implementation of ospf on ipv6
TRANSCRIPT
IMPLEMENTATION OF OSPF ON IPv6
Team Members:- A.Rohith (08AU1A0407) G.Nitesh Goud (08AU1A0421) J.Hiren Kumar (08AU1A0424) K.Krishna Kumar Gupta (08AU1A0434)
Internal GuideK.Anjani Kumar
TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
OSI model consists of 7 layers.TCP/IP protocol consists of 4 layers.
PHYSICAL + DATA LINK
NETWORK
TRANSPORT
APPLICATION
PHYSICAL
DATA LINK
NETWORK
TRANSPORT
SESSION
PRESENTATION
APPLICATION
OSI Model TCP/IP Model
Router works in layer 3.Switch works in layer 2.Hub works in layer 1.
Each packet has an IP address.
DATA PACKETSEGMEN
T
IP ADDRESSING
IPv4 – 32 bit – dotted(.)
IP address IPv6 – 128 bit –
colon(:)
IP address are classified into two types:
1. Public IP address2. Private IP address
IPv4 PUBLIC IP ADDRESSES RANGES:
D-Multicast and E-Reserved, They are not used.
IPv4 PRIVATE IP ADDRESSES RANGES:
These IP addresses are used for interconnection of LAN for INTRANET.
CLASS PRIORITY BITS
PUBLIC IP ADDRESSES
A 0 0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255
B 10 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255
C 110 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255
D 1110 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255
E 1111 240.0.0.0 - 255.255.255.255
CLASS PRIVATE IP ADDRESSES
A 1.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
B 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
C 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
SubnettingSubnetting is another method of
managing IP addresses.This is a method in which IP addresses are divided into smaller pieces, has prevented complete IP address exhuastion.
When is subnetting necessary?Subnetting is required when one network
number needs to be distributed across multiple LAN segments.
HUB: It works as broadcast. It transfers information to all PC’s
which are connected to it.This is classified into two types:-1) Passive hub 2) Active hub
NETWORK ELEMENTS
SWITCH: It works with flooding and unicast.Switch is of two types:-1) Un-managed switch2) Managed switch.
In managed switch, it can be configured such as the data will not shared with other group.
ROUTERS
Routers are of 3 types :-1) Core router 2) Distribution router core router
3) Access router.
Distribution router
Access router
1) Access layer : Small organization ex: 1600,1700,1800,2500 series.
2) Distribution layer : Medium size organization
ex: 2500,2800,3600,3700,3800 series.
3) Core layer : very large organization and ISPs
ex: 7200,7600,10000,12000 series.
INTRODUTION TO ROUTERS
Router works in layer 3.
Switch 1 Switch 2
Pc 1
Pc 2
Pc 3
Pc 4
Pc 5
Pc 6
Router 1
Router 2
WAN
Hyderabad
Bangalore
Cisco Router MemoriesMemory Name Content
RAM 1. Active program and operating system instruction.
2. Running configuration files.3. Routing table.
NV RAM 1. Start up configuration files.
ROM 1. POST (power-on-self-test).2. Startup / power-up utilities.3. Limited version of IOS.
FLASH 1. IOS
Conditions For Routing: The IP address of LAN interface of
router should belong to the same network of LAN.
The serial IPs of directly connected routers must belong to the same network.
The IP address in the LAN of every branch must belong to different networks.
All interfaces of routers should be in different networks.
INTRODUCTION TO IPv6
IPv6 Features:-
1) Larger address space2) Global reachability3) Auto-configuration4) Efficient routing5) Easy mobility6) Better security.
IPv6 Header:-
VERSION (4) TRAFFIC CLASS(8)
FLOW LABLE(20)
PAYLOAD LENGTH (16) NEXT HEADER (8)
HOP LIMIT (8)
SOURCE ADDRESS (128)
DESTINATION ADDRESS (128)
WHY IPv6?128 bits (o’s and 1’s binary)2^128 = 3.4*10^38 IP addressesEach person in this world will get 5.5*10^28 IP addressesColon hexadecimal system (:)128 bits are divided in 8 blocks (where as in IPv4 32 bits are divided into 4
blocks.) Each block has 16 bits.
1st IP address 0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:00
00:00000001
0010
000A
.
.
.
.
000F
.
.
.
FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF
2^128 = 3.4*10^38
Last IP address
Rules Of IPv6:-1. Case insensitive:- capital letters can be written as small letters.
Ex: 2001 : 1224 : 4567 : ABCD : 1234 : CD00 : 3456 : A123
2001 : 1224 : 4567 : abcd : 1234 : cd00 : 3456 : a123
2. Leading zeroes can be omitted:Ex: 2001 : 0009 : 0123 : ABCD : 1234 : 3456 : 0001 : 3456
2001 : 9 : 123 : ABCD : 1234 : 3456 : 1 : 3456
3. Successive block of zeroes can be represented with double colon (::) (but use only once)
Ex: 2001 : 0000 : 0000 : ABCD : 1234 : 0000 : 0000 : 3456
2001 : 0 : 0 : ABCD : 1234 : 0 : 0 : 3456
2001 : : ABCD : 1234 : 3456 : 0 : 0: 3456
IPv6 Addressing Link local address LLA prefix is FE80:0:0:0::/64
Unique local address (private IPs) ULA prefix is FC00:0:1:2::/48
Global unique address (public IPs) GUA prefix is FC00:0:0:0/64
SCOPE:-LLA is used only in LAN.Unique local address is used in Intranet.Global unique address is used in Internet.
IPv6 Addresses
Prefix 64 bits
Interface identifies 64 bits64+64=1
28
1st part of IP address is prefix2nd part of IP address is interface identifies
Here 1st 64 bits are generated by ISP 2nd 64 bits are generated by pc’s automatically.Ex:
FE80 : 0 : 0 : 0 : : / 64
Prefix Interface Identifies
IPv4 Addresses and IPv6 Equivalents
IPv4 addresses IPv6 addresses
1. Internet address class 1. N/A
2. Multicast address(224 . 0. 0 . 0 / 4)
2. IPv6 multicast address (FF00 : : / 8)
3. Broadcast address 3. N/A
4. Unspecified address is 0.0.0.0
4. Unspecified address is : :
5. Loopback address is 127 . 0 . 0 . 1
5. Loopback address is : : 1
6. Public IP address 6. Aggregately global unicast address
7. Private IP address 7. Unique local address (FC00 : : / 48)
8. Dotted decimal notation 8. Colon hexadecimal format
9. Subnet mask or prefix length 9. Prefix length notation only
Neighbor Discovery Protocol
NDP is used by host to i. auto configuration of IP addressii. To determine MAC addressiii. To discover neighboring routers.
NDP is also used by routersi. For advertising IP address in auto
configurationii. To determine MAC address (if the router doesn't know the MAC
address of the other router )
AUTO CONFIGURATION1. Stateless:-
◦Receipt of Router Advertisement messages with one or more Prefix Information options
2. Stateful:-◦Use of a stateful address configuration
protocol such as DHCPv6
3. Both:-◦Receipt of Router Advertisement
messages and stateful configuration protocol
For all types, a link-local address is always configured
ROUTING
Identifying shortest path and delivering the packets is called Routing.
Routing is of 3 types:-1. Static routing2. Default routing3. Dynamic routing
Static Routing:-Static routing is not used in internet it
is used in a group.
Default Routing:-If the router hasn't been programmed with a rule on how to route packets to this particular destination, then the router send the packet to the default route.
Dynamic Routing Protocol :-
This is divided into two types:1. Distance vector routing protocol (RIP)2. Link state routing protocol (OSPF)
Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP)
— RIP OSPF EIGRP
Exterior Gateway Protocol
— BGP (boarder gateway protocol)
OPEN SYSTEM PATH FIRST (OSPF)
It is a dynamic routing protocolOSPF is a link-state protocolAs long as every OSPF router has an identical link-state database, every router can calculate the shortest paths to the desired destination, using the Dijkstra Shortest Path First algorithm.
Operation Of OSPFOSPF routers typically go through the
following stages to maintain the operation of an entire network: Neighbor discoveryDatabase synchronizationRoute calculations
OSPF Challenges
OSPF faces several key challenges in supporting today's networks:
ScalabilityQuick convergenceLoad balancingSecurity
IMPLEMENTATION OF OSPF and IPv6
OSPF has been adapted to support IPv6 in RFC 2740 (OSPFv3).
All fundamental mechanisms of OSPF remain unchanged, such as flooding, areas, DR election, SPF route calculation, etc.
Conclusion
By using OSPF the packets can reach its destination with
— High speed— Shortest distance— High security— High reliability
Concluding Remark
Thank you!