Jewish people as the Jewish people migrated back into the migrated back into the regionregion

Conflict Over PalestineConflict Over PalestineZionists

Conflict Over PalestineConflict Over Palestine• The problem with The problem with Zionism…Zionism…

•Green = ArabGreen = Arab

•Red = JewishRed = Jewish

•Arab nationalism begins to Arab nationalism begins to make it a cultural conflict, make it a cultural conflict, rather than a political onerather than a political one

Arab-Israeli ConflictArab-Israeli Conflict

Palestine is divided in Palestine is divided in 1947 to include a Jewish 1947 to include a Jewish state and an Arab statestate and an Arab state

Blue = JewishBlue = Jewish Tan= ArabTan= Arab White= Neutral (Jerusalem)White= Neutral (Jerusalem)

In 1948, war eruptsIn 1948, war erupts

In 1967, Israel In 1967, Israel captures and captures and occupies the Arab occupies the Arab lands of the Gaza lands of the Gaza Strip and the Strip and the West BankWest Bank


Palestinian refugees flee to LebanonPalestinian refugees flee to Lebanon They set up the Palestinian Liberation They set up the Palestinian Liberation

Organization in order to attack IsraelOrganization in order to attack Israel


In 1982, Israel heads off a PLO attack In 1982, Israel heads off a PLO attack by invading Lebanonby invading Lebanon


Peace EffortsPeace Efforts

Many Arab nations refuse to Many Arab nations refuse to recognize Israel as a nation and recognize Israel as a nation and support terrorist activities against itsupport terrorist activities against it

Israel won’t allow a Palestinian state Israel won’t allow a Palestinian state to be createdto be created

Numerous world leaders have tried Numerous world leaders have tried to bring an agreement to the tableto bring an agreement to the table

Latest Updates:Latest Updates: Israel ended its occupation of the Gaza Strip Israel ended its occupation of the Gaza Strip

in 2005in 2005 Recent tensions between Israel and other Recent tensions between Israel and other

Arab countries like Lebanon and Arab countries like Lebanon and Iran Iran have have caused skirmishes amongst the Arabs and caused skirmishes amongst the Arabs and IsraelisIsraelis

Israel VideoIsrael Video

Peace EffortsPeace Efforts

Iran and modernizationIran and modernization Its goal is to make itself “comparable to the Its goal is to make itself “comparable to the

most developed countries in the world.”most developed countries in the world.” Today we have nuclear issues with IranToday we have nuclear issues with Iran

President Mahmoud AhmadinejadPresident Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

Development in the Rest of the Development in the Rest of the Middle EastMiddle East

The Cold War (1950s-1980s)The Cold War (1950s-1980s) U.S. and Russia rivalry in the Middle EastU.S. and Russia rivalry in the Middle East

M.E. countries accepted aid from both M.E. countries accepted aid from both nationsnations

Russia invaded Afghanistan in 1979Russia invaded Afghanistan in 1979


The Cold War (1950s-1980s)The Cold War (1950s-1980s) Russia was attempting to support a Russia was attempting to support a

communist government in Afghanistancommunist government in Afghanistan The U.S. fought Russia by supplying The U.S. fought Russia by supplying

Afghan rebels with weaponsAfghan rebels with weapons One of the rebels was Osama Bin LadenOne of the rebels was Osama Bin Laden When Russia withdrew, many of the U.S. and When Russia withdrew, many of the U.S. and

recovered Soviet weapons were used by the recovered Soviet weapons were used by the organization known as Al-Qaedaorganization known as Al-Qaeda

Video: Osama Bin LadenVideo: Osama Bin Laden


Iran-Iraq War (1980-88)Iran-Iraq War (1980-88) Tensions between Iraq and Iran Tensions between Iraq and Iran

regarding the borderregarding the border


• Saddam Hussein invaded Saddam Hussein invaded IranIran

•Want to control the oil Want to control the oil marketmarket

• The U.S. aided Iraq, but The U.S. aided Iraq, but secretly sent weapons to secretly sent weapons to IranIran

•A UN ceasefire was A UN ceasefire was needed to end the warneeded to end the war

Persian Gulf War (1991)Persian Gulf War (1991) Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait, Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait,

claiming it belonged to Iraqclaiming it belonged to Iraq

Development in the Rest of Development in the Rest of the Middle Eastthe Middle East

• The U.S. and UN fought The U.S. and UN fought the Iraqis until Iraq was the Iraqis until Iraq was forced to surrenderforced to surrender

• The UN left weapons The UN left weapons inspectors in Iraq to make inspectors in Iraq to make sure no chemical or sure no chemical or biological weapons were biological weapons were being madebeing made

Development in the Rest of Development in the Rest of the Middle Eastthe Middle East


DevelopmentDevelopment Governments have promoted industry, Governments have promoted industry,

especially oilespecially oil Oil has made some nations very Oil has made some nations very

wealthy, while others are in need of wealthy, while others are in need of economic supporteconomic support

In 1960, the In 1960, the Organization of Organization of Petroleum Petroleum Exporting Countries Exporting Countries (OPEC)(OPEC) was created was created Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait,

Saudi Arabia, and Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela were the Venezuela were the original membersoriginal members

Controls major oil Controls major oil reserves and pricesreserves and prices

Affects the global Affects the global economyeconomy


DevelopmentDevelopment The growth of cities has created conflict The growth of cities has created conflict

among young generations and older among young generations and older traditional parentstraditional parents


A photo from a video series that promotes career development for young Arab women.

An older woman in traditional Arabic dress.

Islamic FundamentalismIslamic Fundamentalism

A “cultural knee jerk”A “cultural knee jerk”

It is a movement that sees It is a movement that sees westernization as a force westernization as a force undermining Islamic societyundermining Islamic society

Goals of Islamic Goals of Islamic FundamentalistsFundamentalists::

1.1. Use the Shariah as lawUse the Shariah as law ShariahShariah: Islamic law derived : Islamic law derived

from the Koranfrom the Koran

2.2. Give all political power to Give all political power to religious leadersreligious leaders

3.3. Return to the values of the Return to the values of the KoranKoran

4.4. Complete separation of Complete separation of men and women in publicmen and women in public


Islamic Fundamentalism and Islamic Fundamentalism and TerrorismTerrorism

The War on Terror is still only a The War on Terror is still only a political warpolitical war

We are fighting against a group We are fighting against a group of terrorists who of terrorists who associateassociate themselves with this religious themselves with this religious sect of Islamsect of Islam

The The “Battle for Islam”“Battle for Islam”

HOWEVER, don’t get the HOWEVER, don’t get the two mixed up:two mixed up:

Islamic Fundamentalism, Feared and MisundIslamic Fundamentalism, Feared and Misunderstooderstood


ReviewReview End of the Ottoman EmpireEnd of the Ottoman Empire

Imperialism, Failed Reforms, Imperialism, Failed Reforms, NationalismNationalism

Egypt as an Imperial Case StudyEgypt as an Imperial Case Study The Republic of Turkey after the The Republic of Turkey after the

OttomansOttomans

DevelopmentDevelopment Arab NationalismArab Nationalism

Arab-Israeli ConflictArab-Israeli Conflict Iran and ModernizationIran and Modernization

ReviewReview DevelopmentDevelopment

The Cold War and Osama Bin LadenThe Cold War and Osama Bin Laden Saddam Hussein: Iran-Iraq War and Saddam Hussein: Iran-Iraq War and

Persian Gulf WarPersian Gulf War OilOil Traditional vs. ModernizationTraditional vs. Modernization

Islamic FundamentalismIslamic Fundamentalism As a part of Arab nationalismAs a part of Arab nationalism Its role (or lack there of) in terrorismIts role (or lack there of) in terrorism

imperialism to today

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