importance of money market
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction on Money Market:
Money market refers to the market where money and highly liquid marketable
securities are bought and sold having a maturity period of one or less than one year. It
is not a place like the stock market but an activity conducted by telephone. The money
market constitutes a very important segment of the Indian financial system.
The highly liquid marketable securities are also called as money market
instruments like treasury bills, government securities, commercial paper, certificates
of deposit, call money, repurchase agreements etc.
The major player in the money market are Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Discount
and Finance House of India (DFHI), banks, financial institutions, mutual funds,
government, big corporate houses. The basic aim of dealing in money market
instruments is to fill the gap of short-term liquidity problems or to deploy the short-
term surplus to gain income on that.
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Definition of Money Market:
According to the McGraw Hill Dictionary of Modern Economics, money
market is the term designed to include the financial institutions which handle the
purchase, sale, and transfers of short term credit instruments. The money market
includes the entire machinery for the channelizing of short-term funds. Concerned
primarily with small business needs for working capital, individuals borrowings, and
government short term obligations, it differs from the long term or capital market
which devotes its attention to dealings in bonds, corporate stock and mortgage
credit.
According to the Reserve Bank of India, money market is the centre for
dealing, inly of short term character, in money assets; it meets the short term
requirements of borrowings and provides liquidity or cash to the lenders. It is the place
where short term surplus investible funds at the disposal of financial and other
institutions and individuals are bid by borrowers agents comprising institutions and
individuals and also the government itself.
According to the Geoffrey,money market is the collective name given to the
various firms and institutions that deal in the various grades of the near money.
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General Characteristics of Money Market:
The general characteristics of money market are outlined below:
Short-term funds are borrowed and lent. No fixed place for conduct of operations, the transactions being conducted even over
the phone and therefore, there is an essential need for the presence of well developed
communications system.
Dealings may be conducted with or without the help the brokers. The short-term financial assets that are dealt in are close substitutes for money,
financial assets being converted into money with ease, speed, without loss and with
minimum transaction cost.
Funds are traded for a maximum period of one year. Presence of a large number of submarkets such as inter-bank call money, bill
rediscounting, and treasury bills, etc.
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The Role of the Reserve Bank of India in the Money Market:
The Reserve Bank of India is the most important constituent of the money market. The
market comes within the direct preview of the Reserve Bank of India regulations.
The aims of the Reserve Banks operations in the money market are:
To ensure that liquidity and short term interest rates are maintained at levelsconsistent with the monetary policy objectives of maintaining price stability.
To ensure an adequate flow of credit to the productive sector of the economy and To bring about order in the foreign exchange market.
The Reserve Bank of India influence liquidity and interest rates through a number
of operating instruments - cash reserve requirement (CRR) of banks, conduct of open
market operations (OMOs), repos, change in bank rates and at times, foreign exchange
swap operations.
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Money Market mutual fund (MMMFS):
A mutual fund is a professionally managed type of collective investment scheme
that pools money from many investors and invests it in stocks, bonds, short- term
money market instruments and other securities. Mutual funds have a fund manager
who invests the money on behalf of the investors by buying / selling stocks, bonds etc.
Money market mutual funds (mmmfs) were introduced in April 1991 to provide
an additional short-term avenue for investment and bring money market investment
within the reach of individuals. These mutual funds would invest exclusively in money
market instruments. Money market mutual funds bridge the gap between small
investors and the money market. It mobilizes saving from small investors and invests
them in short-term debt instruments or money market instruments.
There are various investment avenues available to an investor such as real
estate, bank deposits, post office deposits, shares, debentures, bonds etc. A mutual
fund is one more type of Investment avenue available to investors. There are many
reasons why investors prefer mutual funds. An investors money is invested by the
mutual fund in a variety of shares, bonds and other securities thus diversifying the
investors portfolio across different companies and sectors. This diversification helps
in reducing the overall risk of the portfolio. It is also less expensive to invest in a
mutual fund since the minimum investment amount in mutual fund units is fairly low
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(Rs. 500 or so). With Rs. 500 an investor may be able to buy only a few stocks and not
get the desired diversification. These are some of the reasons why mutual funds have
gained in popularity over the years
An Overview - Money Market Mutual Funds:
Currently, the worldwide value of all mutual funds totals more than $US 26
trillion. The United States leads with the number of mutual fund schemes. There are
more than 8000 mutual fund schemes in the U.S.A. Comparatively, India has around
1000 mutual fund schemes, but this number has grown exponentially in the last few
years. The Total Assets under Management in India of all Mutual funds put together
touched a peak of Rs. 5, 44,535 crs. at the end of August 2008. . As of today there are
41 Mutual Funds in the country. Together they offer over 1000 schemes to the
investor. Many more mutual funds are expected to enter India in the next few years.
Indians have been traditionally savers and invested money in traditional savings
instruments such as bank deposits. Against this background, if we look at
approximately Rs. 5 lakh crores which Indian Mutual Funds are managing, then it is no
mean an achievement. A country traditionally putting money in safe, risk-free
investments like Bank FDs, Post Office and Life Insurance, has started to invest in
stocks, bonds and shares thanks to the mutual fund industry.
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CHARACTERISTIC OF MUTUAL FUND
The ownership is in the hands of the investors who have pooled in their funds.
It is managed by a team of investment professionals and other service providers.
The pool of funds is invested in a portfolio of marketable investments.
The investors share is denominated by units whose value is called as Net Asset Value(NAV) which changes every day and investors subscription is accounted as unit capital.
The investment portfolio is created according to the stated investment objectives ofthe fund.
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ADVANTAGES OF MUTUAL FUNDS TO INVESTORS:
1. Portfolio Diversification purchasing units in a mutual fund instead of buyingindividual stocks or bonds, the investors risk is spread out and minimized up to certain
extent. The idea behind diversification is to invest in a large number of assets so that a
loss in any particular investment is minimized by gain in others.
2. Professional Management The basic advantage of funds is that, they areprofessional managed, by well qualified professional. Investors purchase funds
because they do not have the time or the expertise to manage their own portfolio. A
mutual fund is considered to be relatively less expensive way to make and monitor
their investment.
3. Economies of scale Mutual fund buy and sell large amounts of securities at a time,thus help to reducing transaction costs, and help to bring down the average cost of the
unit for their investors.
4. Liquidity Just like an individual stock, mutual fund also allow investors to liquidatetheir holdings as and when they want.
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5. Simplicity Investments in mutual fund is considered to be easy, compare to otheravailable instruments in the market, and the minimum investment is small. Most AMC
also have automatic purchase plans whereby as little as Rs. 2000, where SIP start with
just Rs. 50 per month basis.
6. Transparency - Investors get regular information on the value of your investment inaddition to disclosure on the specific investments made by your scheme, the
proportion invested in each class of assets and the fund manager's investment
strategy and outlook.
7. Flexibility - Through features such as regular investment plans, regular withdrawalplans and dividend reinvestment plans; you can systematically invest or withdraw
funds according to your needs and convenience
8. Liquidity Just like an individual stock, mutual fund also allow investors to liquidatetheir holdings as and when they want.
9. Simplicity Investments in mutual fund is considered to be easy, compare to otheravailable instruments in the market, and the minimum investment is small. Most AMC
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also have automatic purchase plans whereby as little as Rs. 2000, where SIP start with
just Rs. 50 per month basis.
10.Transparency - Investors get regular information on the value of your investment inaddition to disclosure on the specific investments made by your scheme, the
proportion invested in each class of assets and the fund manager's investment
strategy and outlook.
DISADVANTAGES OF MUTUAL FUNDS TO INVESTORS
1. Professional Management Some funds doesnt perform in neither the market, astheir management is not dynamic enough to explore the available opportunity in the
market, thus many investors debate over whether or not the so-called professional are
any better than mutual fund or investor himself, for picking up stock.
2. Costs The biggest source of AMC income is generally from the entry and exit loadwhich they charge from investors, at the time of purchase. The mutual fund industries
are thus charging extra cost under layers of jargon.
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3. Dilution Because funds have small holdings across different companies, high returnsfrom a few investments often dont make much difference on the overall return.
Dilution is also the result of a successful fund getting to big. When money pours into
funds that have had strong success, the manager often has trouble finding a good
investment for all the new money.
4. TaxesWhen making decision about your money, fund managers dont consider yourpersonal tax situation. For example, when a fund manager sells a security, a capital
gain tax is triggered, which affect how profitable the individual is from the sale. It
might have been more advantageous for the individual to defer the capital gains
liability.
5. Professional Management Some funds doesnt perform in neither the market, astheir management is not dynamic enough to explore the available opportunity in the
market, thus many investors debate over whether or not the so-called professional are
any better than mutual fund or investor himself, for picking up stock.
6. Costs The biggest source of AMC income is generally from the entry and exit loadwhich they charge from investors, at the time of purchase. The mutual fund industries
are thus charging extra cost under layers of jargon.
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7. Taxes When making decision about your money, fund managers dont consider yourpersonal tax situation. For example, when a fund manager sells a security, a capital
gain tax is triggered, which affect how profitable the individual is from the sale. It
might have been more advantageous for the individual to defer the capital gains
liability.
8. Restrictive gains - Diversification helps, if risk minimization is your objective. However,the lack of investment focus also means you gain less than if you had invested directly
in a single security. Assume, Reliance appreciated 50 per cent. A direct investment in
the stock would appreciate by 50 per cent. But your investment in the mutual fund,
which had invested 10 per cent of its corpus in Reliance, will see only a 5 per cent
appreciation.
9. Management risk - Assume, Reliance appreciated 50 per cent. A direct investment inthe stock would appreciate by 50 per cent. But your investment in the mutual fund,
which had invested 10 per cent of its corpus in Reliance, will see only a 5 per cent
appreciation.
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Recommendation on Indian Money Market by RBI:
Financial sector reforms and monetary policy measures the governor announced
certain structural and other policy recommendation to strengthen and rationalise the
functioning of money market.
1) Call/Notice Money Market:
RBI may migrate from OF (Owned Fund) to capital funds (sum of Tier I and Tier II
capital) as the benchmark for fixing prudential limits for call/notice money market for
scheduled commercial banks. RBI may, however, continue with the present norm
associated with co-operative banks (i.e., Aggregate Deposit), PDs (i.e., Net Owned
Fund) and non-banks (i.e., 30 per cent of their average daily lending during 2000-01).
Call/notice money market transactions should be conducted on an electronic
negotiated quote driven platform.
Banks and PDs with appropriate risk management systems in place and balance sheet
structure may be allowed more flexibility to borrow in call/notice money market.
Upon accomplishing the call/notice money market intoa pure inter-bank one, larger
freedom in lending in call/notice market should be afforded to banks and PDs.
2) Repos/CBLO :
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Consequent upon coming into effect of the FRBM Act 2003, there would be a need to
broad-base the pool of securities to act as collateral for repo and CBLO markets.
The possibility of conducting repo transactions on an electronic, anonymous orderdriven trading system may be explored.
3) Term Money:
Reporting of term money transactions on NDS platform may be made compulsory to
improve transparency.
Term money market transactions on an electronic, negotiated quote driven platform
should be introduced.
4) CD
Maturity period of CDs to be reduced to 7 days, in line with that under CP and fixed
deposit.
5) Commercial Paper
Asset-backed CP should be introduced in the Indian market.
Development of a transparent benchmark Presence of a term money market
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Development of policies that provide incentives for banks and financial institutions tomanage risk and maximise profit
Increasing secondary market activity in commercial paper and certificate of deposit. Incase of commercial paper, underwriting should be allowed and revolving underwriting
finance facility and Asset backed commercial paper should be introduced. In case of
Certificate of deposits the tenure of those of the financial institutions certificate of
deposits should be rationalised. Moreover, floating rate certificate of deposits can be
introduced.
Rationalisation of the stamp duty structure. Multiple prescription of stamp duty leadsto in the administrative costs and administrative hassles.
Change in the regulatory mindset of the Reserve Bank by shifting the focus of controlfrom quantity of liquidity to price which can lead to an orderly development of money
market.
Good debt and cash management on the part of the government which will not onlybe complementary to the monetary policy but give greater freedom to the Reserve
Bank in setting its operating procedures.
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GROWTH OF MONEY MARKET IN INDIA
While the need for long term financing is met by the capital or financial
markets, money market is a mechanism which deals with lending and
borrowing of short term funds. Post reforms period in India has witnessed
tremendous growth of the Indian money markets. Banks and other financial
institutions have been able to meet the high expectations of short term
funding of important sectors like the industry, services and agriculture.
Functioning under the regulation and control of the Reserve Bank of India
(RBI), the Indian money markets have also exhibited the required maturity and
resilience over the past about two decades. Decision of the government to
allow the private sector banks to operate has provided much needed healthy
competition in the money markets, resulting in fair amount of improvement in
their functioning. Money market denotes inter-bank market where the banks
borrow and lend among themselves to meet the short term credit and deposit
needs of the economy. Short term generally covers the time period upto one
year. The money market operations help the banks tide over the temporary
mismatch of funds with them. In case a particular bank needs funds for a few
days, it can borrow from another bank by paying the determined interest rate.
The lending bank also gains, as it is able to earn interest on the funds lying idle
with it. In other words, money market provides avenues to the players in the
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market to strike equilibrium between the surplus funds with the lenders and
the requirement of funds for the borrowers. An important function of the
money market is to provide a focal point for interventions of the RBI to
influence the liquidity in the financial system and implement other monetary
policy measures.
Quantum of liquidity in the banking system is of paramount importance, as it is
an important determinant of the inflation rate as well as the creation of credit
by the banks in the economy. Market forces generally indicate the need for
borrowing or liquidity and the money market adjusts itself to such calls. RBI
facilitates such adjustments with monetary policy tools available with it. Heavy
call for funds overnight indicates that the banks are in need of short term
funds and in case of liquidity crunch, the interest rates would go up.
Depending on the economic situation and available market trends, the RBI
intervenes in the money market through a host of interventions. In case of
liquidity crunch, the RBI has the option of either reducing the Cash Reserve
Ratio (CRR) or pumping in more money supply into the system. Recently, to
overcome the liquidity crunch in the Indian money market, the RBI has
released more than Rs 75,000 crore with two back-to-back reductions in the
CRR.
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In addition to the lending by the banks and the financial institutions, various
companies in the corporate sector also issue fixed deposits to the public for
shorter duration and to that extent become part of the money market
mechanism selectively. The maturities of the instruments issued by the money
market as a whole, range from one day to one year. The money market is also
closely linked with the Foreign Market, through the process of covered interest
arbitrage in which the forward premium acts as a bridge between the domestic
and foreign interest rates.
Determination of appropriate interest for deposits or loans by the banks or the
other financial institutions is a complex mechanism in itself. There are several
issues that need to be resolved before the optimum rates are determined.
While the term structure of the interest rate is a very important determinant,
the difference between the existing domestic and international interest rates
also emerges as an important factor. Further, there are several credit
instruments which involve similar maturity but diversely different risk factors.
Such distortions are available only in developing and diverse economies like
the Indian economy and need extra care while handling the issues at the policy
levels.
Diverse Functions
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Money markets are one of the most important mechanisms of any deve-loping
economy. Instead of just ensuring that the money market in India regulates the
flow of credit and credit rates, this mechanism has emerged as one of the
important policy tools with the government and the RBI to control the
monetary policy, money supply, credit creation and control, inflation rate and
overall economic policy of the State. Hence, the first and the foremost function
of the money market mechanism is regulatory in nature. While determining
the total volume of credit plan for the six monthly period, the credit policy also
aims at directing the flow of credit as per the priorities fixed by the
government according to the needs of the economy. Credit policy as an
instrument is important to ensure the availability of the credit in adequate
volumes; it also caters to the credit needs of various sectors of the economy.
The RBI assists the government to implement its policies related to the credit
plans through its statutory control over the banking system of the country.
Monetary policy, on the other hand, has longer term perspective and aims at
correcting the imbalances in the economy. Credit policy and the monetary
policy, both complement each other to achieve the long term goals
determined by the government. It not only maintains complete control over
the credit creation by the banks, but also keeps a close watch over it. The
instruments of monetary policy, including the repo rate, cash reserve ratio and
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bank rate are used by the Central Bank of the country to give the required
direction to the monetary policy.
Inflation is one of the serious economic problems that all the developing
economies have to face every now and then. Cyclical fluctuations do affect the
price level differently, depending upon the demand and supply scenario at the
given point of time. Money market rates play a major role in controlling the
price line. Higher rates in the money markets reduce the liquidity in the
economy and have the effect of reducing the economic activity in the system.
Reduced rates, on the other hand, increase the liquidity in the market and
bring down the cost of capital substantially, thereby increasing the investment.
This function also assists the RBI to control the overall money supply in the
economy. Such operations supplement the efforts of direct infusion of newly
printed notes by the RBI.
Future of Open Markets
Financial openness is said to be a situation under which the residents of one
country are in a position to trade their assets with residents of another
country. A slightly mild definition of openness may be referred to as financial
integration of two or more economies. In recent years, the process of
globalization has made the money market operations and the monetary policy
tools quite important. The idea is not only to regulate the economy and its
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money markets for the overall economic development, but also to attract
more and more foreign capital into the country. Foreign investment results in
increased economic activity, income and employment generation in the
economy. Free and unrestricted flow of foreign capital and growing integration
of the global markets is the hallmark of openness of economies.
Indian experience with open markets has been a mixed one. On the positive side,
the growth rate of the country has soared to new levels and the foreign trade had
been growing at around 20 per cent during the past few years. Foreign exchange
reserves have burgeoned to significantly higher levels and the country has achieved
new heights in the overall socio-economic development. The money market
mechanism has played a significant role in rapid development of the country during
the post-reforms era.
On the flip side, the post-reforms period has witnessed relatively lesser growth of
the social sector. Money market mechanism has kept the markets upbeat, yet the
social sector needs more focused attention. With the base of the economy now
strengthened, the money market mechanism must also focus on ensuring that
proper direction is provided to the credit flows so that the poorest sections of the
society also gain.
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IMPORTANT SEGMENTS OF MONEY MARKET
1) Treasury Bills:Treasury bills are short-term instruments issued by the Reserve Bank on
behalf of the government to tide over short-term liquidity shortfalls. This
instrument is used by the government to raise short-term funds to bridge
seasonal or temporary gaps between its receipt (revenue and capital) and
expenditure. They form the most important segment of the money market not
only in India but all over the world as well.
In other words, T-Bills are short term (up to one year) borrowing instruments
of the Government of India which enable investors to park their short term
surplus funds while reducing their market risk
T-bills are repaid at par on maturity. The difference between the amount paid
by the tenderer at the time of purchase (which is less than the face value) and
the amount received on maturity represents the interest amount on T-bills and is
known as the discount. Tax deducted at source (TDS) is not applicable on T-
bills.
Features of T-bills are:
They are negotiable securities. They are highly liquid as they are of shorter tenure and there is a
possibility of an interbank repos on them.
There is absence of default risk. They have an assured yield, low transaction cost, and are eligible for
inclusion in the securities for SLR purpose.
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They are not issued in scrip form. The purchases and sales are affectedthrough the subsidiary general ledger (SGL) account. T-Bills are issued in
the form of SGL entries in the books of Reserve Bank of India to hold the
securities on behalf of the holder. The SGL holdings can be transferred
by issuing a SGL transfer form
Recently T-Bills are also being issued frequently under the MarketStabilization Scheme (MSS).
Types of Treasury Bills:
Treasury bills (T-bills) offer short-term investment opportunities, generally up
to one year. They are thus useful in managing short-term liquidity. At present,
RBI issues T-Bills for three different maturities : 91 days, 182 days and 364
days. The 91 day T-Bills are issued on weekly auction basis while 182 day T-
Bill auction is held on Wednesday preceding non-reporting Friday and 364 day
T-Bill auction on Wednesday preceding the reporting Friday. There are no
treasury bills issued by State Governments.
Advantages of investing in T-Bills:
No Tax Deducted at Source (TDS) Zero default risk as these are the liabilities of GOI Liquid money Market Instrument Active secondary market thereby enabling holder to meet immediate fund
requirement.
Amount:
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Treasury bills are available for a minimum amount of Rs.25,000 and in
multiples of Rs. 25,000. Treasury bills are issued at a discount and are redeemed
at par. Treasury bills are also issued under the Market Stabilization Scheme
(MSS). They are available in both Primary and Secondary market.
Auctions of Treasury Bills:
While 91-day T-bills are auctioned every week on Wednesdays, 182 days and
364-day T-bills are auctioned every alternate week on Wednesdays. The
Reserve Bank of India issues a quarterly calendar of T-bill auctions which is
shown below (table 1.1). It also announces the exact dates of auction, the
amount to be auctioned and payment dates by issuing press releases prior to
every auction.
Participants in the T-bills market:
The Reserve Bank of India, mutual funds, financial institutions, primary dealers,
satellite dealers, provident funds, corporates, foreign banks, and foreign
institutional investors are all participants in the treasury bill market. The sale
government can invest their surplus funds as non-competitive bidders in T-bills
of all maturities.
Treasury bills are pre-dominantly held by banks. In the recent years, there has
been a growth in the number of non-competitive bids, resulting in significant
holding of T- bills by provident funds, trusts and mutual funds.
2) Commercial Paper:
Commercial paper was introduced into the Indian money market during
the year 1990, on the recommendation of Vaghul Committee. Now it has
become a popular debt instrument of the corporate world.
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A commercial paper is an unsecured short-term instrument issued by the large
banks and corporations in the form of promissory note, negotiable and
transferable by endorsement and delivery with a fixed maturity period to meet
the short-term financial requirement. There are four basic kinds of commercial
paper: promissory notes, drafts, checks, and certificates of deposit.
It is generally issued at a discount by the leading creditworthy and highly
rated corporates. Depending upon the issuing company, a commercial paper is
also known as Financial paper, industrial paper or corporate paper.
Commercial paper was initially meant to be used by the corporates borrowers
having good ranking in the market as established by a credit rating agency to
diversify their sources of short term borrowings at a rate which was usually
lower than the banks working capital lending rate.
Commercial papers can now be issued by primary dealers, satellite dealers, and all-
India financial institutions, apart from corporatist, to access short-term funds. Effective
from 6th September 1996 and 17th June 1998, primary dealers and satellite dealers were
also permitted to issue commercial paper to access greater volume of funds to help
increase their activities in the secondary market. It can be issued to individuals, banks,
companies and other registered Indian corporate bodies and unincorporated bodies. It is
issued at a discount determined by the issuer company. The discount varies with the
credit rating of the issuer company and the demand and the supply position in the
money market. In India, the emergence of commercial paper has added a new
dimension to the money market.
Advantage of commercial paper:
High credit ratings fetch a lower cost of capital.
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Wide range of maturity provide more flexibility. It does not create any lien on asset of the company. Tradability of Commercial Paper provides investors with exit options.
Disadvantages of commercial paper:
Its usage is limited to only blue chip companies. Issuances of Commercial Paper bring down the bank credit limits. A high degree of control is exercised on issue of Commercial Paper. Stand-by-credit may become necessary. Growth in the Commercial Paper Market: Commercial paper was introduced in India in January 1990, in pursuance
of the Vaghul Committees recommendations, in order to enable highly
rated non-bank corporate borrowers to diversify their sources of short
term borrowings and also provide an additional instrument to investors.
commercial paper could carry on an interest rate coupon but is generally
sold at a discount. Since commercial paper is freely transferable, banks,
financial institutions, insurance companies and others are able to invest
their short-term surplus funds in a highly liquid instrument at attractive
rates of return.
A major reform to impart a measure of independence to the commercialpaper market took place when the stand by facility* of the restoration of
the cash credit limit and guaranteeing funds to the issuer on maturity of
the paper was withdrawn in October 1994. As the reduction in cash credit
portion of the MPBF impeded the development of the commercial paper
market, the issuance of commercial paper was delinked from the cash
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credit limit in October 1997. It was converted into a stand alone product
from October 2000 so as to enable the issuers of the service sector to
meet short-term working capital requirements.
Banks are allowed to fix working capital limits after taking into accountthe resource pattern of the companies finances, including commercial
papers. Corporates, PDs and all-India financial institutions (FIs) under
specified stipulations have permitted to raise short-term resources by the
Reserve Bank through the issue of commercial papers. There is no lock in
period for commercial papers. Furthermore, guidelines were issued
permitting investments in commercial papers which has enabled a
reduction in transaction cost.
In order to rationalize the and standardize wherever possible, variousaspects of processing, settlement and documentation of commercial
paper issuance, several measures were undertaken with a view toachieving the settlement on T+1 basis. For further deepening the market,
the Reserve Bank of India issued draft guidelines on securitisation of
standard assets on April 4, 2005.
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3. Certificate of Deposits:
Certicate of deposit are unsecured, negotiable, short-term instruments in
bearer form, issued by commercial banks and development financial
institutions.
The scheme of certificates of Deposits (CDs) was introduced by RBI as a
step towards deregulation of interest rates on deposits. Under this scheme, any
scheduled commercial banks, co-operative banks excluding land development
banks, can issue certificate of deposits for a period of not less than three months
and upto a period of not more than one year. The financial institutions
specifically authorised by the RBI can issue certificate of deposits for a period
not below one year and not above 3 years duration. Certificate of deposits, can
be issued within the period prescribed for any maturity.
Certificates of Deposits (CDs) are short-term borrowings by banks.
Certificates of deposits differ from term deposit because they involve the
creation of paper, and hence have the facility for transfer and multiple
ownerships before maturity. Certificate of deposits rates are usually higher than
the term deposit rates, due to the low transactions costs. Banks use the
certificates of deposits for borrowing during a credit pick-up, to the extent of
shortage in incremental deposits. Most certificates of deposits are held until
maturity, and there is limited secondary market activity.
Certificates of Deposit (CDs) is a negotiable money market instrument
and issued in dematerialised form or as a Usance Promissory Note, for funds
deposited at a bank or other eligible financial institution for a specified time
period. Guidelines for issue of certificate of deposits are presently governed by
various directives issued by the Reserve Bank of India.
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Eligibility for Issue of Certificate of Deposits:
Certificate of deposits can be issued by (i) scheduled commercial banks
excluding Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) and Local Area Banks (LABs); and
(ii) select all-India Financial Institutions that have been permitted by RBI to
raise short -term resources within the umbrella limit fixed by RBI.
Banks have the freedom to issue certificate of deposits depending on
their requirements. An FI may issue certificate of deposits within the overall
umbrella limit fixed by RBI, i.e., issue of certificate of deposits together with
other instruments, viz., term money, term deposits, commercial papers andinter-corporate deposits should not exceed 100 per cent of its net owned funds,
as per the latest audited balance sheet.
Denomination For Certificate Of Deposits:
Minimum amount of a certificate of deposits should be Rs.1 lakh, i.e.,
the minimum deposit that could be accepted from a single subscriber should
not be less than Rs. 1 lakh and in the multiples of Rs. 1 lakh thereafter.
Certificate of deposits can be issued to individuals, corporations, companies,
trusts, funds, associations, etc. Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) may also
subscribe to certificate of deposits, but only on non-repatriable basis which
should be clearly stated on the Certificate. Such certificate of deposits cannot
be endorsed to another NRI in the secondary market.
Maturity:
The maturity period of certificate of deposits issued by banks should be
not less than 7 days and not more than one year. The FIs can issue certificate of
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deposits for a period not less than 1 year and not exceeding 3 years from the
date of issue.
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4. Call Money Market:
Call and notice money market refers to the market for short -term funds
ranging from overnight funds to funds for a maximum tenor of 14 days. Under
Call money market, funds are transacted on overnight basis and under notice
money market, funds are transacted for the period of 2 days to 14 days.
The call/notice money market is an important segment of the Indian
Money Market. This is because, any change in demand and supply of short-
term funds in the financial system is quickly reflected in call money rates. The
RBI makes use of this market for conducting the open market operationseffectively.
Participants in call/notice money market currently include banks
(excluding RRBs) and Primary dealers both as borrowers and lenders. Non
Bank institutions are not permitted in the call/notice money market with effect
from August 6, 2005. The regulator has prescribed limits on the banks and
primary dealers operation in the call/notice money market.
Call money market is for very short term funds, known as money on call.
The rate at which funds are borrowed in this market is called `Call Money rate'.
The size of the market for these funds in India is between Rs 60,000 million to
Rs 70,000 million, of which public sector banks account for 80% of borrowings
and foreign banks/private sector banks account for the balance 20%. Non-bank
financial institutions like IDBI, LIC, and GIC etc participate only as lenders in
this market. 80% of the requirement of call money funds is met by the non-bank
participants and 20% from the banking system.
In pursuance of the announcement made in the Annual Policy Statement
of April 2006, an electronic screen-based negotiated quote-driven system for
all dealings in call/notice and term money market was operationalised with
effect from September 18, 2006. This system has been developed by Clearing
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Corporation of India Ltd. on behalf of the Reserve Bank of India. The NDS -
CALL system provides an electronic dealing platform with features like Direct
one to one negotiation, real time quote and trade information, preferred
counterparty setup, online exposure limit monitoring, online regulatory limit
monitoring, dealing in call, notice and term money, dealing facilitated for T+0
settlement type for Call Money and dealing facilitated for T+0 and T+1
settlement type for Notice and Term Money. Information on previous dealt
rates, ongoing bids/offers on re al time basis imparts greater transparency and
facilitates better rate discovery in the call money market. The system has also
helped to improve the ease of transactions, increased operational efficiency and
resolve problems associated with asymmetry of information. However,
participation on this platform is optional and currently both the electronic
platform and the telephonic market are co-existing. After the introduction of
NDS-CALL, market participants have increasingly started using this new
system more so during times of high volatility in call rates.
Participants in the Call Money Market:
Participants in call money market include the following:
As lenders and borrowers: Banks and institutions such as commercialbanks, both Indian and foreign, State Bank of India, Cooperative Banks,
Discount and Finance House of India ltd. (DFHL) and Securities Trading
Corporation of India (STCI).
As lenders: Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC), Unit Trust ofIndia (UTI), General Insurance Corporation (GIC), Industrial
Development Bank of India (IDBI), National Bank for Agriculture and
Rural Development (NABARD), specified institutions already operating
in bills rediscounting market, and entities/corporates/mutual funds.
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The participants in the call markets increased in the 1990s, with a
gradual opening up of the call markets to non-bank entities. Initially DFHI was
the only PD eligible to participate in the call market, with other PDs having to
route their transactions through DFHI, and subsequently STCI. In 1996, PDs
apart from DFHI and STCI were allowed to lend and borrow directly in the call
markets. Presently there are 18 primary dealers participating in the call
markets. Then from 1991 onwards, corporates were allowed to lend in the call
markets, initially through the DFHI, and later through any of the PDs. In order
to be able to lend, corporates had to provide proof of bulk lendable resources to
the RBI and were not suppose to have any outstanding borrowings with the
banking system. The minimum amount corporates had to lend was reduced
from Rs. 20 crore, in a phased manner to Rs. 3 crore in 1998. There were 50
corporates eligible to lend in the call markets, through the primary dealers. The
corporates which were allowed to route their transactions through PDs, were
phased out by end June 2001.
Table 4.2: Number of Participants in Call/Notice Money Market
Category Bank PD FI MF Corporate Total
I. Borrower 154 19 - - - 173
II. Lender 154 19 20 35 50 277
Source: Report of the Technical Group on Phasing Out of Non-banks from
Call/Notice Money Market, March 2001.
Banks and PDs technically can operate on both sides of the call market, though
in reality, only the P Ds borrow and lend in the call markets. The bank
participants are divided into two categories: banks which are pre- dominantly
lenders (mostly the public sector banks) and banks which are pre- dominantly
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the reverse repo rate. Table 4.3 provides data on the behaviour of call rates.
Figure 4.3displays the trend of average monthly call rates.
The behaviour of call rates has historically been influenced by liquidity
conditions in the market. Call rates touched a peak of about 35% in May 1992,
reflecting tight liquidity on account of high levels of statutory pre-emptions and
withdrawal of all refinance facilities, barring export credit refinance. Call rates
again came under pressure in November 1995 when the rates were 35% par.
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5. Commercial bill market:
Commercial bill is a short term, negotiable, and self-liquidating instrument with low
risk. It enhances he liability to make payment in a fixed date when goods are bought on
credit. According to the Indian Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, bill or exchange is a
written instrument containing an unconditional order, signed by the maker, directing to pay a
certain amount of money only to a particular person, or to the bearer of the instrument. Bills
of exchange are negotiable instruments drawn by the seller (drawer) on the buyer (drawee) or
the value of the goods delivered to him. Such bills are called trade bills. When trade bills are
accepted by commercial banks, they are called commercial bills. The bank discount this bill
by keeping a certain margin and credits the proceeds. Banks, when in need of money, can
also get such bills rediscounted by financial institutions such as LIC, UTI, GIC, ICICI and
IRBI. The maturity period of the bills varies from 30 days, 60 days or 90 days, depending on
the credit extended in the industry.
Types of Commercial Bills:
Commercial bill is an important tool finance credit sales. It may be a demand bil l or a
usance bil l. A demand bill is payable on demand, that is immediately at sight or onpresentation by the drawee. A usance bill is payable after a specified time. If the seller wishes
to give sometime for payment, the bill would be payable at a future date. These bills can
either be clean bills or documentary bills. In a clean bill, documents are enclosed and
delivered against acceptance by drawee, after which it becomes clear. In the case of a
documentary bill, documents are delivered against payment accepted by the drawee and
documents of bill are filed by bankers till the bill is paid.
Commercial bills can be in land bil ls or f oreign bil ls. Inland bills must (1) be drawn
or made in India and must be payable in India: or (2) drawn upon any person resident in
India. Foreign bills, on the other hand, are (1) drawn outside India and may be payable and by
a party outside India, or may be payable in India or drawn on a party in India or (2) it may be
drawn in India and made payable outside India. A related classification of bills is export bills
and import bills. While export bills are drawn by exporters in any country outside India,
import bills are drawn on importers in India by exporters abroad.
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The indigenous variety of bill of exchange for financing the movement of agricultural
produce, called a hundi has a long tradition of use in India. It is vogue among indigenous
bankers for raising money or remitting funds or to finance inland trade. A hundi is an
important instrument in India; so indigenous bankers dominate the bill market. However,
with reforms in the financial system and lack of availability of funds from private sources, the
role of indigenous bankers is declining.
With a view to eliminating movement of papers and facilitating multiple
rediscounting, RBI introduced an innovation instruments known as Derivative Usance
Promissory Notes, backed by such eligible commercial bills for required amounts and
usance period (up to 90 days). Government has exempted stamp duty on derivative usance
promissory notes. This has simplified and streamlined bill rediscounting by institutions and
made the commercial bill an active instrument in the secondary money market. This
instrument, being a negotiable instrument issued by banks, is a sound investment for
rediscounting institutions. Moreover rediscounting institutions can further discount the bills
anytime prior to the date of maturity. Since some banks were using the facility of
rediscounting commercial bills and derivative usance promissory notes of as short a period as
one day, the Reserve Bank restricted such rediscounting to a minimum period of 15 days. The
eligibility criteria prescribed by the Reserve Bank for rediscounting commercial bills are that
the bill should arise out of a genuine commercial transaction showing evidence of sale of
goods and the maturity date of the bill should to exceed 90 days from the date of
rediscounting.
Commercial bills can be traded by offering the bills for rediscounting. Banks provide
credit to their customers by discounting commercial bills. This credit is repayable on maturity
of the bill. In case of need for funds, and can rediscount the bills in the money market and get
ready money. Commercial bills ensure improved quality of lending, liquidity and efficiency
in money management. It is fully secured for investment since it is transferable by
endorsement and delivery and it has high degree of liquidity.
The bills market is highly developed in industrial countries but it is very limited in
India. Commercial bills rediscounted by commercial banks with financial institutions amount
to less than Rs 1,000 crore. In India, the bill market did not develop due to (1) the cash credit
system of credit delivery where the onus of cash management rest with banks and (2) an
absence of an active secondary market.
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Measures to Develop the Bills Market:
One of the objectives of the Reserve Bank in setting up the Discount and finance
House of India was to develop commercial bills market. The bank sanctioned a refinance
limit for the DFHI against collateral of treasury bills and against the holdings of eligible
commercial bills.
With a view to developing the bills market, the interest rate ceiling of 12.5 per cent on
rediscounting of commercial bills was withdrawn from May 1, 1989.
To develop the bills market, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) allowed, in
1995-96, 14 mutual funds to participate as lenders in the bills rediscounting market. During
1996-97, seven more mutual funds were permitted to participate in this market as lenders
while another four primary dealers were allowed to participate as both lenders and borrowers.
In order to encourage the bills culture, the Reserve Bank advised banks in October 1997 to
ensure that at least 25 percent of inland credit purchases of borrowers be through bills.
Size of the Commercial Bills Market:
The size of the commercial market is reflected in the outstanding amount of
commercial bills discounted by banks with various financial institutions.
The share of bill finance in the total bank credit increased from 1993-94 to 1995-96
but declined subsequently. This reflects the underdevelopment state of the bills market. The
reasons for the underdevelopment are as follows:
The Reserve Bank made an attempt to promote the development of the bill market byrediscounting facilities with it self till 1974. Then, in the beginning of the 1980s, the
availability of funds from the Reserve Bank under the bill rediscounting scheme was put on a
discretionary basis. It was altogether stopped in 1981. The popularity of the bill of exchange
as a credit instrument depends upon the availability of acceptance sources of the central bank
as it is the ultimate source of cash in times of a shortage of funds. However, it is not so in
India. The Reserve Bank set up the DFHI to deal in this instrument and extends refinance
facility to it. Even then, the business in commercial bills has declined drastically as DFHI
concentrates more on other money market instruments such as call money and treasury bills.
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It is mostly foreign trade that is financed through the bills market. The size of this market is
small because the share of foreign trade in national income is small. Moreover, export and
import bills are still drawn in foreign currency which has restricted their scope of negotiation.
A large part of the bills discounted by banks are not genuine. They are bills created by
converting the cash-credit/overdraft accounts of their customers.
The system of cash-credit and overdraft from banks is cheaper and more convenient than bill
financing as the procedures for discounting and rediscounting are complex and time
consuming.
This market was highly misused in the early 1990s by banks and finance companies which
refinanced it at times when it could to be refinanced. This led to channeling of money into
undesirable uses.
The development of bills discounting as a financial service depends upon the
existence of a full fledged bill market. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has constantly
endeavored to develop the commercial bills market. Several committees set up to examine the
system of bank financing, and the money market had strongly recommended a gradual shift
to bills finance and phase out of the cash credit system. The most notable of these were: (1)
Dehejia Committee, 1969, (2) Tandon Committee, 1974, (3) Chore Committee, 1980 and (4)
Vaghul Committee, 1985.This section briefly outlines the efforts made by the RBI in the
direction of the development of a full fledged bill market.
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CONCLUSION
In recent years, the money market is undergoing structural changes
in India. Many steps have been taken to transform the restricted and
narrow market to an active and broad market. There have been a
process of integration of the unorganised with the organised sector.
The RBI has taken initiatives to expand the reach of commercial
banks to rural areas. Setting up of the DFHI has led to widening of
call money market. Recently, Schemes for the development of
secondary market in commercial paper and for trading in CDs and
PCs have been initiated by the RBI. All attempts are being taken to
promote the bill culture and development of Money Market Mutual
Funds (MMMF). Various Credit rating agencies are been set up in the
last decade. RBI set up the Securities Trading Corporation of India
Ltd. (STCI) in 1994 to provide a secondary market in government
securities.
In view of these recent developments, the money market in India can
no longer be called an underdeveloped one.
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Developments/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_market_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_market_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_market_in_Indiahttp://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/money-markethttp://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/money-markethttp://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/money-markethttp://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/bs_viewmmo.aspxhttp://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/bs_viewmmo.aspxhttp://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/bs_viewmmo.aspxhttp://lurnq.com/lesson/Money-Market/section/Conclusion-Along-With-Recent-Developments/http://lurnq.com/lesson/Money-Market/section/Conclusion-Along-With-Recent-Developments/http://lurnq.com/lesson/Money-Market/section/Conclusion-Along-With-Recent-Developments/http://lurnq.com/lesson/Money-Market/section/Conclusion-Along-With-Recent-Developments/http://lurnq.com/lesson/Money-Market/section/Conclusion-Along-With-Recent-Developments/http://lurnq.com/lesson/Money-Market/section/Conclusion-Along-With-Recent-Developments/http://lurnq.com/lesson/Money-Market/section/Conclusion-Along-With-Recent-Developments/http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/bs_viewmmo.aspxhttp://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/money-markethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_market_in_India