Implementation of Offshore Wind Power & Potential of Tidal, Wave

and Ocean Current Energyfor

SUSTAINABLE USE OF OCEANS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE GREEN ECONOMY AND THE ERADICATION OF

POVERTYPrincipality of Monaco, November 28, 2011Principality of Monaco, November 28, 2011

Magdalena A K MuirBoard Member, Climate, Coastal and Marine Union &

Adjunct Professor, John Hopkins University &Research Associate, Arctic Institute of North America,

University of Calgary

Part of Sustainable Energy Development project being implemented cooperatively by AINA, U of C, EUCC and JHU

Offshore Wind Energy, Current, Offshore Wind Energy, Current,

Tidal and Wave Energy andTidal and Wave Energy and

Offshore Electricity Grid InfrastructureOffshore Electricity Grid Infrastructure

The ContextThe ContextImportance of climate mitigation through development of Importance of climate mitigation through development of

marine renewable energy such as offshore wind farms, marine renewable energy such as offshore wind farms, and ocean current, tidal and wave facilities.and ocean current, tidal and wave facilities.

As well as generating energy, the oceans play a ne vital As well as generating energy, the oceans play a ne vital role in transmitting renewable energy through long role in transmitting renewable energy through long distance high voltage transmission lines and offshore distance high voltage transmission lines and offshore grid infrastructure.grid infrastructure.

Marine renewable energy can play a vital role in Marine renewable energy can play a vital role in Marine renewable energy can play a vital role in Marine renewable energy can play a vital role in mitigating and adapting to climate change and ocean mitigating and adapting to climate change and ocean acidification.acidification.

Key example being energy and water nexus, and role that Key example being energy and water nexus, and role that renewable energy can play in desalination of brackish renewable energy can play in desalination of brackish and salt water to meet freshwater needs globally.and salt water to meet freshwater needs globally.

Marine renewable energy planning and designs can Marine renewable energy planning and designs can enhance marine biodiversity and ecosystem , and the enhance marine biodiversity and ecosystem , and the ecosystem services benefits necessary to communities.ecosystem services benefits necessary to communities.

Marine Renewable Energy in the Context of Marine Renewable Energy in the Context of Sustainable Oceans Sustainable Oceans

Offshore wind farms and wave and tidal projects could have Offshore wind farms and wave and tidal projects could have complimentary impacts on birds, fish, marine mammals, complimentary impacts on birds, fish, marine mammals, and marine and coastal ecosystem and support sustainable and marine and coastal ecosystem and support sustainable oceans industries such as fisheries and tourismoceans industries such as fisheries and tourism

For example, appropriate implementation could enhance For example, appropriate implementation could enhance fisheries productivity through nofisheries productivity through no--take zones and increased take zones and increased fisheries breeding zones and habitat. fisheries breeding zones and habitat.

Caution needs to be exercised with new technology. For Caution needs to be exercised with new technology. For example, electroexample, electro--magnetic fields associated with the high magnetic fields associated with the high voltage transmission lines and hubs of proposed electricity voltage transmission lines and hubs of proposed electricity grids may have impacts on certain species (sharks, skates grids may have impacts on certain species (sharks, skates and rays) and benthic organisms on the seabed. and rays) and benthic organisms on the seabed.

Ongoing monitoring and modification of offshore wind farms, Ongoing monitoring and modification of offshore wind farms, current, tidal and wave projects, and related grid current, tidal and wave projects, and related grid infrastructure can positively address biodiversity and infrastructure can positively address biodiversity and ecosystem concerns through the construction, ecosystem concerns through the construction, authorization, operation and maintenance, and the authorization, operation and maintenance, and the abandonment and reclamation of these facilitieabandonment and reclamation of these facilities. s.

Outline of PresentationOutline of Presentation

Global Trends and Investment for Global Trends and Investment for Renewable EnergyRenewable Energy

Global Offshore Wind Resources and Global Offshore Wind Resources and Development and Offshore Electricity Grid Development and Offshore Electricity Grid InfrastructureInfrastructure

Ocean Energy Resources and Development Ocean Energy Resources and Development Ocean Energy Resources and Development Ocean Energy Resources and Development and Offshore Electricity Grid and Offshore Electricity Grid InfrastructureInfrastructure

Sustainable Cities and Regions and Role of Sustainable Cities and Regions and Role of Sustainable Seas and Renewable Marine Sustainable Seas and Renewable Marine Energy Energy

Global Trends and Investment for Global Trends and Investment for Renewable EnergyRenewable Energy

The focus of the renewable power market is rapidly The focus of the renewable power market is rapidly moving away from the traditional mature markets of moving away from the traditional mature markets of Europe and the US. Europe and the US.

In absolute terms Europe will be the biggest market for In absolute terms Europe will be the biggest market for renewable power over the next five years, but following renewable power over the next five years, but following that China will lead. that China will lead. that China will lead. that China will lead.

The Middle East and North African market will grow very The Middle East and North African market will grow very quickly with most of the investment from solar quickly with most of the investment from solar technologies replacing oiltechnologies replacing oil--fired power plants. fired power plants.

By far the most rapid growth will be seen in the rapidly By far the most rapid growth will be seen in the rapidly developing economies of India, the Middle East and developing economies of India, the Middle East and North Africa, Africa and Latin America. North Africa, Africa and Latin America.

By 2020, the markets outside of the Europe, US, Canada By 2020, the markets outside of the Europe, US, Canada and China will account for 50% of world demand.and China will account for 50% of world demand.

Offshore Wind Opportunities: Average European Wind Speed Offshore Wind Opportunities: Average European Wind Speed

European Offshore Wind European Offshore Wind Energy DevelopmentEnergy Development

Germany Offshore Wind Energy Germany Offshore Wind Energy DevelopmentDevelopment

Netherlands Offshore Wind Netherlands Offshore Wind Energy DevelopmentEnergy Development

UK Offshore Wind Potential

UK Offshore Wind Farm (Round 3, 2010)

EU Grid Road MapEU Grid Road Map

Proposed North Sea and Baltic GridProposed North Sea and Baltic Grid

Proposed Electricity Grids for SouthProposed Electricity Grids for South--West Europe West Europe Including Links with Northern AfricaIncluding Links with Northern Africa

Proposed Electricity Grid, Eastern Mediterranean SeaProposed Electricity Grid, Eastern Mediterranean Sea

Offshore Wind Requirements: Distribution Area Offshore Wind Requirements: Distribution Area Around a 10 GW Mainland HubAround a 10 GW Mainland Hub

Offshore Wind Requirements: 5 GW Hub, Offshore Wind Requirements: 5 GW Hub, Multiple Strings with Multiple Wind FarmsMultiple Strings with Multiple Wind Farms

European Grid Declaration on Electricity Network European Grid Declaration on Electricity Network

Development and Nature Conservation in EuropeDevelopment and Nature Conservation in Europe

Signatories to November 11, 2011 Declaration are : Signatories to November 11, 2011 Declaration are : Bellona, Birdlife Europe, Deutsche Bellona, Birdlife Europe, Deutsche UmwelthilfeUmwelthilfe, , EliaElia, , European Climate Foundation, Friends of the Earth European Climate Foundation, Friends of the Earth Europe, Friends of the Europe, Friends of the SupergridSupergrid, , 50Hertz,Germanwatch,Global Nature Fund, 50Hertz,Germanwatch,Global Nature Fund, Greenpeace, National Grid, Greenpeace, National Grid, NatuurNatuur en Milieu, Red en Milieu, Red ElectricaElectrica de de EspanaEspana, RSPB, RTE France, SEFEP, , RSPB, RTE France, SEFEP, StatnettStatnett, , SwissgridSwissgrid, , TenneTTenneT, , TernaTerna, WWF, Zero , WWF, Zero StatnettStatnett, , SwissgridSwissgrid, , TenneTTenneT, , TernaTerna, WWF, Zero , WWF, Zero

The Grid Declaration strengthens the coalition of The Grid Declaration strengthens the coalition of stakeholders supporting grid expansion to integrate stakeholders supporting grid expansion to integrate renewable energy and raise public awareness. renewable energy and raise public awareness.

It provides for cooperation on specific pilot projects to It provides for cooperation on specific pilot projects to develop best practice and improve the develop best practice and improve the implementation of grid development consistent with implementation of grid development consistent with nature conservation.nature conservation.

The coalition pledges to encourage transparency and The coalition pledges to encourage transparency and address public acceptance. address public acceptance.

North and Baltic Sea Offshore Grid ProposalsNorth and Baltic Sea Offshore Grid Proposals

Direct and Split Design (November 2011)Direct and Split Design (November 2011)

DesertecDesertec IndustricalIndustrical Initiative Initiative SupergridSupergrid to Transmit to Transmit Renewable Energy from North Africa to EuropeRenewable Energy from North Africa to Europe

Middle East and North Africa (MENA): Morocco’s Proposal for Middle East and North Africa (MENA): Morocco’s Proposal for Wind and Solar Energy & First Stage of Wind and Solar Energy & First Stage of DesertecDesertec ProjectProject

DesertecDesertec Industrial Initiative (Industrial Initiative (DiiDii) is designed to facilitate the ) is designed to facilitate the longlong--term transition to renewable energy by building term transition to renewable energy by building relationships between European energy market investors, relationships between European energy market investors, renewable energy technology innovators and policymakers renewable energy technology innovators and policymakers from the MENA region. from the MENA region.

Morocco is the starting location for 400 billion euro Morocco is the starting location for 400 billion euro DiiDiiproject. By 2050, project. By 2050, DiiDii project is intended to satisfy 100 project is intended to satisfy 100 percent of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region’s percent of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region’s energy needs, as well as 15 percent of the EU. energy needs, as well as 15 percent of the EU. energy needs, as well as 15 percent of the EU. energy needs, as well as 15 percent of the EU.

With 3,500 km of coastline and average wind speeds between With 3,500 km of coastline and average wind speeds between 6 and 11 m/s, and 6 and 11 m/s, and existing grid connection to Spain. existing grid connection to Spain. Morocco’s wind resources promising. Morocco’s wind resources promising.

Agreements have been reached between Agreements have been reached between DiiDii and the Moroccan and the Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy for construction of a 500MW solar Agency for Solar Energy for construction of a 500MW solar farm in 2012. Potential for a 2000MW farm by 2020, which farm in 2012. Potential for a 2000MW farm by 2020, which would make Morocco first implementation of would make Morocco first implementation of DiiDii project.project.

Next implementation of Next implementation of DiiDii project may be Egypt, which has project may be Egypt, which has excellent wind and solar resources and an existing grid excellent wind and solar resources and an existing grid connection to Europe.connection to Europe.

Egypt offshore wind resource map from Egypt Wind Egypt offshore wind resource map from Egypt Wind Atlas indicating scope of offshore wind resourcesAtlas indicating scope of offshore wind resources((mean wind speed at 50 m mean wind speed at 50 m a.g.la.g.l., ., mesoscalemesoscale modelling)modelling)

Americas: Canada Offshore WindAmericas: Canada Offshore WindLocated on Canada’s northwest coast, Located on Canada’s northwest coast,

where the wind resource is one of where the wind resource is one of

the strongest and most consistent the strongest and most consistent

in the world, in the world, NaiKunNaiKun Wind’s 396MWWind’s 396MW

offshore wind project is at an offshore wind project is at an

advanced stage of development with advanced stage of development with

environmental certification from the environmental certification from the environmental certification from the environmental certification from the

British Columbia government, British Columbia government,

and agreements in place with key and agreements in place with key

suppliers and First Nations. suppliers and First Nations.

Given its development status, construction can beginGiven its development status, construction can begin

within two years of the award of an electricity purchase within two years of the award of an electricity purchase

agreement from BC Hydro, the provincial utility.agreement from BC Hydro, the provincial utility.

Canada and US: Great Lakes Wind Canada and US: Great Lakes Wind Resources and Proposed DevelopmentResources and Proposed Development

Significant windSignificant wind

resources for all lakes.resources for all lakes.

LEEDCoLEEDCo will beginwill begin

building 20MW windbuilding 20MW wind

project off Cleveland project off Cleveland Ohio in 2012 Ohio in 2012 Ohio in 2012 Ohio in 2012

Offshore Wind Resources for the USOffshore Wind Resources for the US

Proposed US Offshore Wind ProjectsProposed US Offshore Wind Projects

2727

Competitive bid process for new generation

Factored in

Case Study: the Delaware ModelCase Study: the Delaware Model

Factored in environmental and social benefits, long-term price stability, potential cost of emissions, and fuel price volatility

Cape Cod

Permitting process took 10 years130 turbines

Case Study: Cape Wind, MACase Study: Cape Wind, MA

Martha’s Vineyard

Nantucket

130 turbinesApproximately 468 MW Estimated cost of $2.62 billion

North America : ProposedNorth America : ProposedAtlantic Wind ConnectionAtlantic Wind Connection

Proposed to Proposed to facilitate the facilitate the efficient and efficient and cost effective cost effective development development development development of offshore of offshore wind energy, wind energy, and eventually and eventually ocean energy ocean energy projectsprojects..

Brazil’s Offshore Wind ResourcesBrazil’s Offshore Wind Resources

Significantly investing Significantly investing in all renewable in all renewable resources.resources.

Estimates of 3,500 GW Estimates of 3,500 GW of wind energy of wind energy potential offshore in potential offshore in Brazil if its full Brazil if its full Brazil if its full Brazil if its full Exclusive Economic Exclusive Economic Zone were used. Zone were used.

If the areas were If the areas were limited to those with limited to those with water depth of less water depth of less the 100 m, the the 100 m, the potential for potential for generation would be generation would be of 636 GW.of 636 GW.

Asia: ChinaAsia: China

Offshore wind potential estimated at more than 750 GW by Offshore wind potential estimated at more than 750 GW by China Meteorological Administration.China Meteorological Administration.

These offshore wind resources are in close proximity to These offshore wind resources are in close proximity to coastal settlements and developments.coastal settlements and developments.

China has within a very short time become a major player China has within a very short time become a major player in the manufacturing of wind turbines, and in the in the manufacturing of wind turbines, and in the in the manufacturing of wind turbines, and in the in the manufacturing of wind turbines, and in the development of wind energy on land.development of wind energy on land.

China is encouraging the manufacture of larger turbines China is encouraging the manufacture of larger turbines and offshore wind turbines, and indicated its intent to be and offshore wind turbines, and indicated its intent to be a leader in the development of offshore wind power.a leader in the development of offshore wind power.

Offshore electricity grid infrastructure needed.Offshore electricity grid infrastructure needed.

China Wind Energy Development Roadmap 2050 is recent China Wind Energy Development Roadmap 2050 is recent summary of government plans and policy.summary of government plans and policy.

China: Preliminary project planning for offshore China: Preliminary project planning for offshore

wind resources in all provinces before 2020wind resources in all provinces before 2020

Asia: IndiaAsia: India

In 2011, India announced that it may take In 2011, India announced that it may take two years to study and gather data on the two years to study and gather data on the potential for offshore wind. potential for offshore wind.

Preliminary studies indicate that coastal Preliminary studies indicate that coastal areas off Tamil Nadu and Gujarat states areas off Tamil Nadu and Gujarat states areas off Tamil Nadu and Gujarat states areas off Tamil Nadu and Gujarat states may have potentialmay have potential

The results from the studies need to be The results from the studies need to be validated by setting up offshore masts to validated by setting up offshore masts to measure one to two years of wind speed measure one to two years of wind speed data and to analyze the seabed to see if it data and to analyze the seabed to see if it can provide an adequate foundationcan provide an adequate foundation..

Asia: JapanAsia: JapanSignificant offshore wind resources .Significant offshore wind resources .

Limited wind resources in shallow areas Limited wind resources in shallow areas near the coasts which likely to be near the coasts which likely to be developed first.developed first.

Most wind resources in deeper areas, Most wind resources in deeper areas, necessitating floating wind farms attached necessitating floating wind farms attached necessitating floating wind farms attached necessitating floating wind farms attached to land forms or floating independentlyto land forms or floating independently

In 2011, Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade In 2011, Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry announced it will spend 20 and Industry announced it will spend 20 billion up to yen ($257 million) on a pilot billion up to yen ($257 million) on a pilot project of six 2project of six 2--megawatt floating wind megawatt floating wind farms off the Fukushima coast.farms off the Fukushima coast.

Asia: Korea’s Offshore Wind DevelopmentAsia: Korea’s Offshore Wind Development

In November 2011, the South Korean In November 2011, the South Korean government announced that it will invest 10.2 government announced that it will invest 10.2 trillion won (US$9 billion) in building in three trillion won (US$9 billion) in building in three stages a 2.5 GW offshore wind farm mainly off stages a 2.5 GW offshore wind farm mainly off southwest coast of southwest coast of JeollabukdoJeollabukdo and and JeollanamdoJeollanamdo provinces: 100 megawatt provinces: 100 megawatt demonstration phase for 2014, a 400 MW demonstration phase for 2014, a 400 MW demonstration phase for 2014, a 400 MW demonstration phase for 2014, a 400 MW phase for 2016; and 2 GW phase for 2019.phase for 2016; and 2 GW phase for 2019.

National government will provide policy and National government will provide policy and administrative support, and local governments administrative support, and local governments will approve sea uses. will approve sea uses.

The project leverages Korea’s extensive The project leverages Korea’s extensive shipbuilding and marine engineering expertise. shipbuilding and marine engineering expertise.

Korea: Hankyung Wind Farm in coast of Jeju Province, 21MW (1.5MWx4 + 3MWx5)

Small Island Developing States and Small Island Developing States and Least Developed Economies Least Developed Economies

Unique and dual role of wind and ocean energy in Unique and dual role of wind and ocean energy in developing small island states and the coasts of less developing small island states and the coasts of less developed countries to achieve sustainable developed countries to achieve sustainable development and poverty alleviation. development and poverty alleviation.

Ongoing issues of capacity, technology development & Ongoing issues of capacity, technology development & transfer that need to be addressed. transfer that need to be addressed.

For example, offshore and on land wind farms (as well For example, offshore and on land wind farms (as well as ocean energy), combined with hydrogen as ocean energy), combined with hydrogen storage/dams and hydraulic storage, can substitute storage/dams and hydraulic storage, can substitute for imported diesel fuel electricity generation.for imported diesel fuel electricity generation.

Wind, ocean and other renewable energy can be Wind, ocean and other renewable energy can be combined with desalination facilities to alleviate the combined with desalination facilities to alleviate the water shortages caused by higher temperature and water shortages caused by higher temperature and changing precipitation patterns, thus assisting SIDS changing precipitation patterns, thus assisting SIDS and developing countries to adapt to climate change.and developing countries to adapt to climate change.

Off Grid Sustainable Off Grid Sustainable Energy Solutions: Energy Solutions: RameaRamea Island, Island, Newfoundland, Newfoundland, CanadaCanada

The electrical grid of The electrical grid of RameaRamea Island relies on diesel and Island relies on diesel and wind power and will incorporate a hydrogen storage wind power and will incorporate a hydrogen storage wind power and will incorporate a hydrogen storage wind power and will incorporate a hydrogen storage and generator system. In this isolated remote power and generator system. In this isolated remote power system, hydrogen will be produced from water system, hydrogen will be produced from water electrolysis when the wind power output exceeds electrolysis when the wind power output exceeds demand. The hydrogen gas is placed in storage demand. The hydrogen gas is placed in storage tanks. When the power output from the wind tanks. When the power output from the wind turbines is not sufficient to meet the community turbines is not sufficient to meet the community load, the stored hydrogen powers a generator which load, the stored hydrogen powers a generator which provides electricity for the communityprovides electricity for the community..

Global Future of Wind EnergyGlobal Future of Wind Energy

Europe is biggest growth market for offshore wind Europe is biggest growth market for offshore wind for next five years, but after that China will lead. for next five years, but after that China will lead.

Along with China, Brazil and India become active.Along with China, Brazil and India become active.

The Middle East and North African market will The Middle East and North African market will grow very quickly over with most of the grow very quickly over with most of the investment from solar technologies replacing oilinvestment from solar technologies replacing oil--investment from solar technologies replacing oilinvestment from solar technologies replacing oil--fired power plants. fired power plants.

Most growth in developing economies of India, the Most growth in developing economies of India, the Middle East and North Africa, Africa and Latin Middle East and North Africa, Africa and Latin America. America.

By 2020, the markets outside of the Europe, US, By 2020, the markets outside of the Europe, US, Canada and China will be 50% of world demand.Canada and China will be 50% of world demand.

Future Offshore Wind Technology for Deeper Future Offshore Wind Technology for Deeper Seas : Floating Offshore Wind FarmsSeas : Floating Offshore Wind Farms

Future: New technologies/design for marine infrastructureFuture: New technologies/design for marine infrastructure

For example, innovative building components like For example, innovative building components like

Ocean Brick System and Reef Balls and innovative Ocean Brick System and Reef Balls and innovative

marine design which enhances offshore wind and marine design which enhances offshore wind and

ocean energy development, marine biodiversity and ocean energy development, marine biodiversity and

ecosystems, and fisheries and tourism opportunities.ecosystems, and fisheries and tourism opportunities.

Ocean EnergyOcean EnergyThe oceans represent a vast and largely untapped The oceans represent a vast and largely untapped

source of energy in the form of surface waves, fluid source of energy in the form of surface waves, fluid flow, salinity gradients, and thermal. flow, salinity gradients, and thermal.

Marine current power is the energy obtained from Marine current power is the energy obtained from ocean currents. ocean currents.

Osmotic power is the energy from salinity gradients. Osmotic power is the energy from salinity gradients.

Ocean thermal energyOcean thermal energy is the power from temperature is the power from temperature Ocean thermal energyOcean thermal energy is the power from temperature is the power from temperature differences at varying depths. differences at varying depths.

Tidal power is the energy from moving masses of Tidal power is the energy from moving masses of water.water.

Tidal power generation: tidal stream power, tidal Tidal power generation: tidal stream power, tidal barrage power, and dynamic tidal power. barrage power, and dynamic tidal power.

Wave power is the power from surface wavesWave power is the power from surface waves

Marine biomass is another form of ocean energy that is Marine biomass is another form of ocean energy that is not discussed here.not discussed here.

UK Round 1 Wave and Tidal Leases

In March 2010 in Round 1 of Wave and Tidal Leases, the Crown Estate announced the names of the successful bidders for the world’s first commercial wave and tidal commercial wave and tidal leasing round, for ten sites in Pentland Firth and Orkney waters.

The 1.2 GW of installed capacity proposed by the wave and tidal energy developers for 2020, 600 MW each from wave and tidal.

Pentland Firth & Orkney Waters: Wave and Tidal Energy And Role of Marine Spatial Planning

Marine Tidal Current Energy

SeaGen turbine acts like underwater windmill.1.2MW tidal current 1.2MW tidal current turbine has a capacity factor of 66% and delivered 800MWh into the national grid.

Round 1 Wave and Tidal Leasing, 2010: Tidal farm, Pentland Firth & Orkney

Marine Current Turbines Ltd received a lease from The Crown Estate to deploy its SeaGen tidal current its SeaGen tidal current device off Brough Ness, southern tip of the Orkney Islands (South Ronaldsay) and north east of John O’Groats. First phase of SeaGen turbines in 2017, whole project by 2020.

Tidal Energy: Tidal Energy: lmpoundmentlmpoundment/Turbines/Turbines

4 lane road tops this 242 MW tidal power plant

La Rance Estuary, France

242 MW Operating Since 1967

La La RanceRance Tidal Power Plant at Tidal Power Plant at St. St. MaloMalo, France, France

Potential Tidal PowerPotential Tidal PowerSix sites represent over Six sites represent over

half potential tidal half potential tidal developmentdevelopment

Headwaters Headwaters of the Bay of the Bay of of Fundy,CanadaFundy,Canada

Severn estuary, UKSevern estuary, UKGulf Gulf of St. of St. MaloMalo, France, FranceGulf Gulf of St. of St. MaloMalo, France, FranceSouthSouth--east east coast of coast of

ChinaChinaRussian Russian coast bordering coast bordering

the White Seathe White SeaRussian Russian coast bordering coast bordering

the Sea of Okhotsk the Sea of Okhotsk

Other Potential Tidal Dam EnergyOther Potential Tidal Dam Energy

Other potential sites include: Other potential sites include:

Mersey estuary, UKMersey estuary, UK

Bristol Channel, UK Bristol Channel, UK

Gulf of Gulf of KachchKachch, India , India

West coast of Korea, West coast of Korea, West coast of Korea, West coast of Korea,

NorthNorth--west coast of west coast of Australia, Australia,

Cook Inlet ,AlaskaCook Inlet ,Alaska

Gulf of San Jose, Argentina Gulf of San Jose, Argentina

Pros & Cons of Tidal Dam EnergyPros & Cons of Tidal Dam EnergyPrimary advantages of tidal energy are:Primary advantages of tidal energy are:-- Regular electricity production with 5% annual Regular electricity production with 5% annual

variation variation -- Simultaneous use of the dam for a road or rail Simultaneous use of the dam for a road or rail

road road -- LongLong--term operational lifetime of plant term operational lifetime of plant -- LongLong--term operational lifetime of plant term operational lifetime of plant -- Can protect coastlines from storm waves and Can protect coastlines from storm waves and

flooding.flooding.

Disadvantages: Disadvantages: -- High capital costs for initial construction High capital costs for initial construction -- Limited sites as minimum tidal range of Limited sites as minimum tidal range of 5 5 metremetre is often cited.is often cited.

-- Environmental and ecosystem impacts. Environmental and ecosystem impacts.

Wave EnergyWave Energy

AWS Power Buoy, Oyster,

Pelamis Wave Power

AWS OceanEnergy

Power Buoy, OPT

Oyster, Aquamarine Power

Wave DragonLIMPET, Wavegen

Ocean Thermal Ocean Thermal Energy ConversionEnergy Conversion

Sustainable Cities and Regions & Sustainable Cities and Regions & Role of Sustainable Seas and Role of Sustainable Seas and

Renewable Marine Energy Renewable Marine Energy

Water and Energy Nexus: Renewable Water and Energy Nexus: Renewable Energy and DesalinationEnergy and Desalination

Sustainable London and London Sustainable London and London Sustainable London and London Sustainable London and London ArrayArray

State of Hawai’iState of Hawai’i

Galapagos Islands and sustainable Galapagos Islands and sustainable energy development in a fragile energy development in a fragile environmentenvironment

Water and Energy Nexus: Water and Energy Nexus: Renewable Energy and DesalinationRenewable Energy and Desalination

Desalination by renewable wind and solar energy is currently Desalination by renewable wind and solar energy is currently being evaluated in a variety of European and international being evaluated in a variety of European and international forums and projects. forums and projects.

Wind energy modeling and studies of various wind energy Wind energy modeling and studies of various wind energy powered desalination plants and prototypes underway. powered desalination plants and prototypes underway.

Important technological problems such as the intermittency of Important technological problems such as the intermittency of wind, and counter measures such as electricity storage and wind, and counter measures such as electricity storage and wind, and counter measures such as electricity storage and wind, and counter measures such as electricity storage and hybrid energy systems are being considered. hybrid energy systems are being considered.

Replacing fossil fuel by renewable energy such as sun and wind Replacing fossil fuel by renewable energy such as sun and wind to desalinate seawater could reduce costly energy imports, to desalinate seawater could reduce costly energy imports, eliminate greenhouse gas emissions, and support adaptation eliminate greenhouse gas emissions, and support adaptation to climate change for higher temperatures, less precipitation, to climate change for higher temperatures, less precipitation, saline infiltration of aquifers, and growing water scarcity. saline infiltration of aquifers, and growing water scarcity.

Large scale desalination brings environmental challenges in the Large scale desalination brings environmental challenges in the extraction of sea water and the release of heated brine into extraction of sea water and the release of heated brine into coastal and marine ecosystems, but these concerns can be coastal and marine ecosystems, but these concerns can be partly addressed in the design of intake and outlet systems.partly addressed in the design of intake and outlet systems.

Sustainable London: London Wind Farm Array with Sustainable London: London Wind Farm Array with

investment of 50% DONG Energy (Denmark), 30% E.ON investment of 50% DONG Energy (Denmark), 30% E.ON

UK UK RenewablesRenewables and 20% by and 20% by MasdarMasdar (Abu Dhabi)(Abu Dhabi)

State of Hawai’i Interisland Renewable State of Hawai’i Interisland Renewable

Energy Program (HIREP)Energy Program (HIREP)

Wind would produce Wind would produce renewable energy renewable energy through of wind power through of wind power on one or more on one or more islands, and transfer islands, and transfer the electricity the electricity the electricity the electricity generated to another generated to another island by means of one island by means of one or more undersea or more undersea cables. Also potential cables. Also potential OTEC and wave OTEC and wave energy, which would energy, which would use grid infrastructure.use grid infrastructure.

Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (PEIS)Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (PEIS)

The State of Hawai‘i, with the US Department of The State of Hawai‘i, with the US Department of Energy, are preparing a HIREP PEIS.Energy, are preparing a HIREP PEIS.

The PEIS is designed to provide the public and The PEIS is designed to provide the public and agencies an overview of the potential impacts agencies an overview of the potential impacts and benefits in the development of HIREP's three and benefits in the development of HIREP's three primary components: an undersea cable system primary components: an undersea cable system including converter/inverter station including converter/inverter station infrastructure, possible wind farms on one or infrastructure, possible wind farms on one or infrastructure, possible wind farms on one or infrastructure, possible wind farms on one or more islands in Maui County, and utility more islands in Maui County, and utility infrastructure upgrades on infrastructure upgrades on O‘ahuO‘ahu. .

The PEIS does not grant any development rights or The PEIS does not grant any development rights or privileges to a specific wind farm project. This privileges to a specific wind farm project. This PEIS will set a framework, identify broad areas of PEIS will set a framework, identify broad areas of concern (both location and environment), and concern (both location and environment), and specify best management practices for the HIREP specify best management practices for the HIREP components.components.

Galapagos Islands & Sustainable Energy Galapagos Islands & Sustainable Energy Development in a Fragile EnvironmentDevelopment in a Fragile Environment..In the Galapagos Islands, the environment, economy and In the Galapagos Islands, the environment, economy and

social welfare are closely linked. Sustainability in one of social welfare are closely linked. Sustainability in one of these areas affects the sustainability in the other areas, these areas affects the sustainability in the other areas, and promoting the use of renewable energies and promoting the use of renewable energies contributes to a more sustainable environment.contributes to a more sustainable environment.

EU Galapagos Renewable Energy Project for EU Galapagos Renewable Energy Project for IsabelaIsabela and and EU Galapagos Renewable Energy Project for EU Galapagos Renewable Energy Project for IsabelaIsabela and and Santa Cruz Islands has the objective of reducing Santa Cruz Islands has the objective of reducing environmental risks from fossil fuel through renewable environmental risks from fossil fuel through renewable energy (solar) and increasing energy efficiency. energy (solar) and increasing energy efficiency.

E8 San Cristobel Wind Project is UNDPE8 San Cristobel Wind Project is UNDP--sponsored sponsored recognized private public partnership model for recognized private public partnership model for developing renewable energy, which also qualifies as a developing renewable energy, which also qualifies as a CDM project .CDM project .

ThankThank you, et je you, et je vousvous remercieremercie

Magdalena AK MuirMagdalena AK Muirmamuir@ucalgary.camamuir@ucalgary.ca

http://arctic.ucalgary.ca/research/sustainable_energy_developmenthttp://arctic.ucalgary.ca/research/sustainable_energy_development