improving agricultural productivity and food security in the arabian peninsula
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IFAD/ICARDA Knowledge Exchange Workshop, 26-29 October 2009
Knowledge and Technology Exchange for
Enhanced Quality of IFAD/ICARDA Operations in the NENA region
Presented byAhmed T Moustafa
Improving Agricultural Productivity and Food Security in the Arabian Peninsula
Arabian Peninsula
Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia
KuwaitKuwait
BahrainBahrainQatarQatar
EmiratesEmirates
OmanOman
YemenYemen
Constrains
• Extreme aridity • Over grazing & degraded
Rangeland• Higher demand for food as a result
of increasing population• Limited renewable water resource
Excessive use of under ground water
lowering of water table& see water
intrusion
salinity
Asia (exclude ME) 3,947.6
ME & NA 1,397.5
Europe 10,685.7
NA 16,557.8
CA & Carrabin 6,653.4
SS Africa 6,956.6 Oceanic 52,673.8
SA 44,816.4
Renewable water resources per capita in different regions (m3/person/year)
Arabian Peninsula Arabian Peninsula Extreme Water ScarcityExtreme Water Scarcity
Project Approach
(i) On-Farm Water Use Management
(ii) Rangelands & Forages
(iii) Protected Agriculture
(i) On-Farm Water Use Management
(ii) Rangelands & Forages
(iii) Protected Agriculture
A Potential SolutionPotential Solution to water and rangeland problems
developing production and rehabilitation systems
Exploit the well adapted genetic variability of indigenous forage speciesindigenous forage species
Identify promising indigenous species for forage production with less water
Plant collection missions (9) in deserts of AP
190 indigenous plant and shrub species collected and identified
23 indigenous plant species prioritized for further research
Dry matter production of six forages (t/ha) under deficit irrigation(4 L/m2 /day)
56% improvement in56% improvement in productivity productivity
Buffel Grass
Buffel as Indigenous forage Tolerates high salinity and water stress conditions
Ten annual harvests
Average annual DM yield of up to 20 t/ha
Water productivity of Buffel Grass (0.8kg/m3) is more then
30% higher than Rhodes Grass (0.6 kg/m3)
Chemical Component Buffel Grass Rhodes Grass
% Dry Mather BasesCrude Protein 9.6 9.4
Natural detergent fiber 70.1 72.9
Acid detergent fiber 38.6 38.8
Acid detergent insoluble N 0.1 0.1
Ash 10.0 9.9
Comparison of chemical composition between Buffel Grass & Rhodes Grass
Cumulative number of Buffel growers in UAE from 2003 to 2009
Irrigated Forages & Rangeland Rehabilitation
• Water harvesting, reseeding and grazing management on rangelands;
• Mechanization of Buffel grass cultivation & harvesting;
• Improve seed quality of promising indigenous plant species;
• Alternate forage (cactus) and feed resources (feed blocks).
• Water use efficiency
• Integrated Production & Protection Management Programs (IPPM)
• GH Structure, Covering Materials, Ventilation & Cooling
Productivity of 1 mProductivity of 1 m33 of water of water Protected Agriculture Vs. Open FieldProtected Agriculture Vs. Open Field
Source: Y.T. Guma, A. Al-Masoum, Acta Hort. 434, ISHS 1996Source: Y.T. Guma, A. Al-Masoum, Acta Hort. 434, ISHS 1996
Total open field production of Tomato in Abu
Dhabi (MEW data for 2005)
111,867 ton
Photo: Peter Essick Photo: Peter Essick
which consumed which consumed 19.619.6 million mmillion m33 of water of water Same production would only consume Same production would only consume
1.3 million m1.3 million m33 of water under of water under Protected Agriculture Protected Agriculture
93% reduce 93% reduce
Technology Package:
Integrated Production & Protection Management (IPPM)
Improved integrated production and protection Management (IPPM) practices
that ensure strong healthy plants with adequate protection from pests and
diseases, using safe control practices with minimal use of chemicals
•IPPM techniques applied in a greenhouse (500 m2) planted with Cucumber•Similar GH with cucumber crop selected as control
A.Kirshi, N. Al Ragihi & A.Al Thoris, 2003, ICARDA-APRP Annual Report 2002-03
Applying IPPM techniques in Dhamar, Yemen1 Aug 2003-1 Dec 2003
Applying IPPM techniques in Dhamar, Yemen1 Aug 2003-1 Dec 2003
Increasing farmers’ incomes by introducing simple cash crop production system in greenhouses
Adoption of protected agriculture in Yemen
resulted in Up to 400% increase in their income.
Production After First Season
Comparing Selected Pilot Growers Cucumber Production in Comparing Selected Pilot Growers Cucumber Production in Open field and under GH (2005) Open field and under GH (2005)
Base on Bench mark study and production records
Introduction of Protected Agriculture into Mountain Introduction of Protected Agriculture into Mountain Terraces in YemenTerraces in Yemen
created additionaladditional income for income for farmersfarmers through the cultivation of cash crops
Introduce new techniques of cultivation and irrigation
Intensified the use of terrace lands
Create additional jobs for the rural population, thereby encouraging farmers to settle in rural areas
Improving Family Incomes and Livelihood in Rural Afghanistan through Promotion of Improving Family Incomes and Livelihood in Rural Afghanistan through Promotion of Sustainable Production Systems for High Value Crops with Less WaterSustainable Production Systems for High Value Crops with Less Water
• Establishment of Establishment of PACPAC in Kabul in Kabul• 1818 Training Courses Training Courses• 7 7 Farmers Field School conductedFarmers Field School conducted• 430430 Farmers, Extension Agents, NGO Farmers, Extension Agents, NGO
trainedtrained• 1616 Afghan Farmer, Extension Agent Afghan Farmer, Extension Agent
trained in a leading farms and advanced trained in a leading farms and advanced research centers in Oman and Egyptresearch centers in Oman and Egypt
• 3535 GHs Established at Farmers sites in GHs Established at Farmers sites in 66 provincesprovinces
• Increasing farmers income up to Increasing farmers income up to 135%135%• Another Another 3030 growers shared growers shared 50% 50% of GH of GH
costs with ICARDA and received GHs as costs with ICARDA and received GHs as well as technical back stoppingwell as technical back stopping
Socio-Economic StudyComparison of profitability of cucumber production
under greenhouse and in open field (1 jerib)
Data source: information obtained on spring production of cucumbers from the grower in Parwan.1. For adequate spacing and ventilation 6 greenhouses could fit on 1 jerib of land. 2. Open field cucumbers are longer and bigger than those being produced in greenhouses due to variety difference; accordingly 6 open
field cucumbers weigh 1 Kg while 8 greenhouse cucumbers weigh 1 Kg.3. Cucumbers are sold per unit not per kilogram; greenhouse cucumber carries a price premium for quality. 4. Assume open field uses 10 times more water than greenhouse cucumber production.
PA as Alternative Livelihood for Poppy Growers
Comparison between the Net Income of one Jerib of Poppy and one GH Comparison between the Net Income of one Jerib of Poppy and one GH (270 m2) of cucumber (one year production)(270 m2) of cucumber (one year production)
Poppy GH (Cucumber)
US$ 500
US$ 710
Based on interview with farmers and socio-economic study
Increased yield per unit of water, space and energy
Comparison of cost of production between soil bed and Hydroponics System in Kuwait
Items Costs (KD)
Soil Beds Hydroponics
Green House 55,397.00 29,734.00
Production Materials 176.00 3900.00
water (Irrigation) 32,610.00 720.00
Growing Media 750.00 2,050.00
Fertilizers 660.00 245.00
Insecticides 346.50 144.00
Manpower 7,200.00 3,000.00
Total 97,139.50 39,793.00
Comparison of Production and Plant Density between soil bed and hydroponics system in Kuwait
Hydroponics Maximizes Production per Unit of Water
BeforeBeforeAfterAfter
Now
Cost, Income and Profits of cucumber in Hydroponics System (Farsi farm, 3 GHs - 5 growing seasons 04-05)
10,067
25,522
15,455
0
10000
20000
30000
Production cost Income Profit
OR
Establish soilless production system at growers sites, UAE
Cucumber Production from Soil and Soilless in Hamranieh RS and Pilot Growers in Ajman and Ras Al Khaimeh
(Feb to May 2009)
Plant/m2Soil HRS
SoillessGrower in RAK
Soilless HRS
Soilless Grower in AJM
Weekly Harvest of Cucumber (kg) from Soil and Soilless (Feb-May 2009)
• Indigenous plant species has higher water productivity and great potential for replacing exotic species;
• Protected Agriculture and its associated techniques increases income of the resource-poor farmers;
• Financial mechanism to support growers for adopting the new technologies is required;
• On the job training for researcher and growers increases the adoption rate of new technologies
• The Agricultural promotional fund, the Credit Banks, and other financial agencies should be encouraged to provide
support to growers who adopted the new technology;• More degree & non-degree training programs should be
planed for researcher in the region; • Growers who successfully adopted the new technology
should be recognized;• Establishment of growers production union/association
should be supported by policy makers.