implementation of solar electricity to eliminate global poverty...

Solar Electricity and Safe Drinking Water – © SC Sustainable Concepts GmbH 2016 1

Implementation of Solar Electricity to Eliminate Global Poverty in

Energy and Save Drinking Water

Dr. Hubert Aulich President

SC Sustainable Concepts

2nd International Conference on Solar Energy Solutions for Electricity and Water Supply in Rural Areas, Cairo, Oct. 12-15, 2016


Contents

!  Introduction !  Status of Global Electricity and Water !  Development Policy !  Technologies for Safe Drinking Water !  Technologies for Powering Safe Drinking Water Systems !  Market Specification !  Application and Implementation


Electricity and Water – Local and Sustainable for Rural & Urban Population

Safe Drinking Water Renewable Electricity PV / Hybrid Systems / Minigrids

Autarcon Technology Reverse Osmosis

Communication, Lighting Heating, Cooling Industry, Commerce Other Technologies

EPC – Engineering, Procurement, Construction Consulting – Financing, Legal Framework, Investor Relations

R&D, Training&Education – Universities, Research Institutes, Vocational Colleges

Governmental Institutions Industry Investors NGOs International Networks

Introduction - SC Sustainable Concepts Company Profile


Contents



Status of Global Electricity

Global access to electricity in percent of population

Ref.: C. Breyer, P. Adelmann, Off-Grid Photovoltaic Applications in Regions of Low Electrification: High Demand, Fast Financial Amortization and Large Market Potential; 26th EUPVSEC (2011), Hamburg


Status of Electricity - Africa: Lack of Electricity in the Rural Areas

Ref.: GfK-Verein 2012, „Fünf Löwen auf dem Sprung“

30- 120 121- 500 501-1000 1001-2500 2501-5000 No data

Ref.: JRC-Report: Renewable energies in Africa (2015)

no data

… with High Population Growth Rate (%) and Low Electricity Consumption (kWh/capita*a)

Circles: „Electrical Poverty“ <120kWh/capita*a as defined by the IEA

Germany: 7.400kWh/capita*a


Status of Global Drinking Water

Ref.: WHO / Unicef Joint Monitoring Program „JMP Update Report 2015 English“

Percentage of Population Without Reasonable Access to Safe Drinking Water (yellow to red)

The populations without access to safe drinking water are mainly in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia**: Sub-Saharan Africa 319 Mio Southern Asia 134 Mio Eastern Asia 65 Mio Southeastern Asia 61 Mio All other Regions 84 Mio

Total: 663 Mio Corresponds to

9% of global population!


Status of Global Drinking Water - Urban and Rural Disparity

Rural Areas*: !  79% without access to „improved“ drinking water

live in rural areas

!  93% of the population drinking surface water

live in rural areas

* Ref.: WHO / Unicef Joint Monitoring Program, JMP Update Report 2015

„Due to the lack of regionally representative data on safety of water supply, the indicator was changed by the WHO to „use of improved drinking water source“. Definition of „improved“:

An „improved“ drinking water source is one that, by the nature of its construction, adequately protects the source from outside contamination, particularly from faecal matter“

Ref.: WHO / Unicef JMP Update Report 2015, Annex 1


Contents



Development Policy – UN Goals by 2030

Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture ………. Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all

Energy & Water


Development Policy – Energy & Water Policy as a Cross Cutting Issue

Energy & Water are linked to the relevant Sustainable Development Goals

Energy & Water


Development Policy – European Commission Strategy


Contents



Technologies for Safe Drinking Water - Water Quality Standards

References: Metals: Deutsche Grenzwerte für Schwermetalle im Trinkwasser gemäß der

Trinkwasserverordnung vom 12. Dezember 1990, und Novelle 11/2011 Ions: N.N. Greenwood, A. Earnshaw , Chemie der Elemente, VCH, 1988

Metals Limit (mg/ltr) Ions Limit * (mg/

ltr)

Mercury 0,001 Magnesium 150

Arsenic 0,010 Calcium 200

Lead 0,040 Chloride 60

Cadmium 0,002 Sulfate 400

Copper 2,000 Nitrate 50

Zink 5,000 Fluoride 1,5

Chromium 0,050 Boron 1,0

Iron 0,2 Aluminum 0,2

Nickel 0,02 Sodium 200

Silver 0,010 TDS 1500

* WHO

Metal and Ion Contamination Limits in Drinking Water

Ref.: WHO / Unicef Joint Monitoring Program, JMP Update Report 2015


Rain, Surface, Well Water

Purification

Filtration

Ultrafiltration, Osmosis, Softening

Disinfection

Sanitation Drinking Water Irrigation Production / Cooling

Technologies for Safe Drinking Water – Treatment Steps


Technologies for Safe Drinking Water - Filtration

A multi-media filter typically contains three layers of media consisting of anthracite coal, sand and garnet, with a supporting (non filtering) layer of gravel at the bottom. It is mainly used as a precleaning of raw water with mud and other particle content (foul water) especially for membrane type filtration methods (e.g. Reverse Osmosis) to prevent scaling and fouling. Howerever: precleaned water is not safe drinking water!

Ref.: http://puretecwater.com/resources/basics-of-multi-media-filtration-mmf.pdf

Multi-Media Filtration: Precleaning of Muddy Water


Technologies for Safe Drinking Water - Fine to Hyper-Filtration

also called: Hyperfiltration

Multi-media filter All filtration methods require Chlorine addition to make water “safe” according to WHO Standard.

Increasing energy demand


Technologies for Safe Drinking Water - Disinfection

Most frequently used procedures 1.  Boiling

2.  Ozon

3.  UV

4.  Chlorine dioxide

5.  Chlorine

6.  Hypochlorites NaClO, Ca(ClO)2

7.  Electrolysis (+ Cl)

8.  Reverse Osmosis

!  Ozon Production and Dosing

!  Direct UV Light Treatment

!  Production and Dosing

!  Dosing of chlorine gas

!  Dosing of liquid sodium/calcium Hypochlorite solution

!  Electrolytic production + dosing hypochlorite solution.

!  Boiling is still widely used, Chlorine - the no. 1 disinfectant worldwide


Technologies for Water Disinfection - Electrolytical Disinfection

Stand-alone decentral drinking water disinfection (Autarcon) 1.  Sweet water is pumped by an Immersion Pump (depth of up to 70m) .

2.  Mechanical Filtration of the water,

Chlorine Production by electrolysis of naturally existing dissolved salts, Iron Removal (optional).

3.  Continuous accomodation of water in a Tank, Distribution through a decentralized pipe system.

4.  Sensor for continuous controlling of water quality.

5.  Control Unit for adaption of Chlorine production according to the measured water quality, online access to operation data.

6.  PV-Modules for autonomous operation (batteries not mandatory).

Ref.: www.autarcon.com SuMeWa COMPLETE


Contents



Technologies for Powering - New Opportunities by PV

Ref: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics Ref.: Roland Berger Strategy Consultants, Think Act, June 2015

World-wide Exponential Growth of PV Capacity 1992-2015


Technologies for Powering - Price Reduction for PV Power: A Chance for Africa

Subsaharan Africa 2040 (conservative estimate of IEA)

4% of 1540 TWh = 61.6 TWh =>

61.6 TWh / 1800 kWh/kWp = 34.2 GWp expected PV-power installed in 2040

Learning curve: 20% reduction of PV-module prices after each doubling of the cumulated world-wide production!

Ref.: Adapted from Reneable Energy Laboratory (for data until 2009), supplemented by Solar Valley GmbH

2015 235 GW


Technologies for Powering - PV: Competitive Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) In Germany (with only ~1000 kWh/m2*a) the LCOE are already <10 €ct/kWh for green-field installations!

In Africa, solar irradiance is roughly twice as high as in Germany, but cost for finance and inflation are much higher. However, depending on the local conditions and size of the system the LCOE of PV is already lower than that of Diesel gensets.

Ref.: H. Wirth, „Aktuelle Fakten zur Photovoltaik in Deutschland“, Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, 2015 (www.pv-fakten.de)

PV installation cost (total) [€/kWp]

Leve

lized

Cos

t of E

lect

ricity

LC

OE

[€c

t/kW

h]

kWh/m2*a

Germany

Africa?


Contents



Market Specification - Water Demand

Application (Examples)

Average Person Number

Drinking Water

Sanitation Water

Cooling/Process Water

Total Demand

(3 ltr/head*d) (61 ltr/head*d) (m3/d) (m3/d) Villages (houses, schools) 500 1.500 30.500 1 33,0 Hotels, lodges 125 375 7.625 5 13,0 Health care stations 25 75 1.525 3 4,6 Food production 20 60 1.220 5 6,3 Textile handcraft 10 30 610 2 2,6 Laundries 5 15 305 5 5,3

Water demand per day in remote area settlements (without irrigation)

For these applications and consumption numbers production capacities for water pumping and water treatment of 3 - 33 m3/day are required. Depending on the avialability of electrical storage for PV power the day can be 12h or 24h long.

range


Market Specification - Electrical Power Demand

For solar irradiance in Africa of around 1800 kWh/kWp the electrical (e.g. PV-) power generation facility for a water treatment machine with power consumption Pwt has to provide a power of PPV ≈ 2,35 * Pwt … provided, that PV peak power (exceeding Pwt) can be stored in a battery or used to store water in water storage tanks!

Water Treatment Technology

Flow Rate

[m3/h]

Permeate Yield Φ"

Pwt = Power Consumption

[kW]

Specific . Power Demand

[kWh/m3]

Energy Demand per Day (for 12h/d)

[kWh]

Required PV- or Diesel-Hybrid Power

PPV [kWp]

Electrolyt. Disinfection (Autarcon) 0,4 100% 0,12 0.3 1,44 0.28

Brackish Water RO 3 90% 2,1 0.672 24,2 4.9

Seawater RO 3 (*) 70% 20 6.54 235 47.7

(* 36 m3

a day)

Typical size of power generation systems to cover the drinking water demand


!  Water Treatment System (Filtration) Electrolytic Disinfection Autarcon Reverse Osmosis Boiling Water

!  Solar Home System

!  PV Systems PV Generator, Storage

!  PV Minigrids PV Generator, Storage, Distribution

!  DC Appliance Mobile Charging, Refigeration

!  PV-Diesel Hybrids

!  EcoCenter

!  User Individuals Villages Hotels, Lodges, Schools, Health Care Stations Small Crafts (Textile, Laundries, Food)

!  Source Well Rainwater Surface Water

!  Application Drinking Water (Sanitation) (Cooling, Process Water) (Agriculture)

!  Production Capacity Water 5 – 30 m3/d Electricity: Single user, Minigrid

Subsaharian Africa, Southeast Asia

!  Areas without access to Electricity (Electrical Poverty)

!  High Population Growth Rate

!  Need of Substitution of Diesel-Gensets

!  Regions without access to Improved/Piped Water

Offer Electricity&Water Supply

Area Remote, Rural, Urban Periphery

Demand Safe Water, Affordable Electricity

Market Specification - Demand and Technology Offer


Contents



Application and Implementation - Community Involvement

Financer

Imple- menter

Operator

Owner

User

•  Effective prioritization and planning to

enable economic choices of technology,

•  appropriate infrastructure to ensure that

services are maintained over the long run,

•  sustainable financing to make these capital

intensive technologies affordable,

•  sustainable revenue flow by realistic tariff

system installation.

Ref.: „Addressing the Electricity Access Gap“ Background Paper of the World Bank Group Energy Sector Strategy, June 2010

Community Consensus

Service driven Approach:


Application and Implementation - Project Organisation

• Project Management by SC Sustainable Concepts Governance, contracting, controlling

•  EPC-partner: design, engineering, procurement, construction of

PV-system Water treatment system

• Suppliers will be engeged by the EPC-partners based on the fulfilment of the specifications for the systems;

• Supply and installation of the system components as well as commissioning are performed by the suppliers;

• Warranty and guarantee are suppliers´ duties;

• Control of compliance with the specifications by EPC-partners;

• Service&Maintenance are to be contracted between the suppliers and the owners/operators.

EPC-Partner for PV-System P

reparation, Financing and Managem

ent

Design, Engineering, techn. Leader

Design, Engineering, techn. Leader

Water System Suppliers

PV-Inverter

Balance of System

PV-Modules

PV-System Suppliers

Commissioning & Training

Service & Maintenance

Filtering & Disinfection

(Desalination)

Well Drilling

Commissioning & Training

Service & Maintenance

EPC-Partner for Water System

Project Management


General Conditions

- Electricity and Water

- Country Criteria

Products & Sales

Business Model

Value Chain

Funding

Network

Application and Implementation - Checklist for Business Decisions

Solar Electricity Grid Access •  Off-Grid (< 5% Grid access) •  Near Grid (< 3 km, < 20 km) •  Unrealiable Grid Availability of Electricity Sources •  PV •  Diesel •  PV-Diesel Hybrid •  Wind •  Water

Safe Drinking Water User •  Individuals •  Hotels, Lodges, Schools •  Health Care Stations •  Small Crafts Application •  Drinking Water •  Sanitation Source •  Well •  Rainwater •  Surface Water

Demand / Suppressed Demand Ability to pay Geographic Situation •  Logistic, Transportation •  Telecom


Polical Situation •  Legal •  Regulatory Economy •  GNP •  Population •  Unemployed People •  Inflation Sector Strategy •  Integration of Decentralized Supply Public Private Partnership •  Ownership •  Tariff •  Tax Capacity of public sector •  Stimulation of business •  Technical, Logistic Support Public Awareness, Know-how Partizipation of local Authorities •  Information, Dialogue •  Equities •  Responsibilities

General Conditions

- Electricity and Water

- Country Criteria

Products & Sales

Business Model

Value Chain

Funding

Network

Application and Implementation - Checklist for Business Decisions


!  New Sustainable Technologies !  Investment Capital: Private Money Institutional Money !  Investors worldwide

Offer

Demand

Research & Documentation •  Technology & Products •  Producer •  Verification of Quality and

Standards Requirements for Financing Strategic Partners Investment Capital

1 Billion People without Safe Drinking Water and Electricity

Safe Drinking Water Electricity Economic Empowering Well-Being Global Development 1.50C Climate Goal

Financing and Implementation

How to Finance? •  Reliable data for consumer needs and economic profile •  Choice of technologies: sustainable, resilient, affordable •  Demonstration projects •  Dissemination and Financing Plan Government, Sponsors, NGO`s


Solar Electricity And Safe Drinking Water

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