implementing a solar system on your mine - age technologies
TRANSCRIPT
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Norman JacksonCEO - AGE Technologies www.age.co.za
Director – GO Solar (Mauritius) www.gosolar.mu Chairman - South African PhotoVoltaic Industry
Association (SAPVIA) – Manufacturing Sub-Committee. www.sapvia.co.za
1) Why Solar Energy2) Types of Solar Energy3) How to make Solar Energy work for you on a mine4) What is the Capital and Operational cost of a Solar plant5) Typical ROI calculations for a Solar Plant6) Summary
Mining Thought Leadership Presentation
What you need to know to decide on implementing a Solar System on
your mine
Tuesday 9 February, 14:00 – 14:15 Location – Roof Terrace RoomAGENDA
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Yearly Solar Energy Potential
Total Finite Reserves
1,655 TWy
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Solar Energy
Photo Voltaic (PV)GHI – Global Horizontal Irradiance
= DNI plusDHI - Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance
Concentrated Solar PowerDNI - Direct Normal Irradiance
Solar Water HeatingDNI - Direct Normal Irradiance
Types of Solar Energy
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Solar Water Heating1) What is Solar Energy
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Controller: Controls the pump to circulate the water between the Geyser and the collector. Ensures the water temperature is above the threshold value, by switching on the Electric element if and when required
2) How to make Solar Water Heating work for you on a mine Solar Water Heating
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Assumptions:1) 80 litres of water per person per day2) Water Feed Temperature of 18 Degrees Celsius3) Required Minimum Temp. is 40 Degrees Celsius4) Staff of 100 Employees5) Usage 50% in Morning, 50% in Evening
Calculation:1) Size of Geyser is daily Requirement + 50%. (80x100x150% = 12,000 liters)2) If the Water needs to be 40 0C after the morning peak, then 400C = 33% Incoming of 18 0C and 67% of Morning
Start Temp. 3) Morning Start Temp = {40 0C – (33% of 18 0C)} / 67% = 580C4) If we assume we loose 5 0C overnight, then the Temp of the geyser must be 63 0C after the evening peak usage. 5) If the water has to be 63 0C after evening peak, then 630C = 33% Incoming of 18 0C and 67% of Evening Start Temp. 6) Evening Start Temp = {63 0C – (33% of 18 0C)} / 67% = 850C7) Energy To heat from 40 0C to 850C means we have 12,000 l * 4.2 kilo Joules/l 0C * 45 0C = 2 268 000 kJoules8) A Joules is the amount of energy (Watts) running for 1 second.9) kWh = kJ / 3600 Sec = 630 kW hours
2) How to make Solar Water Heating work for you on a mine Solar Water Heating
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CAPEX Cost1) Energy Required for 100 Employees - 630kWh2) DNI (JHB) = 3.97kWh/m2
3) Efficiency of Collectors = 57% (Typical) 4) Number of hours available to heat = 7 hours5) M2 of Collectors required = Energy Required / Solar Energy per hr / Efficiency / Operating hours 630kWh/3.97kWh/m2 / 57% /7 = 40 m2
Item Description Qty Price Total1 Collector (m2) 40 $ 193.00 $ 7 720.00
2 Geysers (litres) 12000 $ 2.26 $ 27 120.00
3 Insulated Piping 600 $ 2.54 $ 1 524.00
4 Accessories (Controller, PV Panel, Pump, Wiring etc) 1 $ 1 060.00 $ 1 060.00
5 Labour to Install 20% $ 37 424.00 $ 7 485.00
$ 44 909.00
OPEX Cost1) Controller and Pump can need Maintenance2) Estimate of 1% of CAPEX per Annum.
3) What is the Capital and Operational cost of a Solar plant. Solar Water Heating
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ROI - Solar Water HeatingUtility power at US$0.056
Solar Geysers Unit Day Year
kWh Requirement kWh 630.00 229 950 Cloudy / Rainy Days (JHB) % 14.20% 14.20%Solar Production - Average kWh 540.54 197 297.1
Year 1 2 3 4 5 10 20Energy consumption
[kWh] 229 950 229 950 229 950 229 950 229 950 229 950 229 950
Solar Energy production [kWh] 197297.1 197297.1 197297.1 197297.1 197297.1 197297.1 197297.1
Energy taken from the grid [kWh] 32 653 32 653 32 653 32 653 32 653 32 653 32 653
RSA Price per kWh [USD] $ 0.056 $ 0.061 $ 0.065 $ 0.072 $ 0.079 $ 0.127 $ 0.330
Saving on energy bill [USD] $ 11 053.15 $ 11 937.40 $ 12 892.39 $ 14 181.63 $ 15 599.80 $ 25 123.63 $ 65 164.23
Maintenance costs [USD] $ 449.04 $ 475.98 $ 504.54 $ 534.81 $ 566.90 $ 758.64 $ 1 358.62
Net profit [USD] $ 10 604.11 $ 11 461.42 $ 12 387.85 $ 13 646.82 $ 15 032.89 $ 24 364.99 $ 63 805.61 Initial Cost $ 44 909.00
Cash flow [ZAR] $ -34 304.89 $ 11 461.42 $ 12 387.85 $ 13 646.82 $ 15 032.89 $ 24 364.99 $ 63 805.61 Cumulative cash flow
[ZAR] $ -34 304.89 $ -22 843.47 $ -10 455.62 $ 3 191.20 $ 18 224.10 $ 119 598.83 $ 549 445.88
Price Increase 8% 8% 8% 10% 10% 10% 10%
4) Typical ROI calculations for a Solar Plant
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ROI - Solar Water HeatingGenerator Power at US$0.33
Year 1 2 3 4 5 10 20Energy consumption
[kWh] 229 950 229 950 229 950 229 950 229 950 229 950 229 950
Solar Energy production [kWh] 197 297.1 197 297.1 197 297.1 197 297.1 197 297.1 197 297.1 197 297.1
Energy taken from the grid [kWh] 32 653 32 653 32 653 32 653 32 653 32 653 32 653
Diesel Gen. Price per kWh [USD] $ 0.330 $ 0.356 $ 0.385 $ 0.423 $ 0.466 $ 0.750 $ 1.946
Saving on energy bill [USD] $ 65 108.04 $ 70 316.69 $ 75 942.02 $ 83 536.22 $ 91 889.85 $ 147 989.52 $ 383 846.69
Maintenance costs [USD] $ 449.04 $ 475.98 $ 504.54 $ 534.81 $ 566.90 $ 758.64 $ 1 358.62
Net profit [USD] $ 64 659.00 $ 69 840.70 $ 75 437.48 $ 83 001.41 $ 91 322.94 $ 147 230.87 $ 382 488.08 Initial Cost $ 44 909.00
Cash flow [ZAR] $ 19 750.00 $ 69 840.70 $ 75 437.48 $ 83 001.41 $ 91 322.94 $ 147 230.87 $ 382 488.08 Cumulative cash flow
[ZAR] $ 19 750.00 $ 89 590.71 $ 165 028.19 $ 248 029.60 $ 339 352.54 $ 953 061.48 $ 3 536 890.91
Price Increase 8% 8% 8% 10% 10% 10% 10%
4) Typical ROI calculations for a Solar Plant.
Solar Geysers Unit Day Year
kWh Requirement kWh 630.00 229 950 Cloudy / Rainy Days (JHB) % 14.20% 14.20%Solar Production - Average kWh 540.54 197 297.1
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ROI - Solar Water HeatingSustainability
Year 1 2 3 4 5 10 20Solar Energy
production [kWh] 197 297 197 297 197 297 197 297 197 297 197 297 197 297
Saving on CO2 Emission (MT) 200.26 200.26 200.26 200.26 200.26 200.26 200.26
Carbon Tax Rate $ 7.27 $ 7.85 $ 8.48 $ 9.33 $ 10.26 $ 16.53 $ 42.88
Saving on Carbon Tax [USD] $ 1 456.41 $ 1 572.92 $ 1 698.76 $ 1 868.63 $ 2 055.50 $ 3 310.40 $ 8 586.32
Cumulative cash flow [USD] $ 1 456.41 $ 3 029.34 $ 4 728.09 $ 6 596.73 $ 8 652.23 $ 22 456.14 $ 80 491.30
Price Increase 8% 8% 8% 10% 10% 10% 10%
86% Saving on Water Heating
4) Typical ROI calculations for a Solar Plant
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Concentrated Solar Power
Parabolic Trough Fresnal Trough Solar Tower Parabolic Dish
1) What is Solar Energy
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Parabolic Trough System – With Storage
1) What is CSP Energy
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CSP StorageThe best CSP Plants in the world only can produce for 17 to 18 hours a day, this is done by storing the excess energy during the day and using it either in the evening peak or morning peak.
1) What is CSP Energy
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Concentrated Solar Plant – With Storage2) How to make CSP work for you on a mine
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2) How to make Solar Energy work for you on a mine.
Concentrated Solar Power
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Economic value PropositionThreshold values of annual DNI suggested by some researchers. Threshold value of annual DNI (kWh/m2/year) Dawson and Schlyter,2012 1800
2) How to make Solar Energy work for you on a mine. Concentrated Solar Power
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3) What is the Capital and Operational cost of a Solar plant.
The CAPEX for 100MW Solar Tower with 12 hours storage is about US$ 855 Million
The OPEX for a 100MW CSP plant with Storage would be about US$16 Million
Annual Output based upon a SM of 2.7DNI Hours a year kW kWh
2 000 4 500 100 000 450 000 000
2 200 4 800 100 000 480 000 000
2 400 5 100 100 000 510 000 000
2 600 5 400 100 000 540 000 000
2 800 5 700 100 000 570 000 000
CAPEX Cost
Concentrated Solar Power
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4) Typical ROI calculations for a 100MW CSP Solar Plant.
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13 20Energy consumption
[GWh] 876 876 876 876 876 876 876 876 876Solar Energy
production [GWh] 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510Energy taken from the
grid [GWh] 366 366 366 366 366 366 366 366 366Diesel Gen. Price per
kWh [USD] $ 0.330 $ 0.356 $ 0.385 $ 0.423 $ 0.466 $ 0.512 $ 0.564 $ 0.998 $ 1.946 Saving on energy bill
[USD Million] $ 168.30 $ 181.75 $ 196.31 $ 215.94 $ 237.53 $ 261.28 $ 287.41 $ 509.16 $ 992.21
Maintenance costs [USD Million]
$ 16.00 $ 16.96 $ 17. 98 $ 19.06 $ 20.20 $ 21.41 $ 22.70 $ 32.19 $ 48.41 Net profit [USD
Million] $ 152.30 $ 164.79 $178.33 $196.88 $ 217.33 $ 239.87 $ 264.71 $ 476.97 $ 943.80
Initial Cost [USD Million]
$ -885.00
Interest on Money 8%
$ -70.80 $ -64. 30 $ -56.20 $ -46.47 $ -34.449 $ -19.81 $ -2.20 $ 193.55 $ 783.03 Cash flow [USD
Million]$-803.50 $ 100.52 $ 122.09 $ 150.41 $ 182.89 $ 220.06 $ 262.51 $ 670.51 $ 1 726.84
Cumulative cash flow [USD Million]
$-803.50 $-702.98 $-580.89 $-430.48 $-247.59 $-27.52 $234.99 $3 089.83 $11 514.71
Price Increase 8% 8% 8% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10%
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4) Typical Sustainability calculations for a 100MW CSP Solar Plant.
Year 1 2 5 13 20
Solar Energy production [GWh] 510 510 510 510 510
Saving on CO2 Emission (Metric Ton) 517 650 517 650 517 650 517 650 517 650
Carbon Tax USD/MT $ 7.27 $ 7.85 $ 10.26 $ 22.00 $ 42.88
Saving on Carbon Tax [USD Million] $ 3.764 $ 4.066 $ 5.313 $11.389 $ 22.195
Cumulative cash flow [USD Million] $ 3.764 $ 7.831 $ 22.365 $ 89.204 $ 208.065
Price Increase 8% 8% 10% 10% 10%
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Photo Voltaic (PV)1) What is PV Solar Energy
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Photovoltaic (PV) effect: 1st observed with chemical solutions in 1839, by Antoine Becquerel. Then Einstein (1905) and Schottky (1930) added principle understanding. A 6% silicone cell was made in 1954, and this technology is used for orbiting space satellites since 1958.
PV effect is light falling on a two layer semi-conductor device produces a photo-voltage or potential difference between the layers. This voltage is capable of driving a current through an external circuit and thereby producing useful work.
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4,000 Solar kWh
1) What is PV Solar Energy Photo Voltaic (PV)
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Photo Voltaic (PV)GHI – Global Horizontal Irradiance
Photo Voltaic (PV)Silicon Crystalline
Photo Voltaic (PV)Thin Film
Photo Voltaic (PV)Mono Crystalline
Photo Voltaic (PV)Poly/Multi Crystalline
Photo Voltaic (PV)Amorphous Thin Film
Photo Voltaic (PV)Non-Silicon Thin Film
Made using saw-cut from single cylindrical crystal of
Si
Caste from ingot of melted and recrystallized silicon
Silicon deposited in a continuous manner on a base material such as glass, metal or polymers Thin-film crystalline solar cell consists of layers about 10μm thick compared with 200-300μm layers for crystalline silicon cells
86% of PV market
90% of crystalline Si market
1) What is PV Solar Energy
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Photo Voltaic (PV)Mounting Structures
Photo Voltaic (PV)FIXED
GHI – Global Horizontal Irradiance
Photo Voltaic (PV)Single Axis
GTI – Global Tilt Irradiance
Photo Voltaic (PV)Dual Axis
GTI – Global Tilt Irradiance
1) What is PV Solar Energy
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1) What is PV Solar Energy
and
Photo Voltaic (PV) Grid Tie Inverter
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1) What is PV Solar Energy
and
Diesel GeneratorHydro Plant
andBattery Storage
In Containers
Photo Voltaic (PV) Island Inverter
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Photo Voltaic (PV)GHI – Global Horizontal
Irradiance= DNI plus
DHI - Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance
2) How to make Solar Energy work for you on a mine ?
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2) How to make Solar Energy work for you on a mine ?
and
Diesel GeneratorHydro Plant
OPTIONBattery Storage
In Containers
Photo Voltaic (PV) Grid Tie
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2) How to make Solar Energy work for you on a mine ?
and
Diesel GeneratorBiomass
Hydro Plant
andBattery Storage
In Containers
Photo Voltaic (PV) Diesel Power
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3) What is the Capital and Operational cost of
a 100MW PV Solar plant.
Johannesburg- Budget Figures Fixed 1 Axis 2 Axis
kWp 100 300 100 300 100 300Annual GWh 194.82 234.51 266.47Cost /kWp $ 1 250 $ 1 400 $ 1 550
CAPEX [USD Million] $125.375 $140.42 $155.465 OPEX [USD Million] $ 0.627 $ 2.106 $ 3.109
Approx. Area Required (ha) 100.3 167.2 234
Photo Voltaic (PV)
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Photo Voltaic (PV) Fixed PlaneUtility power at US$0.14
4) Typical ROI calculations for a 100MW Fixed PV Solar Plant. Vs Utility Power
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 10 15 20Solar Energy
production [GWh] 194.8 193.4 192.1 190.8 189.4 188.1 182.9 176.6 170.5
Utility Price per kWh [USD] $ 0.140 $ 0.148 $ 0.157 $ 0.167 $ 0.177 $ 0.187 $ 0.237 $ 0.317 $ 0.424
Saving on energy bill [USD Million] $ 27.27 $ 28.71 $ 30.22 $ 31.81 $ 33.48 $ 35.24 $ 43.26 $ 55.89 $ 72.21
Maintenance costs [USD Million] $ 0.63 $ 0.66 $ 0.70 $ 0.75 $ 0.79 $ 0.83 $ 1.06 $1.42 $ 1.90
Net profit [USD Million]] $ 26.65 $ 28.04 $ 29.51 $ 31.06 $ 32.69 $ 34.40 $ 42.20 $ 54.47 $ 70.31
Initial Cost [USD Million] $ -125.38
Interest on Money 8% [USD Million] $ -10.03 $ -8.70 $ -7.15 $ -5.36 $ -3.31 $ -0.96 $ 10.26 $ 31.88 $ 75.01
Cash flow [USD Million] $ -108.75 $ 19.34 $ 22.36 $ 25.70 $ 29.38 $ 33.44 $ 52.45 $ 86.35 $ 145.25
Cumulative cash flow [USD Million] $ -108.75 $ -89.41 $ -67.05 $ -41.36 $ -11.98 $ 21.46 $ 180.65 $ 484.88 $ 1 082.96
Price Increase 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6%
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3) What is the Capital and Operational cost of a PV Solar plant.
Example Costing:100 MW for 5 Min = 8,333kWh
Average CAPEX is US$ 900 / kWh = $75 MillionOPEX is 3% of CAPEX.
Improves Power quality and stabilises supply
Photo Voltaic (PV)Battery Backup
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Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 10 15 20Solar Energy
production [GWh] 194.8 193.4 192.1 190.8 189.4 188.1 182.9 176.6 170.5
Utility Price per kWh [USD] $ 0.330 $ 0.356 $ 0.385 $ 0.423 $ 0.466 $ 0.512 $ 0.750 $ 1.208 $ 1.946
Saving on energy bill [USD Million] $ 64.29 $ 68.95 $ 73.94 $ 80.77 $ 88.22 $ 96.36 $ 137.12 $ 213.30 $ 331.67
Maintenance costs [USD Million] $ 3.63 $ 3.84 $ 4.08 $ 4.32 $ 4.58 $ 4.85 $ 6.13 $8.20 $ 10.97
Net profit [USD Million]] $60.66 $ 65.10 $ 69.87 $ 76.45 $ 83.64 $ 91.51 $ 131.05 $ 205.10 $ 320.69
Initial Cost [USD Million] $-215.375
Interest on Money 8% [USD Million] $ -17.23 $ -13.76 $-9.65 $ -4.83 $ 0.90 $ 7.665 $ 42.58 $ 118.94 $ 289.21
Cash flow [USD Million] $ -171.94 $ 51.35 $ 60.22 $ 71.62 $ 84.54 $ 99.17 $ 173.63 $324.04 $609.90
Cumulative cash flow [USD Million] $ -171.94 $-120.60 $ -60.38 $ 11.24 $ 95.78 $ 194.95 $ 705.89 $ 1 810.77 $ 4 250.31
Price Increase 8% 8% 8% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10%
Photo Voltaic (PV) Fixed Plane with Battery B/U vs Diesel Generator Power
4) Typical ROI calculations for a 100MW Fixed PV Solar Plant (With Battery Backup). Vs Diesel
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4) Typical Sustainability calculations for a 100 MW Fixed PV Solar Plant.
Year 1 5 10 15 20
Solar Energy production [GWh] 194.82 189.42 182.88 176.57 170.48
Saving on CO2 Emission (M Ton) 197 700 192 300 185 600 179 200 173 000
Carbon Tax Rate USD/MT $ 7.27 $ 10.26 $ 16.53 $ 26.62 $ 42.88
Saving on Carbon Tax [USD Million] $ 1.44 $ 1.97 $ 3.07 $ 4.77 $7.42
Cumulative cash flow [USD Million] $ 1.44 $ 8.41 $ 19.85 $ 36.12 $ 67.46
Price Increase 8% 10% 10% 10% 10%
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Type of Solar Energy Water Heating Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) Photo Voltaic (PV)
Type of Plant Standalone Base Load Power Plant Supplementary Power
Description of System
“ Is a Solar Water Heater, used only for heating water, it does
not produce Electricity”
“Uses the Direct Sunlight and concentrates it on a Heating Fluid. This heat is used through a heat exchanger to produce steam to
drive a turbine”
“Uses Direct or Reflected Sunlight onto a two layer semi conductor material to produce a Voltage potential (Electricity)“
Size of System 100 Employees 100MW 100MW
Storage System Used Hot Water usually stored in a Geyser.
The heat can be stored in specially designed vessels or
bunkers.Batteries, Flywheel or Pumped
Storage Systems.
CAPEX US$ 45,000 < US$ 885 Million < US$ 215 Million
OPEX / Year US$ 450 US$ 16 Million US$ 3.63 Million
ROI vs Utility Power < 4 Years Not Suitable 6 Years
ROI vs Diesel Power 9 Months 7 Years 4 Years
CO2 Saving 200T > 500 000T 198 000T
Carbon Tax / Year US$1,450 US$ 3.764 Million US$1.44 Million