improvements in tire productivity and performance with performance silicas

5/24/2018 Improvements in tire productivity and performance with performance silicas. ...

http:///reader/full/improvements-in-tire-productivity-and-performance-with-perfor

Improvements in tire productivity and performance with

performance silicas.

Motor gasoline consumption will be associated partly to overcoming the particular rolling resistanceRolling resistance, sometimes called rolling friction as well as rolling drag, will always be theresistance occurring when an object such like a ball or perhaps tire rolls. The idea is caused throughthe deformation with the wheel as well as tire or the deformation of the ground. associated alongwith tires. Overcoming rolling resistance can consume as a lot as one-third of a vehicle's obtainablepower, meaning tires by yourself tend to be responsible for 20 30% of the vehicle's fuel consumption(refs. 1 and 2). This particular consumption arrives having an environmental cost. This createsgreenhouse gases (GHG GHG Greenhouse Gas

GHG Governor's Horse Guard (various locations) ) associated in order to global warming global

warming, the gradual improve in the temperature associated with our planet's lower atmosphere asbecoming a consequence of the actual increase in greenhouse gases since the particular IndustrialRevolution. and will become the largest single way to obtain man-made fractional co2 carbondioxide, chemical compound, CO2, any colorless, odorless, tasteless gas which is concerning one aswell as one-half times as dense as air below ordinary circumstances involving temperature alongwith pressure. emissions, which in turn represent regarding 60% involving human-caused GHG(ref. 3). Because significantly as 25% in the pollution generated with a vehicle is actually expendedfor you to overcome the particular rolling resistance with the vehicle's tires (ref. 4). According toaccording to

prep.

1. As stated or perhaps indicated by; around the authority of: according to historians.

2. Within trying to keep with: according to instructions.

3.

the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, vehicles together with higher gasoline efficiencydecrease climate change pollution (ref. 5). Growing fuel efficiency along with reducing the related

GHG may be the purpose of several current national as well as international legislative actions(figures one and also 2) (ref. 6). The Actual performance associated with tires furthermore includes aimmediate impact on safety. Adverse weather is your reason approximately 25% regarding vehicularaccidents each year (ref. 7), and nearly 80% regarding weather-related accidents occur about wetpavement (ref. 8).

The benefits of making use of amorphous precipitated silica within mixture together with silanesilane

or silicon hydride

Any of your group of inorganic compounds regarding silicon along with hydrogen along withcovalent bonds and in addition the general chemical method SinH(2n + 2).



coupling agents within passenger tread compounds containing SBR SBR - Spectral BandReplication and BR polymers were reported as early as 1976 (ref. 9). Switching the vast majoritywith the reinforcing filler throughout passenger tire treads to be able to precipitated silica, incombination together with proper silane as well as polymers, has been proven in order to produceapproximately any 30% reduction within rolling resistance. This kind of reduction within rollingresistance translates in to a 6% rise in gas efficiency, which, if applied to the U.S. passenger tiremarket, could bring about an annual reduction involving approximately eight billion gallonsinvolving gas along with up to 45 million tons involving carbon dioxide emissions (refs. 1, 2, 10-14).

Additionally to always be able to improving gasoline economy and also decreasing environmentalemissions, utilizing silica inside the tire tread significantly improves responsive handling andsteering capability in the variety involving adverse conditions such as winter storms as well as rain.Specifically, silica-containing tire treads have been demonstrated to offer as a lot as a new 15%increase in wet adhesion, or even grip, that is crucial pertaining to driver charge of braking,cornering and handling inside adverse weather conditions (ref. 13). Silica-containing tire treadshave got also been shown to boost traction in icy roads (ref. 14).

Since the actual early 1990s, there has been a significant increase within the use involvingamorphous precipitated silicas in passenger treads, inside combination together with suitablesilanes and polymers, thanks towards the improvement within the rolling resistance, traction alongwith treadwear ("magic") triangle. over this period involving time regarding time, a class regardingamorphous precipitated silicas ended up being developed, referred for you to as very dispersiblesilicas (HDS (Hitachi Information Systems, Santa Clara, CA, www.hds.com) Any leading provider ofhigh-end storage hardware, software program as well as services. Component in the Info Techniques& Telecommunications Division of Hitachi Ltd. ). This class is typically classified as silicas that willbreak right down to the finer particle size Particle size, in addition referred in order to as grain size,refers towards the diameter of individual grains associated with sediment, or the lithified particles inclastic rocks. The Particular term might also be applied with other granular materials. under a

provided shear condition. By Means Of this improved dispersion, HDS goods enabled improvedrubber compound performance (ref. 15).

However, continuously rising fuel costs, the particular wide selection of national as well asinternational legislation and also increased public focus possess produced further performancedemands in the automotive sector The Particular automotive business may become the industryinvolved inside the design, development, manufacture, marketing, along with sale associated withmotor vehicles. Throughout 2006, more than 69 million motor vehicles, including cars along withcommercial vehicles had been produced worldwide. for passenger and truck tires. These kinds ofdemands need further expansion involving the particular moment triangle beyond the benefits

supplied by the present conventional HDS/in-situ silane system (refs. 16-19). The idea has beenrecently reported that will a fresh technology, Agilon Performance Silica, produced through PPGIndustries PPG Industries (NYSE: PPG) had been founded in 1883 because the Pittsburgh PlateGlass Company.

PPG is definitely an American company associated with glass along with chemical products, such asautomotive safety glass.

, created utilisation involving the proper mixture of a core precipitated silica particle having asignificant organic surface, constructed involving coupling as well as non-coupling agents, to enable

the right growth as well as development of filler-filler and also polymer-filler interaction insidehydrocarbon polymer based compounds in order to enable this further expansion of the uniquemoment triangle. These kinds of performance benefits were achieved whilst additionally eliminatingthe manufacturing challenges presented by the existing conventional HDS/in-situ silane inclusion



technology (ref. 20).

[FIGURE one OMITTED]

[FIGURE two OMITTED]

Agilon 400G performance silica is truly a certain filler commercialized via this new technologiesplatform containing a particular mixture of mercaptoorganometallic and non-coupling agents. The

Actual previously reported outcomes indicated that the improved coupling efficiency/polymer-fillerinteraction demonstrated by the mercaptoorganometallic plus the improve inside the organophilicnature with the A-400G silica provided the appropriate mixture of covalent covalent

adj.

Of or perhaps relating to some chemical bond seen as a 1 or even more pairs associated with sharedelectrons. linkages, also as physical interaction with the non-polar or perhaps lower polarhydrocarbon polymers to offer improved abrasion resistance. the combination of agents utilized toproduce this certain filler had been in addition effective in lessening bonds that affect lower strains(i.e., filler-filler interactions) while keeping the opportunity to develop bonds in which affect higherstrains (i.e., polymer-filler interactions). This particular combination of interactions provides asuitable hysteretic hysteresis

n. pl. hystereses

The lagging of a result powering its cause, as when the alternation in magnetism of the physiquelags behind changes within the magnetic field. response which leads to predictions better tractionand lower rolling resistance performance.

However, within applying this new performance filler, suitable adjustments within loading as well ascure bundle are generally required. This specific article reviews upon adjustments in which takeunder consideration your alteration of skeletal density, your significant lower inside the polarity (1)The Actual direction involving charged particles, which may decide the particular binary status of

your bit.

(2) in micrographics, the change in the mild for you to dark relationship of an image when replicatesare usually made.

of your filler surface, in addition compensating for that significant reduction within sulfur asgetting a results of will simply no longer requiring the actual silane utilized within the currentconventional system. The Particular advantageous effect about sulfidic crosslink types can bereported. This article in addition touches on the significant boost in productivity supplied by Agilon400G performance silica.

Experimental

The Agilon 400G performance silica discussed on this article were built using a typical CTAB surfacearea associated with 130 [m.sup.2]/g, a carbon content material involving 4.0 wt. % and a mercaptan

mercaptan (m?rk?p`t?n) or thiol (th?`?l), virtually any of the class of organic compoundscontaining the group -SH bonded into a carbon atom. content regarding 0.5 wt. %. This kind ofpatented product was produced by PPG PPG Factors For Each Game (basketball player statistic)



PPG power Play goals (hockey)

PPG Planning Policy Guidance (UK)

PPG Programmable Pulse Generator

PPG Energy Puff Girls using the subsequent process: An aqueous answer involving soluble metalsilicate silicate, chemical compound containing silicon, oxygen, then one or even a lot more metals,e.g., aluminum, barium, beryllium, calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium, sodium, oreven zirconium. Silicates might be considered chemically as salts associated with the different silicicacids. was mixed using acid to become able to form a slurry regarding silica particles. TheParticular surfaces of these particles were treated throughout manufacturing with a combination ofmercaptoorganometallic and one or even a lot more non-coupling agents consisting involving anionicanion

n.

A negatively charged ion, particularly the ion that migrates for an anode within electrolysis.

[From Greek, neuter existing participle involving anienai, to increase : ana-, ana- , nonionic and/oramphoteric amphoteric /amphoteric/ (am?fo-terik) having opposite characters; able toacting as both an acid along along with a base; able to neutralizing either bases or acids.

amphoteric

adj. surfactant Surfactant Definition

Surfactant is actually a complex obviously occurring substance created involving 6 lipids (fats) andfour proteins that is produced inside the lungs. It could be also manufactured synthetically.

(s) and/or a new combination of non-sulfur organometallicorganometallic /organometallic/ (-me-talik) consisting of a metal mixed with an organicradical, employed specifically for any compound by which the actual metal can be linked right to acarbon atom. (s). This particular produced a new slurry associated with surface treated silicaparticles which has been filtered, washed, dried and granulated granulate

v. granulated, granulating, granulates

v.tr.

1. In Order To form into grains or granules.

2. to help make rough as well as grainy.

v.intr.

using conventional techniques (refs. 21-26).

The typical conventional very dispersible silica (HDS) discussed here has been represented simplyby commercial items having CTAB surface places in the range of 150-160 [m.sup.2]/g. Insideparticular, comparisons were produced for you to Hi-Sil HDP-320G silica that can always be a



principal HDS item used in North American North American

named after North America.

North American blastomycosis

see North American blastomycosis.

North American cattle tick

see boophilusannulatus.

tire manufacturing.

The CTAB (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide bromide, any of your group associated withcompounds that will contain bromine plus a a lot more electropositive element or perhaps radical.Bromides are usually formed by the reaction of bromine or a bromide with yet another substance;they are widely distributed inside nature. ) certain area has been determined following ASTM ASTM

abbr.

American Society regarding testing along with Supplies D6845-02. The Actual carbon contentmaterial ended up being established according to the modification with the classical Pregal andDumas method The Particular Dumas approach inside analytical chemistry is actually a method for

your quantitative determination associated with nitrogen inside chemical substances based on a newmethod first described by Jean-Baptiste Dumas more than the century along along with a half ago. .The Particular mercaptan content had been decided utilizing a back-titration technique which

usually employed any mixture of excess 0.1N iodine solution along with standardized 0.05N sodiumthiosulfate sodium thiosulfate, Na2S2O3, colorless crystalline compound which is much morefamiliar since the pentahydrate, Na2S2O35H2 . Screening details were previously reported (ref.20).

Rubber compound evaluations

The model passenger tread formulations discussed within this article adopted the typical formulationproven within table 1. a 1.89 liter (L) Farrel B Banbury mixer (Model BR) along using a Farrel12inch two-roll rubber mill were used for mixing your components concerned inside the filler

loading and cure package deal study subsequent ASTM D3182-89. the A-400G silica had been mixedusing 1 non-productive pass adopted with a mill finish upon a couple roll mill utilizing materials andalso procedure previously reported (ref. 20). Regarding the actual filler loading study, the totalamount involving A400G silica had been extra from 80.0, 82.5, 85.0, 87.5 or even 90.0 phr.Outcomes through this research had been used to generate figure 3. 2 cure packages had beenuseful for just about all five loadings for you to supply a total regarding ten compounds. These kindsof cure packages made use of 2 with the typical accelerators used within the conventional HDS/ in-situ silane passenger tread kind formulations that are demonstrated throughout figure 4. 1 curebundle consisted associated with 1.4 phr regarding RM sulfur, 1.7 phr associated with n-cyclohexy--2-benzothiazolesulfenamide (CBS (Cell Broadcast Service) Notice cell broadcast. ) and also 2.0 phr

regarding diphenylguanidine (DPG DPG

diphosphoglycerate. ). Another cure package consisted involving 2.0 phr regarding RM sulfur, 3.0phr regarding CBS as well as 0.5 phr involving DPG. A New modified orthogonal central composite



style Within statistics, a new central composite design is surely an experimental design, helpfulresponding surface methodology, with regard to creating a 2nd order (quadratic) model for yourreaction variable without the particular want for to use a complete three-level factorial experiment.

was utilized to check out your impact associated with solution package (i.e., various combinationsof RM sulfur, CBS and also DPG). Regarding the cure package deal study, the A-400G silica hadbeen held in a continuous total filler loading associated with 86.4 phr. Your particular combinationswith the curatives with regard to every compound tend to be shown in table 2, as well as the stylearea can be shown graphically within figure 5. Representative cure profiles in the MDR MDR,

n Notice multidrug resistance.

MDR,

n your abbreviation regarding minimal day-to-day requirement, specifically the actual minimum Day-to-day Needs with regard to Particular Vitamins and Minerals compiled through the Usa Meals alongwith Drug Administration. 2000 are shown in figures 6-9.

Stress/strain test specimens were cured with regard to [T.sub.90] + 5 minutes. Almost All variousother test specimens had been cured regarding [T.sub.90] + 10 minutes. Compounds were testedusing the strategy and equipment demonstrated inside table 3. Statistical analyses were performedusing JMP JMP Jump

JMP Java Memory Profiler

JMP Joint Manpower Program

JMP Joint Management Plan

JMP Joint marketing Program

JMP JCL Manipulation Program

JMP Joint Mission Planning (US DoD)

JMP Joint Military program statistical analysis software program (ref. 27). The Particularinformation had been fitted into a response surface model using standard least squares. Your modelcontained your following parameters: RM sulfur, CBS, DPG, RM sulfur*RM sulfur, RM sulfur*CBS,

CBS*CBS, RM sulfur*DPG, CBS*DPG and DPG*DPG. Your prediction profiles generated tend to beproven inside figure 10.

[FIGURE 3 OMITTED]

[FIGURE 4 OMITTED]

An adjusted model passenger tread compound based around the respective formulation shownwithin table one using 86.4 phr of A400G silica and a cure package deal consisting regarding 2.0 phrsulfur, 3.2 phr CBS as well as 0.5 phr DPG had been mixed employing a 16 liter pilot plant intensive

mixer equipped with just about all the relatively newer advanced 4-wing N tangentialtangential also tangental

adj.



1. Of, relating to, or moving together or in the direction of your tangent.

2. Merely touching as well as slightly connected.

3. rotor located at Kobelco's processing along with test facility in Hudson, OH. Likewise, theparticular current conventional HDS/in-situ silane inclusion model passenger tread compound basedabout the respective formulation demonstrated throughout table 1 using Hi-Sil HDP-320G silica asthe conventional HDS and Si-69 since the silane, 3,3'-bis(triethoxy-silylpropyl)tetrasulfide (TESPT),had been in addition mixed applying this same mixer/rotor set-up. Goodyear's Solflex 30H41 solutionSBR (vinyl content: 41.5%; styrene styrene

n.

A colorless oily liquid from which polystyrenes, plastics, as well as synthetic rubber are produced.Additionally known as vinylbenzene. content: 30%; oil content material (heavy naphthenic): 37.5phr; Mooney viscosity (ML [1+4]100[degrees]C): 55), and Budene 1207 polybutadiene (previouslydescribed [ref. 20]) had been your polymers used on this adjusted formulation. The extremely firstnon-productive pass (both fillers) and also the second non-productive pass (Hi-Sil HDP-320G silicarelated compound only) had been just about all done using this mixer/rotor combination. TheParticular mill finish referred to within table one ended up being now furthermore completed usingthis identical mixer/rotor combination. The first non-productive pass and also the "mill finish" werecompleted within automatic mode, dropping the actual batch in the designated temperature (therehad been almost simply no time constraint Throughout law, time constraints are put on specificactions and also filings in the curiosity of speedy justice, as well as additionally to become able tostop the evasion in the ends associated with justice by simply waiting until a matter is moot. ). The

Actual second non-productive pass (Hi-Sil HDP-320G silica related compound only) ended up beingmixed inside manual mode therefore the temperature might be managed simply by increasing as

well as decreasing the actual rotor speed as needed as needed prn. Discover prn order. . TheActual mixing was carried out within friction speed (i.e., 1.15:1 ratio between your dual outputshafts which are immediately coupled to the mixer rotors).

[FIGURE 5 OMITTED]

The very first non-productive pass has been began if the mixer thermocouple study 105[degrees]C.Your 2nd non-productive pass ended up being started when the thermocouple study 118[degrees]Cand all mill finishes were began when the thermocouple study 77[degrees]C. The Particular ramstrain in physics, ram strain can end up being a stress exerted in an appearance that is relocating

via the fluid medium. It leads to a solid drag force being exerted on the body.

For example, a new meteor traveling through your Earth's atmosphere generates a shock wavegenerated through the extremely rapid was maintained in one hundred psi with regard to almostall mixes. The Particular circulating water temperature pertaining to just about all non productivepasses had been approximately 60[degrees]C on the mixer sides, rotors as well as the dischargedoor. for the particular mill finish, your circulating h2o temperature was set about 55[degrees]C onthe mixer sides, rotors as well as the discharge door. the sweep ended up being set to take placewith a temperature regarding 22[degrees]C lower than your designated discharge temperature.

The rotor speeds in your program of the first non-productive pass for that A-400G silica relatedcompound has been 40 rpm, as well as for that HiSil HDP-320G silica ended up being 60 rpm. TheParticular rotor speed for your 2nd non-productive pass for your Hi-Sil HDP-320G silica relatedcompound has been 60 rpm, except in which usually the speed has been regulated to be able to keep


http:///reader/full/improvements-in-tire-productivity-and-performance-with-perfo

your temperature from 160 [+ or perhaps -] 3[degrees] C for that final five minutes. The Actual A-400G silica has been dropped from 170[degrees]C as the Hi-Sil HDP-320G silica has been droppedwith 160[degrees]C. The Particular total nonproductive nonproductive

adj.

1. not yielding as well as producing: nonproductive land.

2. Not Really engaged inside the direct production of goods: nonproductive personnel.

n. mix moment for the A-400G silica related compound was 6.6 minutes, and also for your Hi-SilHDP-320G silica related compound had been 10.6 minutes. The Actual mill finish with regard to eachhad been mixed with 25 rpm and also dropped from 110[degrees]C which usually tookapproximately 2.3 minutes.

[FIGURE six OMITTED]

[FIGURE 7 OMITTED]

[FIGURE eight OMITTED]

[FIGURE 9 OMITTED]

[FIGURE 10 OMITTED]

When the average person very first or perhaps 2nd non-productive pass reached its respectivedischarge point (either based on temperature for your initial non-productive pass or even by simply

time for that second non-productive pass), the material ended up being discharged in the mixer upona new trough. Your compound had been then sheeted out on a 250 cm x 250 cm x 500 cm mill. Uponconclusion of the mill finish the material ended up being dropped via any chute resulting in the TSR(Terminate and also Remain Resident) Refers to a course that remains within memory when the userexits it to become able that will it be immediately offered by the press of your hotkey. 125 twinscrew extruder/roller head fitted using twin 18 cm calender CALENDER. An almanac. Julius Caesarordained that the Roman 12 months should consist associated with 365 days, except each and everyfourth year, which usually should contain 366, the further day being reckoned simply Horse FarmsFor Sale Brighton TNby counting the particular twenty-fourth day associated with February (whichwas your 6th with the calends of March) twice. rolls. the sheeted item (whether from your mill or

possibly the TSR) had been air cooled through hanging it directly upon cooling racks along with fansblowing air more than the material. Almost All curing and also testing ended up being completed asdescribed above. Comparative outcomes tend to be tabulated throughout table 4, pictures in themilled final compound are generally demonstrated within figure 11, as well as dynamic propertiestend to be in contrast graphically in figures 12 and 13.

The crosslink densities and also distributions associated with selected compounds were performedaccording towards the method involving Campbell along with Saville (ref. 31). The Particularcrosslink densities had been calculated using the polymer solvent interaction parameters (Chi) withthe 75/25 SBR/PBd within toluene toluene (t?l`y ?n') or methylbenzene (m?th'?lb?n`z?n), C7H8

. The Particular calculations were depending on excess weight of sample, not necessarily excessweight of rubber hydrocarbon. Outcomes were utilised for your graphs proven throughout figures 14and 15.
http://getyourmemphisdreamhome.com/luxury-horse-farms-for-sale/Brighton-TN-Horse-Farms-For-Sale/246/most-recommended-support-and-paramount-reviews.htmlhttp://getyourmemphisdreamhome.com/luxury-horse-farms-for-sale/Brighton-TN-Horse-Farms-For-Sale/246/most-recommended-support-and-paramount-reviews.htmlhttp://getyourmemphisdreamhome.com/luxury-horse-farms-for-sale/Brighton-TN-Horse-Farms-For-Sale/246/most-recommended-support-and-paramount-reviews.htmlhttp://getyourmemphisdreamhome.com/luxury-horse-farms-for-sale/Brighton-TN-Horse-Farms-For-Sale/246/most-recommended-support-and-paramount-reviews.html


http:///reader/full/improvements-in-tire-productivity-and-performance-with-perfo

Results and also Discussion

A combination of solid state [sup.29]Si along with [sup.13]C NMR NMR: see magnetic resonance. showed that will Agilon 400G silica features a core precipitated silica particle using a significantorganic surface (ref. 20). As 1 may well expect, this combination of inorganic and also organicnaturel cuts down upon the skeletal density in contrast in order to conventional HDS products.Figure 3 exhibits your linear relationship between the loading of the A-400G silica and the densitywith the resultant compounds. This particular relationship indicated that an 8-13% rise in A-400Gsilica loading was required to provide exactly the actual same compound density shown by anequivalent compound containing an 80 phr loading of an HDS filler. This specific difference is inseries with just about all the difference demonstrated through the measured skeletal densities withthe respective materials. That must even be noted that helping the sulfur tended in order to withincrease compound density. The Actual ultimate comparison within compound density provides toconsider under consideration your impact regarding both the A-400G silica loading and the impactassociated with sulfur.

[FIGURE 11 OMITTED]

[FIGURE 12 OMITTED]

[FIGURE 13 OMITTED]

It had been previously reported that will mercaptoorganometallic had been the preferred couplingagent in the A-400G silica performance filler due for you to its higher coupling effectiveness (ref.20). Outcomes indicated that the improved coupling efficiency/polymer-filler interactiondemonstrated from the mercaptoorganometallic plus the increase inside the organophilic naturelwith the A-400G silica performance filler provided the correct mix of covalent linkages, as well as

physical interaction with the non-polar or even low polar hydrocarbon polymers to supply improvedabrasion resistance. The Particular combination of mercaptoorganometallic as well as specific non-coupling agent(s) utilized to create A-400G silica was successful in lessening bonds that will affectlower strains (i.e., filler-filler interactions) and keep the chance to develop bonds that affect higherstrains (i.e., polymer-filler interactions). This kind of combination of interactions provides anappropriate hysteretic reaction that will leads to predictions better traction minimizing rollingresistance performance. However, comparing A-400G silica towards the current conventional HDScompound that utilizes the particular in-situ supplement with the typical 3,3'-bis(triethox--silylpropyl)tetrasulfide (TESPT) coupling agent, there exists a have to account for that significantadditional sulfur supplied by TESPT. Pertaining To example, your typical current conventional HDS

compound shown in table one could get around an additional 0.95 phr, a 67.5% increase, regardingsulfur supplied from the in-situ TESPT coupling agent addition.

[FIGURE 14 OMITTED]

Two in the typical accelerators employed inside the conventional HDS/in-situ TESPT coupling agentaddition passenger tread sort formulations are demonstrated inside figure 4. Your n-cyclohexy--2benzothiazylsulfenamide (CBS) belongs towards the family members with the accelerators usingdelayed response and is widely used as a primary accelerator throughout silica-filled rubber. Yourdiphenylguanidine (DPG) belongs to the guanidines family, which is commonly used like a secondary

accelerator in silica-filled rubber. due towards the simple amine amine (?m?n`, ?m`?n): discoverbelow amino group.

amine



Any of your class involving nitrogen-containing organic compounds derived, in both principle or evenin practice, via ammonia (NH3). functionality, a strong adsorption adsorption, adhesion with themolecules involving liquids, gases, and dissolved substances to the surfaces regarding solids, asagainst absorption, in which the particular molecules really go in to the absorbing medium (seeadhesion and also cohesion). or response exists among silica and these accelerators. This specificadsorption could be significantly higher pertaining to DPG, because regarding its stronger basicity,when compared with CBS. This specific may reduce the amount of accelerator readily accessible for

vulcanization vulcanization (v?l'k?n?z?`sh?n), treatment of rubber to give it particular qualities,e.g., strength, elasticity, along with potential for you to deal with solvents, and to render itimpervious in order to moderate heat and cold. reactions. previous reports get discussed howmodifying the silica surface could significantly impact the adsorption of those accelerators. This willget consequences about the vulcanization kinetics as well as as a result most likely any profoundeffect around the properties with the rubber compound (refs. 28-30). Agilon performance fillers suchas A-400G silica, present a significant lower within the polarity or hydrophilicity in the filler surfaceor possibly a significant boost in non-polar or organophilic character. This specific was indicated byboth di-n-butylamine adsorption (DBA) as well as zeta prospective zeta potential

see zeta potential. measurements which were previously reported (ref. 20). Therefore, it would beexpected that the interaction involving Agilon performance fillers with almost all the typicalaccelerators found in silica-filled robber compounds would be significantly different.

[FIGURE 15 OMITTED]

Due for the differences described above, a modified orthogonal central composite style ended upbeing accustomed to check out the impact associated with the various combinations of RM sulfur,CBS along with DPG with A-400G silica. the certain combinations of the curatives for everycompound are summarized in table 2 and shown graphically inside figure 5. The Actual impact of

these changes on the cure profile, viscosity, crosslink density, reinforcement, storage modulus, andpredictions involving gas efficiency along with traction are proven throughout figures 6-10.

The MDR cure profiles throughout figures 6 by means of 8 present the impact of the individualcurative curative /curative/ (kurah-tiv) tending to overcome disease as well as promoterecovery.

curative

adj.

1. Serving or tending to become able to cure.

2. when maintaining another curatives constant. While might be expected, helping the sulfurcontent significantly increased the utmost torque and also reduced both the solution as well asscorch occasion (figure 6). Escalating the actual CBS content material in addition significantlyelevated the most torque and reduced the cure time, but additionally increased the scorch occasion(figure 7). Growing your DPG stood a minor impact on the maximum torque and reduced eachsolution along with scorch occasion (figure 8). Escalating the actual sulfur content material elevatedthe actual marching modulus, although escalating either CBS or DPG reduced the particular

marching modulus.

Figure 9 exhibits your benefit of rebalancing Rebalancing



The process of realigning the weightings associated with one's portfolio regarding assets.

Notes:

For example, if your portfolio's proportion of stock is continuing for you to grow also significant toyour intended assets weightings along with danger tolerance, you may rebalance by simplypromoting a few stock and putting the cure package around the cure profile. Your A-400G silicarelated compound containing the same cure bundle (sulfur = 1.4, CBS = 1.7 and also DPG = 2.0 phr)as typically employed for the conventional HDS/insitu TESPT coupling agent inclusion passengertread type formulation had a shorter scorch time and significantly lower maximum torque comparedto Hi-Sil HDP-320G silica associated compound. However, an adjusted cure package deal where theactual sulfur and CBS were increased as well as the DPG significantly reduced (sulfur = 2.0, CBS =3.2 and also DPG = 0.5 phr) produced an A-400G silica associated compound that showed aheightened scorch some period and maximum torque with an essentially equivalent cure moment incontrast for the Hi-Sil HDP-320G silica associated compound.

The prediction profiles generated via installing any response surface model using regular leastsquares for the data are generally shown in figure 10. This particular figure suggests that growingCBS tended to diminish compound viscosity as determined by the Mooney viscosity off of theMV2000. The idea should be pointed out that will while there was an effect, it was relatively minorin contrast to the significant reduction in viscosity going in the present conventional HDS/in-situsilane inclusion (i.e., Hi-Sil HDP-320G silica) to be able to A-400G silica (table 4). This kind of figureadditionally suggests that sulfur and CBS had the greatest influence on crosslink density, asmeasured simply by elongation. DPG had a relatively minor effect. increasing sulfur, CBS and/orDPG decreased your elongation. Sulfur as well as CBS had the largest impact on reinforcementproperties. DPG were built using a relatively minor effect. Growing sulfur, CBS and/or DPG elevatedthe particular reinforcement amplification index, within this case as measured by the 200%

modulus/50% modulus ratio, indicative of your higher degree of reinforcement. Changes in thesecuratives also had an effect around the Payne impact The Particular Payne effect can be a specificfeature with the stress-strain behaviour regarding rubber, especially rubber compounds containingfillers like carbon black. The idea is known as after the British rubber scientist A. R. Payne, whichcreated extensive studies of the consequence (e.g. Payne 1962). (G' at 0.5% - G' in 16%), that isconsidered being indicative regarding filler-filler interaction. However, it will always be describedthat will the result had been relatively minor in comparison for the significant reduction observed ingoing from the current conventional HDS/in-situ silane inclusion (i.e., Hi-Sil HDP-320G silica) for youto A-400G silica (table 4). While proven inside figure 10, increasing sulfur decreased your filler-fillerinteraction, although CBS seemed to undergo a new maximum point in between 2.0 along with 2.5

phr. This kind of figure shows which increasing sulfur, CBS and/or DPG decreased your tan delta at60[degrees]C. Decreasing the particular brown delta with 60[degrees]C is normally consideredbeing predictive of the lower rolling resistant compound or even a compound that will enable muchbetter gas efficiency. This particular figure indicates that increasing CBS decreased brown delta in0[degrees]C, predicting the decline in traction. 1 strategy to figure out the general impact aroundthe trade-off between traction along with gasoline efficiency will be to look with the major differencebetween the relative predictive properties, i.e., brown delta in 0[degrees]C minus brown delta from60[degrees]C. Maximizing this difference predicts the maximum benefit to be able to each tractionas well as gasoline efficiency. This figure indicates that growing sulfur, CBS and/or DPG increasesthis difference. Sulfur appears to possess the biggest impact, while the impact regarding CBS

seemed to plateau in around 2.5 phr.

An adjusted model passenger tread compound containing A-400G silica has been developed throughthese studies. This adjusted system utilized a new filler loading involving 86.4 phr along along with a



cure package deal containing 2.0 phr associated with sulfur, 3.2 phr regarding CBS as well as 0.5phr of DPG. This particular adjusted system has been in contrast to the current conventional HDS/in-situ silane addition system that utilized the filler loading regarding 80 phr plus a cure packagecontaining 1.4 phr associated with sulfur, 1.7 phr of CBS and also 2.0 phr regarding DPG. Note thesignificant 75% reduction inside DPG usage that is essential since DPG may be reported to offer offtoxic aniline aniline (?n`?l?n), C6H5NH2, colorless, oily, fundamental liquid organic compound;chemically, a new primary aromatic amine whose molecule is actually formed simply by replacingone hydrogen atom of the benzene molecule with an amino under vulcanization conditions. Hi-SilHDP-320G silica, that is really a principal HDS item used in North American tire manufacturing, wasadopted since the conventional HDS. both formulas were mixed utilizing a 16 liter pilot plantintensive mixer equipped using the relatively newer advanced 4-wing N tangential rotor located atKobelco's processing as well as test facility throughout Hudson, OH. Beneficial processing detailsended up being obtained additionally for the results proven in table 4 and also figures 11-13.

The work done with this 16 liter scaleable mixer indicated that for the exact same rotor system youcan boost your amount involving A-400G silica related compound contained in the mixer through1.2% more than your present conventional HDS/in-situ silane addition formula. Your total non-productive mix moment for that A400G silica associated compound had been 40.3% less than theparticular total non-productive mix occasion for your existing conventional HDS/insitu silaneinclusion compound. This mixture resulted inside the A-400G silica related compound showing any69.4% boost in productivity (i.e., rise in lbs./hour produced from the offered mixer) plus a 42.4%reduction inside power usage (i.e., decline in kwh/lb.) compared for the present conventionalHDS/in-situ silane inclusion compound. Although past the scope associated with this article, thisfunction additionally indicated this boost in productivity ended up being much more significant whenin comparison for the intermeshing rotors Intermeshing rotors on a helicopter certainly tend to be aset of a pair of rotors turning throughout opposite directions, together with each rotor mast mountedabout the helicopter having a slight angle for the some other in order that the particular blades

intermesh without having colliding. that are usually typically recommended for that presentconventional HDS/in-situ silane supplement sort compound. Throughout which comparison theparticular Agilon-400G silica associated compound mixed with a 4-wing N tangential rotor showedas a lot as any 32.9% increase within the amount involving compound contained inside the mixer, a48.7% decrease in total non-productive mix time, any 158.8% boost in productivity (i.e., boost inlbs./hour produced from a offered mixer) and a 58.3% reduction in energy utilization (i.e., reductionin kwh/lb.), although in addition showing the actual potential to offer similar improved performancediscussed within this article.

The present conventional HDS/in-situ silane inclusion method utilized a new combination of a couple

of non-productive passes along along with a final productive pass for a total regarding 12.9 minutesregarding mix time. Your A-400G silica associated compound utilized one non-productive pass and afinal productive pass for a total of 8.9 minutes associated with mix time. The Particular respectivecompounds had been sheeted out on a 250 cm x 250 cm x 500 cm mill. the pictures demonstratedwithin figure 11 indicate the particular improved smoothness of the A-400G silica associated sheetafter the final milling.

The information demonstrated in table 4 indicate that the adjusted A-400G silica formula producedany compound using comparable compound density as well as crosslink density (i.e., elongation)towards the present conventional HDS (Hi-Sil HDP-320G silica)/in-situ silane add-on compound

produced on this 16 liter pilot plant intensive mixer study. the data indicate that from comparablecompound density along with crosslink density, the A-400G silica associated compound showedsignificant improvements in the quantity of some other important non-cured and also curedproperties.



The Mooney results further confirmed the actual improved scorch safety and lower viscosity in theA-400G silica compound, while the MDR cure time was significantly shorter. These types ofoutcomes support that the particular mix of mereaptoorganometallic as well as non-coupling agentsused to produce this specific Agilon performance silica successfully shielded the actual mercaptoperform such the scorch period has been prolonged significantly while keeping the particularrelatively faster cure prices and also the higher coupling effectiveness in themercaptoorganometallic. The Actual mix of your MDR and also Mooney data would indicate that the

A-400G silica compound must have extremely great processability along with handling, especiallyduring the extrusion process.

While not particularly shown, the actual Dispergrader outcomes verified the expected substantiallevel of friability/dispersability with the A-400G silica within the particular compound. Stress/strainresults confirmed an increased reinforcement amplification index, as measured by the 300%modulus in order to 5% modulus ratio. Dynamic property outcomes predict that the A-400G silicacompound needs to end up being able to have lower rolling resistance (tan delta @ 60[degrees]C) aswell as higher traction (tan delta @ -30[degrees]C) properties. These kind of outcomes furthermoreindicated the almost 70% reduction in the filler-filler interaction (G' @ 0.5% - G' @ 16%) for the A-400G silica containing compound.

It continues in order to be well established that will pertaining to tire applications, rolling resistancecorresponds to end up being able to deformation with a certain frequency along with temperature,whilst skid or even wet grip will be generated through the resistance from your street surface alongwith movement in the rubber from or close in order to the surface with the tire tread at a differentfrequency as well as temperature. Since particular tire properties involve frequencies which areexcessive to be measured, your time-temperature equivalence principle equivalence principle

Fundamental principle involving physics which inside its weak form states that will gravitational (see

gravitation) and also inertial (see inertia) masses would end up being the same. is utilized totransform the actual actual area circumstances right straight into a laboratory measureable chargeand temperature. Historically, bronze delta continues to be able to be most frequently employed likea relevant dynamic property associated with the fabric pertaining to hysteretic energy-lossprocesses. tan delta from low temperature along with measureable frequencies offers usually beenused to predict traction related performance criteria, whilst bronze delta with higher temperaturealong with measureable frequency provides frequently been utilized to predict rolling resistance(ref. 20).

The tan delta temperature dependencies measured from 1 Hz along with 2% strain over the range

of-45[degrees]C in order to 75[degrees]C with regard to these compounds are further illustratedwithin figure 12. compared to the conventional HDS/in-situ silane containing compound, theparticular brown delta peak for that A-400G silica containing compound is significantly higher in thelower temperatures, which may be predictive better traction properties. Whilst increasing the peakheight at low temperatures can always be a identified approach to improve traction, it is typicallyconnected along with sacrificing rolling resistance (i.e., also contributes to an rise in suntan deltafrom higher temperatures). However, as proven within this figure, the actual A-400G silicacontaining compound ended up being successful in altering the actual compound hysteresishysteresis (h?s't?r?`s?s), phenomenon by which the reaction of your physical system to a externalinfluence depends not only around the existing magnitude of this influence but also on the previous

history of the actual system. temperature dependency. Because demonstrated on this figure, theactual A-400G silica containing compound features a significantly lower bronze delta within thehigher temperature region, predictive of a significantly lower rolling resistance. the higher tan deltafrom lower temperatures and lower bronze delta with higher temperature for that A-400G silica



containing compound are generally constant with some other reports which suggest this may beindicative involving a suitable mix of reduced filler-filler interaction and increased polymer-fillerinteraction (ref. 20).

The reduced filler-filler interaction can be further illustrated inside figure 13. That can be welldocumented in which filler networking impacts compound hysteresis. Dynamic storage modulus (G')is affected by a mixture of polymer-filler along with filler-filler interactions which affects viscoelastic

Adj. 1. viscoelastic - getting viscous as well as elastic properties

natural philosophy, physics - the actual science associated with issue as well as power as well astheir interactions; "his favorite subject was physics" properties. the effect of those networks canbe dependent on deformation and contributes to any non-linear viscoelastic response. Yourdistinction between lower as well as high-strain G' is actually usually referred to be able to as thePayne effect. The Actual G' strain dependencies measured in one Hz as well as 30[degrees]C morethan the array of 0-20% strain are generally further illustrated within figure 13. In Comparison tothe conventional HDS/in-situ silane containing compound, the real difference between reduced aswell as high strain G' for your A-400G silica containing compound is actually significantly lower.Note that the difference inside the G' curves gets for you to be smaller from higher strains. Thesekinds of outcomes indicate the combination of mercaptoorganometallic as well as particular non-coupling agent(s) accustomed to produce this specific A-400G silica were effective in cutting bondsthat will affect lower strains (i.e., filler-filler interactions) while maintaining the capability to developbonds that affect higher strains (i.e., polymer-filler interactions). This kind of mix of interactions hasbeen reported to become attractive providing an appropriate hysteretic reaction that leads topredictions of upper traction reducing rolling resistance performance (ref. 20).

The physical properties regarding sulfur vulcanized vulcanize

tr.v. vulcanized, vulcanizing, vulcanizes

To enhance the particular strength, resiliency, and freedom via stickiness and odor associated with(rubber, with regard to example) through combining together with sulfur or other additives insidethe existence involving heat diene Dienes tend to be hydrocarbons which usually contain twodouble bonds. Dienes are usually intermediate in between alkenes along with polyenes. Classes

Dienes could be divided into 3 classes:

Unconjugated dienes hold the double bonds separated by simply a pair of or a lot more single bonds.

rubbers rely significantly about the degree of crosslinking. However, not only is the generalcrosslink density important, but additionally the distribution of crosslink sorts (i.e., monosulfidic,disulfidic, polysulfidic) could significantly affect the particular performance properties involvingaccelerated sulfur vulcanized rubber India rubber, vulcanized.

- Knight.

See also: Vulcanize

. Chemical probe reagents are already used extensively to discover the distribution of those crosslinksorts (ref. 32). The Particular crosslink density and also distribution regarding crosslink sorts weredetermined upon selected compounds containing both conventional HDS or perhaps A-400G silicathat typically adopted your respective formulas proven within table 1. However, the standard HDS



compounds varied inside silane kind (i.e., bis-triethoxypropylsilyl polysulfide polysulfide

n.

A sulfide compound containing at least two sulfur atoms for each molecule. , bistriethoxypropylsilyldisulfide disulfide

n.

A chemical compound containing two sulfuratoms combined together with some otherelements or even radicals. Additionally calledbisulfide. or blocked mercaptosilane), althougheach forms of compounds varied in the specificcuratives indicated within table 1. A Amount Ofinvolving the outcomes were generally speakingagreement using prior references (ref. 32).Regarding example, the actual total crosslinkdensity had an inverse correlation along withelongation along together with a directcorrelation Noun 1. immediate correlation - the

correlation by which significant values of just one variable are associated along with huge valuesassociated with another as well as small along with small; the actual correlation coefficient is among0 and +1

positive correlation with higher strain ([greater as compared to or even equal to] 20%) modulus aswell as the reinforcement amplification index, while tensile strength tensile strength

Ratio involving the utmost load the material supports without fracture when getting stretched to theoriginal region of the cross section of the material. Any time stresses less than the actual tensilestrength tend to be removed, any material totally as well as partially returns to its

directly correlated with the % associated with polysulfidic linkages. Associated With certain notehas been the actual correlation using dynamic properties. These correlations are generally typifiedthrough the graphs shown inside figure 14. While shown, the actual brown delta @ 60[degrees]C

stood a immediate correlation using the percentage regarding polysulfidic and also monosulfidiclinkages as well as an inverse correlation with the percentage involving disulfidic linkages. Yourcorrelations together with rebound at 100[degrees]C in addition supported your correlation seenpertaining to tan delta @ 60[degrees]C. Further investigation suggests that your correlation arrivesfor the impact about the loss modulus (i.e., comparable correlations had been seen with regard to G"@ 60[degrees]C). That needs to be noted that will simply no correlation was seen for tan delta withlower temperatures (i.e., [less as compared to or add up to ] 0[degrees]C). That should be also notedthat will zero correlation had been seen among dynamic properties along with total crosslinkdensity.

An ANOVA anova

see analysis regarding variance.



ANOVA Analysis regarding variance, notice there analysis has been carried out comparing theconventional HDS containing compounds with various silane coupling agents along with curativeamounts with just about all the A-400G containing compounds using different curative amounts.

Although no statistically significant difference had been seen for your overall crosslink density forthe team associated with conventional HDS containing compounds versus the actual team of A-400Gsilica containing compounds, there get been statistically significant differences for that distributionof crosslink types. Since can be observed in figure 15, A-400G silica containing compounds had astatistically significant higher concentration associated with disulfidic linkages, tended to becomelower within polysulfidic linkage concentration as well as concerning the same inside monosulfidiclinkage concentration. This specific would suggest that A-400G silica containing compounds have apropensity to favor manufacture of your distribution associated with crosslink kinds which favorlower bronze delta @ 60[degrees]C (i.e., improve rolling resistance or gasoline economy).

Summary/conclusion

These studies indicated/confirmed that whenever in contrast for the conventional HDS/in-situ silaneassociated compound, significant method adjustments are needed regarding compounds using fillersproduced from the Agilon performance silica technologies platform, like A-400G silica. These kind ofadjustments need to adopt into consideration your alteration of skeletal density, the actualsignificant lower in the polarity or hydrophilicity with the filler surface, plus the significant reductionwithin sulfur thanks to the lack of TESPT. These types of studies indicated that an eight to be able to13% increase in A-400G silica loading has been required to supply the same compound densitydemonstrated by simply an equivalent compound containing an 80 phr loading associated with anHDS filler. Escalating the particular sulfur increased the particular marching modulus, compounddensity, crosslink density, reinforcement along with storage modulus, along with maximized theparticular advantage to each traction and also fuel efficiency and decreased both cure as well asscorch occasions too since the Payne effect. Growing the particular CBS increased scorch time,

crosslink density, and also reinforcement maximized the actual advantage to each traction alongwith fuel efficiency while decreasing viscosity, cure some moment and marching modulus. Themaximum point with regard to both storage modulus and Payne effect ended up being seen for aCBS loading regarding in between 2.0 as well as 2.5 phr. Growing your DPG elevated crosslinkdensity, reinforcement and storage modulus, maximized the particular benefit to both traction alongwith gasoline efficiency, while decreasing both scorch and also cure time as well as marchingmodulus. Inside nearly all cases, sulfur and also CBS had the biggest impact on properties, whileDPG had only a relatively minor effect. It needs to end up being able to be described that will whilstthere has been clearly an impact in some cases, these effects were relatively minor compared tochanges observed in going in the present conventional HDS/in-situ silane add-on in order to A-400G

silica associated compounds.

An adjusted model passenger tread compound containing A-400G silica utilizing 8% a lot more filler,43% more sulfur, 88% a lot more CBS along with 75% less toxic DPG produced a new cure profilethat has been add up to or a lot much better than the solution profile connected with a typicalcurrent conventional HDS/in-situ silane addition compound. This particular adjusted methodproduced a compound along with comparable compound density also as crosslink density whileshowing significant improvements in scorch safety, viscosity, reinforcement as well as dynamicproperties. These kinds of results indicate the A-400G silica compound must have extremely greatprocessability as well as handling, providing a very smooth sheet which, when cured, will give a

substantial degree of reinforcement along with improved gasoline efficiency along with traction. TheParticular function completed with this particular method employing a 16 liter scaleable mixerindicated in which you might get as significantly as the 32.9% increase inside the quantityassociated with compound contained in the mixer, any 48.7% decline in total non-productive mix



time, a new 158.8% increase in productivity and a 58.3% reduction inside power usage, whileobtaining these improved performance properties.

A correlation ended up being seen involving the sulfidic crosslink sorts and also dynamic properties.These correlations indicated in which shorter sulfidic crosslinks produced beneficial improvementsinside fuel economy predictions. With essentially equivalent general crosslink density, A-400G silicacontaining compounds were built along with a statistically significant higher concentration of thosebeneficial shorter suffidic crosslinks compared in order to the current conventional HDS/ in-situsilane compounds. It ought in order to be noted that this benefit had been seen impartial of the kindregarding silane (i.e., bis-triethoxypropylsilyl polysulfide, bis-triethoxypropylsilyl disulfide, as well asblocked mercaptosilane) utilized for the current conventional HDS/in-situ silane compounds.

Agilon performance silica produced by PPG tends for you to make technique appropriatecombination of a core precipitated silica particle using a significant organic surface composedregarding coupling along with non-coupling agents in order to enable the right development of filler-filler along with polymer-filler interaction inside hydrocarbon polymer based compounds. the resultsin this study further confirm in which formulations which are appropriately adjusted to make use ofthese improvements will address the mandatory further expansion associated with the magictriangle past the rewards supplied through the present conventional HDS/silane system. Thisimproved performance can easily be performed although also removing the particular manufacturingchallenges shown through the current conventional HDS/in-situ silane add-on technology, leading tosignificant productivity improvements.

References

(1.) Tires' along with Passenger Vehicle fuel Economy. Transportation Study Board ParticularStatement 286, National research Council in the National Academies, the National Academies' Press,

Washington, D.C., 2006, .

(2.) Myers, A., Improved Gas Efficiency via Nanocomposite Tire Tread, TDA TDA Texas Departmentof Agriculture

TDA Trade along with Development Agency

TDA Transportation Development Act

TDA Tax Deferred Annuity (commonly called TSA)

TDA Tienda (Spanish: store) Research, Inc., Final Scientific Record #DE2006-875756, U.S. Dept.of Energy, Inventions & Innovation Program, 2005, .

(3.) Beyond Oil as well as Gas': Your Methanol Economy The Actual methanol economy is ahypothetical future economy in which methanol features replaced fossil fuels as getting a method oftransportation associated with energy. Since a new proposal, it offers an alternate to alsonevertheless hypothetical hydrogen economy, ethanol economy, butanol economy, or perhaps

vegetable oil . G.A. Olah, A. Geoppert, G. K. S. Prakash, Copyright [C] 2006, Wiley-VCH Verlag

GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

(4.) Edsall, L., "Michelin intensifies tire R&D efforts," European Rubber Journal, August 1, 2005.



(5.) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Green Vehicle Guide, Exactly why Is Actually GasolineEconomy Important? retrieved 2007-11-12.

(6.) Passenger Vehicle Greenhouse Fuel greenhouse gas

n.

Any of the atmospheric gases which contribute to the greenhouse effect.

greenhouse gas and Gasoline Economy Standards." The Global Update, (Graphs Up For You ToDate April 2010), The Actual International Council upon Clean Transportation (ICCT ICCTInternational Conference in Communication Technology

ICCT International Council on Clean Transportation

ICCT International Conference about Chemical Thermodynamics ), Copyright 2008,.

(7.) where your Weather Meets' the actual Road." A Study Agenda regarding Improving roadWeather Services. Transportation Study Board, National research Council of the National

Academies, Copyright 2004, Your National Academies Press, Washington, D.C.

(8.) Goodwin, L., 2003b. "Weather-related crashes on U.S. highways throughout 2001.".

(9.) Wagner, M.P. "Reinforcing silicas and also silicates. " Rubber Chemistry and technology (1976),

49(3), 703.

(10.) Power information Administration, International energy Outlook 2007, DOE/EIA-0484 (2007)(Washington, DC, may 2007), Chapter 3: Petroleum as well as Additional Liquids Fuels, .

(11.) Greene, D.; DeCicco, J. Engineering-Economic Analyses involving Automotive GasolineEconomy Prospective inside the united States United States, officially United States of Americaassociated with America, republic (2005 est. pop. 295,734,000), 3,539,227 sq mi (9,166,598 sq km),North America. Your united States will be the world's third largest country throughout population

and in addition the fourth largest nation in area. . Annual Review associated with energy as well asthe Environment, Vol. 25: 477535 (volume publication date November 2000).

(12.) Hankook Tyres continues to Improve Awareness Within The Australian Marketplace ....Copyright 2003, , retrieved about2007-11-12.

(13.) Tyres-Online (November 2000), the Benefits regarding Silica within Tyre Design, TheRevolution inside Tyre Technology, , retrieved upon2007-11-12.

(14.) Friedrich, A., "Fuel financial savings possible via lower rollingresistance tires,", retrieved 2007-11-12.



(15.) Okel, T. and also Raman, N., "Expanding the HDS horizon remedies regarding handling,environmental, mixing along with performance challenges. "Presented at the Specialty Silica Summitput on by simply Intertech/Pira, Atlanta, GA, Might 1-3, 2006.

(16.) Klockmann, O., Blume, A. as well as Hasse, A., "Fuel efficient silica tread compounds having anew mercaptosilane--a practical way to enhance its' processing," Paper No. 87, shown at a meetingof the Rubber Division, American Chemical Society, Cleveland, OH, October 16-18 2007.

(17.) Huntink, N., Pierik, B., Lange, P. as well as Datta, R. "A futuristic material regarding improvingtire performance: addressing rolling resistance, durability along with use characteristics, "Paper No.52, shown in a meeting of the Rubber Division, American Chemical Society, Cleveland, OH, October16-18, 2007.

(18.) Hannay, J. as well as Gross, T., "New solution SBR's to satisfy long term performancedemands', " Paper No. 39, introduced in a meeting with the Rubber Division, American ChemicalSociety, Louisville, KY, October 14-16, 2008.

(19.) Thiele, S., Bellgardt, D. and Holzleg, M., "Novel functionalized sSBR regarding silica containingtires," Paper No. 91, introduced with a meeting in the Rubber Division, American Chemical Society,Cleveland, OH, October 16-18, 2007.

(20.) Okel, T., "Chemically modified precipitated silica." Eliminates' production drawbacks' andenhances gasoline efficiency, safety and environmental performance. Paper No. 67, introduced atthe Fall 176th Technical Meeting in the Rubber Division of the American Chemical Society, Inc.,Pittsburgh, PA, October 13-15, 2009.

(21.) Okel, T.A., "Chemically modified fillers and also polymeric polymeric /polymeric/ (pol?i-

merik) exhibiting the characteristics of your polymer.

polymeric

adj.

1. Getting the actual properties of a polymer.

2. compositions containing same," U.S. 6,342,560 (January 29, 2002).

(22.) Bergstrom, D.F., Boswell, L.M., Fisher, MD., Hahn, J.R., Okel, T.A., Reese and also C.C.,"Chemically modified silica fillers, process pertaining to producing, as well as silicone compositionscontaining same, " U.S. 6,384,125 (May 7, 2002).

(23.) Okel, T.A. "Chemically handled fillers and polymeric compositions containing same, " U.S.6,649,684 (November 18, 2003).

(24.) Bayer, J., Coleman, C., Okel, T. and also Raman, N., "Treated filler and also method regardingproducing, " U.S. 7,569,107 B2 (August 4, 2009).

(25.) Okel, T., Hahn, J. and Ondeck, R., "Process for producing chemically modified amorphousprecipitated silica, " U.S. 7,687,107 (March 30, 2010).

(26.) Okel, T., Hahn, J. and also Ondeck, R. "Process for producing chemically modified amorphous



precipitated silica," U.S. 7,704,552 (April 27, 2010).

(27.) JMP Statistical Discovery Software, Model 8.0.1, SAS Institute SAS Institute Inc.,headquartered in Cary, North Carolina, USA, has been a new main producer regarding softwaresince it absolutely was founded throughout 1976 by simply Anthony Barr, James Goodnight, John Sallalong with Jane Helwig. Inc., Cary, NC, USA, 2009.

(28.) Ramier, J., Chazeau, L., Gauthier, C., Guy, L. along with Bouchereau, M N. "Influenceregarding silica and its different surface treatments on the vulcanization process of silica.filled SBR," Rubber Chemistry and also Technologies (2007), 80 (1), 183.

(29.) Mihara, S., "Reactive processing of silica-reinforced tire rubber: new insight to the time- andtemperature-dependence associated with silica rubber interaction. Ph.D thesis, University OrCollege regarding Twente (body, education) School regarding Twente - Any school inside the eastinvolving The Actual Netherlands for technical and also social sciences. That ended up beingfounded within 1961, making it one of the actual youngest universities in The Actual Netherlands. ,Enschede, the Netherlands (2009).

(30.) Byers, J., "Silane coupling agents' pertaining to enhanced silica performance, "Rubber World,Sept., 1998.

(31.) D.S. Campbell as well as B. Saville, "Current ideas and practices inside elucidatingconstruction within sulfur-vulcanized elastomers, Proceedings of the First International RubberConference, Brighton (1967) 1.

(32.) Morrison, N.J. along with Porter, M., "Temperature outcomes about the stability involvingintermediates and also crosslinks within sulfur vulcanization," Rubber Chemistry and technology

(1984), 57(1), 63.

Table 1--model passenger tread compound formulation

Non-productive pass 1 (NP1)

sSBR 103.1

BR 25.0

Conventional HDS 80.0

TESPT 7.0

Sundex 8125 TN 5.0

Sweep ram

Dump: 5" @ 160[degrees]C

Non-productive pass 2 (NP2)

Zinc oxide (720C) 2.5



Stearic acid 1.0

Santoflex 13 2.0

Sunproof improved 1.5

Dump: 11" @ 160[degrees]C

Mill finish

RM sulfur 1.4

CBS 1.7

DPG 2.0

Non-productive pass one (NP1)

sSBR 103.1

BR 25.0

Agilon 400G VAR

Sundex 8125TN 5.0

Sweep ram

Zinc oxide (720C) 2.5

Stearic acid 1.0

Santoflex 13 2.0

Sunproof improved 1.5

Dump: 12.5" @ 170[degrees]C

Mill finish

RM sulfur VAR

CBS VAR

DPG VAR

Table 2--cure packages employed for central composite design

Compound # RM sulfur CBS DPG

phr phr phr



1 1.21 2.00 0.50

2 2.50 2.00 0.10

3 1.50 1.00 1.00

4 3.50 1.00 0.00

5 3.50 1.00 1.00

6 2.50 2.00 0.50

7 2.50 0.71 0.50

8 2.50 2.00 1.14

9 2.50 3.29 0.50

10 2.50 2.00 0.50

11 1.50 1.00 0.00

12 1.50 3.00 1.00

13 3.79 2.00 0.50

14 3.50 3.00 1.00

15 1.50 3.00 0.00

16 3.50 3.00 0.00

Table 3--test strategies and also equipment used

Rubber property Test approach Equipment

Alpha Technologies Mooney

Process ASTM D1646-00 MV2000 viscometer

Cure ASTM D2084-01 Monsanto MDR2000

Stress/strain ASTM D412-98A Instron 4204/440OR

Density (water) ISO 2787-2008 Mettler Toledo XS203S

together with density kit

Rebound ISO 4662 Zwick 5109

Hardness ASTM D2240-02, Zwick digital durometer



durometer A

Dynamic ASTM D5992-96, Rheometrics dynamic

properties parallel plate spectrometer (RDS-II)

geometry

Filler ISO 11345, method B, Optigrade AB DisperGrader

dispersion 100x magnification, 1000 NT+

ref. lib. G (CB/

silica)

Abrasion ASTM D-5963-97A Hampden model APH-40

resistance DIN abrasion tester

Table 4--model passenger tread performance properties

Hi-Sil Agilon

HDP-320G 400G-D

Non-cured

Mooney scorch (130[degrees]C), 29 >30

TS5, minutes

Mooney viscosity (100[degrees]C), 85 68

ML (1+4)

MDR cure period (150[degrees]C), 24 17

TC90, minutes

Cured (150[degrees]C TC90 + 5 or perhaps 10 minutes)

Density, g/ml 1.176 1.180

Elongation, % 387 398

300%/5% modulus ratio 19.9 24.0

Dynamic properties

Strain sweep, 30[degrees]C, 2.105 0.634



1 Hz, G', 0.5-16%, MPa

Temperature sweep,

1 Hz, 2% strain

Brown delta, -30[degrees]C 0.709 1.071

tan delta, 601C 0.118 0.057

COPYRIGHT 2011 Lippincott & Peto, Inc.

No part want to be able to understand , could be reproduced with out the actual express publishedpermission in the copyright holder.

Copyright 2011 Gale, Cengage Learning. Just About All rights reserved.

improvements in tire productivity and performance with performance silicas

Documents