implicit memory snu cse son, suil. contents question implicit memory vs. explicit memory various...
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Implicit Memory
SNU CSESon, Suil
Contents
Question implicit memory vs. explicit memory Various ways of Experiment Can learning occur without awareness ? Evidence of implicit memory (by experimental dissociation) Theoretical accounts of implicit memory
The Activation View Multiple Memory Systems Transfer Appropriate Processing The Bias View
Question
Q1 : What is the main difference between implicit memory and explicit memory ? Q2 : How can we know that implicit memory and explicit memory are different ? Q3 : What are the good point and the weak point of 4 accounts of implicit
memory ?
Implicit Memory vs. Explicit Memory
Implicit memory is memory without awareness. Listening to music while doing other work.
Explicit memory is memory with awareness. Preparing to exam
We can discriminate these by experiment. (learning test)
Various ways of Experiment
Test Instructions – PHASE II
Indirect Direct
Study (Learning) Instructions- PHASE I
Incidental Cell 1 Cell 2
Intentional Cell 3 Cell 4
Cell 1 : subjects do not intentionally learn the testing items and are not aware of the
relationship between the test and the study (learning) phase. So they do not try to
recall the items on test. (usually implicit memory test)
Cell 2 : subjects do not intentionally learn the testing items but on testing phase, they are
instructed to recall the items just studied.
Cell 3 : subjects instructed to memorize items on study phase, but they don’t try to memorize
directly the items met previous phase.
Cell 4 : subjects are asked to study items and on testing phase, are asked to recall the items
just studied test. (usually explicit memory test)
* Incidental vs. intentional – learning instruction
* Indirect vs. direct – testing method
* Implicit vs. explicit – type of memory used
Can learning occur without awareness? – 1
Markovian artificial grammar test By A.S. Reber.
Type of Experiment intentional learning and direct test (Cell 4)
Learning Group 1 : Learn Markovian grammar Group 2 : Does not Learn Markovian grammar
Test Both group were tested to identify words whethe
r they are grammatical or not Result :
Group 1 was more accurate, but they can not verbalize what they learned
Conclusion : Learning can indeed occur in the absence of aw
areness
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LETTERES GRAMMARTICAL ?
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Can learning occur without awareness? – 2
Type of Experiment incidental learning and direct test (Cell 2)
Learning Pressing a sequence of dots appear in one of
four locations (ex. 1-2-2-1, 4-3-1-3, …)
Test Identify the sequence is old or new. (the pattern was shown previously or not) Fast presentation rate – can not use knowledge Slow presentation rate – can use knowledge
Result For slow representation rate, subject were able
to distinguish between old and new sequences Conclusion
Learning can occur in the absence of awareness
Old
New
Fast Slow
Mean
Con
fid
en
ce R
atin
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Experimental Dissociations Learning can occur
without awareness but can we say that there is confidently implicit memory? We need to show that
implicit memory is different from other memory (explicit memory)
When experimental method is different and the test result is also different, then we can say that there is dissociation.
Group 1
Group 2
Different learning instruction
Different testing instruction
Intentional Incidental
direct indirect
Different result
1 2 3 4
Dissociation experiment 1(Tulving, Schacter, Stark)
Phase I : learn a list of 96 words Group 1 : just playing with words (incidental learning) Group 2 : just playing with words (incidental learning, but more
key words) Phase II-1 : 1 hour later
Word-fragment completion test (indirect test) Completing words in mind
Recognition test (direct test) Identify the word was shown or not previously
Phase II-2 : 7 days later Same test for another 48 word
Analysis of the result Better result for recognition test on 1 Hour later, is
repetition priming obtained previous intentional learning.
Conclusion : There is difference between indirect test and direct
test There are implicit memory and explicit memory
A. Recognition
(direct test)
B. Fragment Completion
(indirect test)
B
A
* Repetition priming : Processing something as second time benefits from its having been processed previously
1 Hour 7 Days
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Dissociation experiment 2(Graf, Schacter)
Phase I : studied word pair Phase II : studied word pair Phase III : Test
Group 1,2 - Direct test : Asked to complete the stem with the originally studied word. Group 1,2 - Indirect test : word-fragment completion with the first word that came to
mind) Group 3. Only Phase III direct, indirect test (Base Line)
Phase I Phase II Tested On Interference
Control (Group 1) A-B C-D A-B RI (Retroactive Interference)
Experimental (Group 2) A-B A-D A-B
Control (Group 1) C-D A-B A-B PI (Proactive Interference)
Experimental (Group 2) A-D A-B A-B
RI (Retroactive Interference) PI (Proactive Interference)
Test Type Control (Group 1) Experimental (Group 2)
Control (Group 1) Experimental (Group 2)
Direct .55 .40 .67 .45
Indirect .34 .32 .32 .35
Analysis of the result RI and PI affected direct tests of memory but did not affect indirect tests
Conclusion : There is dissociation between indirect test and direct test. There are implicit memory and explicit memory
Theoretical accounts of implicit memory
The Activation View Multiple Memory Systems Transfer Appropriate Processing The Bias View
The Activation View
Indirect test is attributable to the temporary activation of preexisting representations.
KEY WORD : Temporary The least popular of the four views Weak Point
can not explain long time effects
Multiple Memory Systems Many dissociations
between direct and indirect tests of memory arise because the tests tap different underlying memory systems.
The assumption of multiple memory system.
System Other Name Subsystems Characteristics
Procedural Nondeclarative Motor skills Nonconscious operation(indirect)Cognitive skills
Simple conditioning
Simple associative learning
Perceptual representation
Nondeclarative Visual word form
Auditroy word form
Structural description
Primary memory
Working memory Visual Conscious operation(direct)
Auditory
Semantic Generic Spatial
Factual Relational
Knowledge
Episodic Personal
Autobiographical
Event memory
Transfer Appropriate Processing 4 assumption
A given type of processing will lead to better memory performance if it is appropriate for the particular test
Direct and indirect tests of memory typically require different retrieval operation Most indirect tests rely primarily on perceptual processing.
Data driven Most direct tests rely primarily on the encoded meaning of concepts
Conceptually driven Direct/Data Driven , Indirect/Data Driven , Direct/ Conceptually Driven ,
Indirect/Conceptually Driven Test Not multiple memory system (Direct vs. Indirect) Two Data Driven Test Result is Better
Direct/Data Driven
Direct/Conceptually Driven
Indirect/Data Driven Indirect/Conceptually Driven
Auditory
Visual
Two Direct Better
Two Data DrivenBetter
Multiple System View Predict V
Transfer Appropriate Processing Predict V
Result V
Visual
The Bias View Other 3 views can not explain quite well especially the repetition priming effects. Prior presentation of an item can bias subsequent processing of the item on later
presentations One is likely to interpret a stimulus in the same way as you have interpreted it in the past
Bias entails both cost and benefits Cost : There will be an advantage if prior processing is appropriate for the current task Benefits : There will be a disadvantage if prior processing is inappropriate for the current
task. Experiments :
1. First See one of old woman and young woman
2. Second See ambiguous woman
3. People are more likely to interpret the ambiguous picture as the same person as the unambiguous picture
1. First See Old Woman Young Woman
2. Second See Ambiguous -> Old Woman
Ambiguous -> Young Woman
Summary
Implicit memory is memory without awareness.
There are various ways of experiment Learning can occur without awareness. We can say that Implicit memory is different
memory from explicit memory by experimental dissociations.
There is 4 main accounts for implicit memory
The End
Thank you