important biological molecules biology 1114. important inorganic compounds water acids, bases, salts
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Important Biological Important Biological MoleculesMolecules
Biology 1114
Important Inorganic CompoundsImportant Inorganic Compounds
Water
Acids, Bases, Salts
Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds
• Small• Ionic Bonds• Water• Acids• Bases• Salts
WaterWater• Most Abundant Substance
in Cells
• 98% Body Mass
• Polar Molecule
• Solvent
• Reactant / Decomposition Reactions
• Cohesive Properties
• Expands upon Freezing
• Acts as Acid/Base
• Temperature Buffer
• Thermal Conductance
Water occurs in three states. Ice is less dense than liquid water and therefore ice floats.
Acids, Bases, SaltsAcids, Bases, Salts
• Acids Dissociate into H+1 and anions
HCl H+1 + Cl-1
• Bases dissociate into OH-1 and cations
NaOH OH-1 + Na+1
• Salts dissociate into anions and cations neither of which is H+1 or OH-1
NaCl Na+1 + Cl-1
pH = -log[H+1]
To clean a toilet: Pour a can of Cola into the toilet bowl. Let the "real thing" sit for one hour, then flush clean. The citric acid in Coke removes stains from vitreous china.
To remove rust spots from chrome car bumpers: Rub the bumper with a crumpled-up piece of Reynolds Wrap aluminum foil dipped in Cola.
To clean corrosion from car battery terminals: Pour a can of Cola over the terminals to bubble away the corrosion.
To loosen a rusted bolt: Applying a cloth soaked in Cola to the rusted bolt for several minutes.
pH BufferpH Buffer
• Stabilizes the pH inside a cell
• Can be either an Acid or a Base
This figure shows the major organs that help control the blood concentrations of CO2
and HCO-3, and thus help control the pH of the blood.
Removing CO2 from the blood helps increase the pH.
Removing HCO-3 from the blood helps lower the pH.
Important Organic CompoundsImportant Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds
• Contain Carbon and Hydrogen• Carbon has Four Bonding Sites• Covalently Bonded• Large Molecules
Functional
Groups
Living Cells Synthesize ByLiving Cells Synthesize By
• Functional Group Transfer
• Electron Transfer
• Rearrangement
• Condensation
• Cleavage
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
1. Synthesis of Amino Acids and Fats2. Function as Food Reserves3. Fuel Cell Activities
Monosaccharide
Formation of SucroseDisaccharide
In this molecule, sugar monomers (e.g. glucose; red hexagons) are fastened together with covalent bonds (black lines) to form a larger molecule called a Polysaccharide.
Sample CarbohydratesSample Carbohydrates
1. Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
2. CH2O
3. Sugars
4. Starches
5. Cellulose
IsomersIsomers
Glucose C6H12O6
Fructose C6H12O6
Isomers are two or more molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures and properties.
UsesUses
• Short Term Energy Storage• Intermediate Energy Storage• Composing Cellular
Components
LipidsLipids
1. Long Term Energy Storage
2. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
3. Lack 1:2:1 Ratio
4. Nonpolar
Simple LipidsSimple Lipids
Fats and Glycerides Containing an Alcohol Called Glycerol and a Fatty Acid.
Monoglyceride = 1 Molecule Glycerol + 1 Molecule Fatty Acid
Diglyceride? Triglyceride?
Phospholipid
These Molecules Twist so that the Polar End Turns Toward Water and the Nonpolar End Turns Away from Water
Linda Hamilton
Terminator I
Linda Hamilton
Terminator II
Cholesterol
and
Artherioschlerosis
1 is Lumen Opening
2 is Plaque (Fat)
3 is Artery Wall
Saturated has all single bonds between adjacent carbons. These are hard to break.
Unsaturated has double or even triple bonds between some of the adjacent carbon atoms. These are relatively easy to break.
UsesUses
• Building Blocks of Cell Membranes• Information Transfer Through Hormones• Energy Storage Units
ProteinsProteins1. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen (Sulfur)2. Accounts for 50% Dry Weight of Living Organisms3. Functions Include
a. Structureb. Transportc. Regulatoryd. Catalysise. Locomotion
Amino Acid with Alpha CarbonAmino Acid with Alpha Carbon
Denaturation occurs when the normal bonding patterns are disturbed causing the shape of the protein to change. This can be caused by changes in temperature, pH, or salt concentration. For example, acid causes milk to curdle and heat (cooking) causes egg whites to coagulate because the proteins within them denature.
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
1. Energy Currency
2. Information Transfer
3. Built From Smaller Building Blocks Called Nucleotides
Nucleotide is made of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.
Nucleotides Nucleotides
• Form Genes
• Genes Determine Hereditary Traits
• Purine or Pyrimidine
Pentose Sugar (Deoxyribose or Ribose) Phosphates (1 to 3)
Nucleotides Nucleotides
• Depending on the Number of Phosphates and the Identity of the Base Nucleotides are Abbreviated.
ATP = Adenine Triphosphate
CDP = ?
GMP= ?
Nucleotides Nucleotides
• Purines1. Double Ring Structure2. Adenine and Guanine
• Pyrimidine1. Single Ring Structure2. Thymine, Uracil, and Cytosine
Nucleoside Base Distribution in DNA
Organism
Base Composition (mole %) Base Ratios
Ratio (A+T)/(G+C)
A G T C A/T G/C
Human 30.9 19.9 29.4 19.8 1.05 1.00 1.52
Chicken 28.8 20.5 29.2 21.5 1.02 0.95 1.38
Yeast 31.3 18.7 32.9 17.1 0.95 1.09 1.79
Clostridiumperfringens 36.9 14.0 36.3 12.8 1.01 1.09 2.70
Sarcinalutea
13.4 37.1 12.4 37.1 1.08 1.00 0.35
DifferencesDifferences
• DNA
1. Double Stranded
2. Deoxyribose
3. A-T and G-C
• RNA
1. Single Stranded
2. Ribose
3. A-U and G-C
Types of RNATypes of RNA
• Messenger RNA– Directs the incorporation of amino acids into proteins.
• Ribosomal RNA– Type of RNA molecule that forms ribosomes
• Transfer RNA– Type of RNA that brings amino acids to the ribosomal
site where they are incorporated into proteins.
ReviewReview
Remember we also need minerals and vitamins for good health.