TERM PAPER

TOPIC – Importance of reactive power in determining

the cost of power system in future extension

COURSE – ELE 519

Submitted To: - Submitted By:-

Miss Navita Name – Shubham Sachan

Reg. No. 11104846

Roll No. 02

Importance of reactive power in determining the

cost of power system in future extension

Authors Name: - Shubham Sachan

School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Lovely Professional University

Jalandhar, India

Abstract:

In this term paper it is defined that how the

reactive power is important as like real

power and how it affect the cost as if the

reactive power is more than our machine

will consume more power, as according to

Indian government policy if power factor is

less than 0.9 then there is penalty so to cope

up with this we need to use some

compensator. Here in this paper across

wind turbine real and reactive power is

measure.

Keyword: 3-phase load, transformer, wind

generator.

Introduction:

We in practice always reactive power to

improve the efficiency of the system .These

are acceptable to reduce to a certain extent.

If the system purely resistive or capacitive

make it a problem caused in the electrical

system AC system or consume two kinds of

power: Real power and reactive power. The

real power is valuable work, while the

reactive power support the voltage should

be checked for reliability. Reactive power

has a profound impact on the security of

energy systems, since it concerns voltages

throughout the system.

Find important discussion about what is the

importance of reactive power and how it is

useful to maintain the healthy system

voltage upright.

The rated reactive power requirements and

below the maximum limit reactive power

generation from the generators. Therefore,

the reduction in active power has to be

calculated by the field limit equation. From

field current limit equations,

𝑃𝑡 = (│𝐸𝑡│ │𝐸𝑞│/𝑋 ) sin 𝛿

Problem because of Reactive Power

Though reactive power is needed to run

many electrical devices, it can cause

harmful effects on appliances and other

motorized loads, as well as electrical

infrastructure. Since the current flowing

through electrical system is higher than that

necessary to do the required work, excess

power dissipates in the form of heat as the

reactive current flows through resistive

components like wires, switches and

transformers. Keep in mind that whenever

energy is expended, you pay. It makes no

difference whether the energy is expended

in the form of heat or useful work. We can

determine how much reactive power

electrical devices use by measuring their

power factor, the ratio between real power

and true power. A power factor of 1 (i.e.

100%) ideally means that all electrical

power is applied towards real work. Homes

typically have overall power factors in the

range of 70% to 85%, depending upon

which appliances may be running. Newer

homes with the latest in energy efficient

appliances can have an overall power factor

of 90%. Electric companies correct for

power factor around industrial complexes,

or they will request the offending customer

to do so, or they will charge for reactive

power. Electric companies are not worried

about residential service because the impact

on their distribution grid is not as severe as

in heavily industrialized areas. However, it

is true that power factor correction assists

the electric company by reducing demand

for electricity, thereby allowing them to

satisfy service needs elsewhere. Power

factor correction will not raise your electric

bill or do harm to your electrical devices.

The technology has been successfully

applied throughout industry for years.

When sized properly, power factor

correction will enhance the electrical

efficiency and longevity of inductive loads.

Power factor correction can have adverse

side effects (e.g. harmonics) on sensitive

industrialized equipment if not handled by

knowledgeable, experienced professionals.

Power factor correction on residential

dwellings is limited to the capacity of the

electrical panel (200 amp max) and does not

over compensate household inductive

loads. By increasing the efficiency of

electrical systems, energy demand and its

environmental impact is lessened.

The cost of Reactive power in Power

system

Determining reactive power pricing

structures in an open-access environment. It

is believed that reactive pricing and

management under open-access will

depend upon.

Two important developments:

1) The functional unbundling of facilities

that support the reactive power and voltage

control service, and

2) Grid rules to facilitate the coordination

Between generation and transmission

system for system operation.

In general, electric services can be

classified as: a) control area services, b)

transmission services, and c) power

services.

Simulation for measuring real and

reactive power

Fig: Simulink diagram

Fig: Simulink Output In this wind turbine simulation I obtain real

and reactive power which is shown in

display screen where real power is in

positive and reactive power obtained is

negative.

Negative real power simply means that

power is flowing in the direction

opposite from convention. For a generator,

it would mean that power is

flowing from the grid/bus into the generator

to keep it spinning. This

happens when the engine/turbine is not

generating enough power to

overcome friction/windage losses and the

electrical bus has to supply

power into the generator to keep it spinning.

(it does NOT mean the

generator shaft has reversed its direction of

rotation)

Similarly, negative reactive power means

reactive power is flowing in

the direction opposite from convention.

Normally a generator supplies

reactive power to a bus to 'feed' the reactive

loads on the bus.

Convention is that inductive loads consume

'positive reactive power' and

capacitive loads are said to supply 'positive

reactive power'. You

could also argue that capacitive loads

supply 'negative' reactive power

which cancels out the 'positive' reactive

power of inductive loads.

Conclusion:

Voltage control is important in order to

reduce transmission losses and the system's

ability to resist and avoid voltage collapse.

Decrease in reactive power causes voltage

drop while the pressure to rise increasing

thereby.

The economic benefits for end-users reduce

energy costs, lower cable, transformer

losses and improvement are the state of

tension, while Extension courses system

capacity by improving the management of

reactive power.

In conclusion we can say is the reactive

power important to provide a real

achievement, without transformers,

induction motor is not in the absence of

field magnet, which is driven by the

reactive power to function.

Reference:

1). Reactive power support services in

electricity markets. Power System

Engineering Research Centre (PSERC)

Publication 2001

2). T. J. Miller. Reactive power control in

electric systems. New Jersey (USA): Wiley;

1982.

3). Reactive power support services in

electricity markets. Power System

Engineering Research Center (PSERC)

publication 2001.

4). M. L. Baughman, S. N. Siddiqi. Real-

time pricing of reactive power: theory and

case study results. IEEE Trans

Power Syst 1991;6(1):23–9.

5). K. Ro, “Calculation of reactive power

charges under competition of electric power

industries”, Springer, Electrical

Engineering, 2003, 85, pp. 169-175.