improving the performance of your windows nt/2000 server gary cline enterprise integration...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Improving the Performance of Your Windows NT/2000 Server Gary Cline Enterprise Integration Corporation 6110 Executive Blvd, Suite 906 Rockville, Maryland](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e385503460f94b281f5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Improving the Performance of Your Windows NT/2000 Server
Gary Cline
Enterprise Integration Corporation
6110 Executive Blvd, Suite 906
Rockville, Maryland 20852
www.eicorp.net
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Objective
To provide an overview of some of the critical factors that impact Windows NT/2000 Server performance, including:– CPU, Memory and PCI Bus Settings– Adapter Card Installation and Configuration– Disk and RAID Settings– Real-time Thread Priority – Processor Affinity– Registry Settings– Sources of Information
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Pentium Processor Block Diagram
L1 Cache
PentiumProcessor
L2 CacheController
CacheSRAM
Back SideCache Bus
Front Side Busto Memory Controller
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Effects of Cache Size on Cache Hit Ratio
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CPU, Memory, & PCI Bus Parameters
• The Pentium processor was the first Intel processor implemented with an L2 cache.
• The Pentium Pro processor incorporated the L2 cache into the processor chip and increased the speed of the L2 to equal the processor's.
• The Pentium II processor also incorporated the L2 cache into the processor chip, but at only half the speed of the processor.
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CPU, Memory, & PCI Bus Parameters
• To offset the slower speed of the Pentium II's L2 cache, Intel increased the size of the L1 cache.
• Today, all state of the art Pentium and Pentium compatible processors have the L2 cache running at the same speed as the processor chip.
• Since the size of the L2 cache cannot be increased without replacing the processor, purchase your servers with the largest L2 cache possible.
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CPU, Memory, & PCI Bus Parameters
• The speed of the system clock which regulates the speed of the system bus is determined by jumpers on the motherboard.
• The speed of the processor and the PCI bus is a multiple of the system bus, determined by jumpers on the motherboard.
• It was once possible to over-clock the processor and the PCI bus speeds, but not any more.
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CPU, Memory, & PCI Bus Parameters
• Intel chipsets (processor, memory controller, PCI bus controller) have over two hundred settings, many of these settings impact system performance. They include:– CPU to PCI Posting– CPU Pre-fetch– CPU Multiple Read Pre-fetch– CPU Line Read Pre-fetch– PCI Bus Master Enable
• These settings are processor, BIOS, and manufacturer dependent.
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CPU, Memory, & PCI Bus Parameters
• There are a large number of utilities for displaying and editing these settings for single processor desktop units, but not for multi-processor SMP servers.
• The manufacturer configure their chipset for maximum stability not maximum performance.
• You should have a copy of the factory chipset settings (basic & advanced) and the utility software for displaying and editing the
settings on your server.
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CPU, Memory, & PCI Bus Parameters
• Changing the value of the advanced settings is not for the faint hearted. You may discover that your system will not boot after changes.
• Sources of CPU, Memory, and PCI bus parameters include:
– www.sysopt.com System Optimization– www.miro.pair.com TweakBios program &
BIOS Companion book
– www.pcguide.com Excellent technical site
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Adapter Card Install & Configuration
• The maximum speed/throughput of a PCI bus is 132 Mb/sec at 33 Mhz and 200 Mb/sec at 50 MHz. Actual speeds are around 20 Mb/sec and 30 Mb/sec
• Manufacturers of high performance SMP servers have introduced multiple PCI busses in a single chassis to improve I/O performance
• The secondary bus tends to be 10% faster than the primary bus. Serial and parallel ports, keyboard are connected via the primary bus and slow it down.
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Adapter Card Install & Configuration
• If you have one network adapter and one SCSI adapter, install the network adapter in the primary bus and the SCSI adapter in the secondary bus.
• Multiple SCSI adapters then their numbers should be balanced across all of the busses.
• If you have multiple network adapters then purchase a multi-port board. Both Adaptec and Aurora Technologies market 4 port Ethernet adapters.
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Intel 440BX Motherboard
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Adapter Card Install & Configuration
• Use only high-performance PCI adapters that support PCI bus mastering and burst mode.
• Never use EISA bus adapters.
• Ensure that you are using the most current device drivers.
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Adapter Card Install & Configuration
• Do not assume that the manufacturer will follow these guidelines.
• Do not install a sound card in a server.
• Do not enable the screen saver with anything other than a static screen. Dynamic screen savers can consume 60-70% of a single cpu.
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Disk and RAID Settings
• Disk operations are measured in milliseconds while CPU and PCI bus operations are measured in nanoseconds or microseconds
• Disk subsystems are important because the physical orientation of the data stored on disk has an influence on overall server performance.
• A detailed understand of how disk subsystems operate is critical for effectively solving many server bottlenecks.
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Disk and RAID Settings
• Your system will have a disk bottleneck
• You will often be told that the system is not I/O bound
• The larger the data pool, the greater the chance the data is not cached and therefore the greater the need for a disk subsystem strategy.
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Components for Random Disk I/O Time
Seek Time57%
SCSI Transfer3%
Rotation (RPM)27%
Other 6%
Transfer to Controller7%
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Disk and RAID Settings
• Do not use EIDE disk drives. EIDE interface does not handle multiple I/O requests very efficiently and the EIDE interface consumes more CPU capacity per I/O than SCSI.
• Obtain the technical specifications as well as software utilities for changing the settings for the disk drives and adapters in your servers.
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Disk and RAID Settings
• Devices with Cache have tuning parameters such as High Water Mark, Low Water Mark, page size, look ahead, etc.
• The value of these parameters affects the quality of cache predictions and data prefetch/retention.
• Many parameters are poorly documented
• Some have nice GUI, others are a mess.
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Disk and Raid Settings
• The National Software Testing Laboratories reports that defraging your disk drives can dramatically improve your server’s performance
• Benchmark tests show improvements greater than 20% running Microsoft Exchange and SQL Server 7.0
• While Windows 2000 is delivered with defragmentation software from Executive Software. It’s the lite version
• The benchmark report can be found on Executive Software’s web page at http://www.execsoft.com/nstl-dk/
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Disk and RAID Settings
• Run disk benchmarks to determine the throughput of your disk subsystem, and compare the numbers you obtained with industry standards.
• As a general rule, do not configure more than three or four disk drives to a single SCSI adapter.
• RAID was created to address the huge gap between computer I/O requirements, single disk drive latency, and throughput.
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RAID Comes in Many Different Sizes
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Disk and RAID Settings
• RAID is a collection of techniques that treat a redundant array of inexpensive disk drives as a single unit with the objective of improving performance and reliability.
• There are five RAID strategies employed by RAID manufacturers, each with their own advantages and disadvantages.
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RAID Levels Defined
• RAID 0 stripes data across all disks, no redundancy or parity.
• RAID 1 mirrors data across multiple disks.
• RAID 2 bit interleaves data across multiple disks with parity
information. This Level is not used in practice.
• RAID 3 and 4 stripe data across multiple drives and write parity to a
dedicated drive.
• RAID Level 5 stripes data and parity information at the block level
across all the drives in the array.
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Raid 0 – Disk Stripping
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Raid 1– Disk Mirroring
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Raid 0 + 1 Disk Stripping and Mirroring
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Raid 4 – Stripping with Parity
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Sample Disk Busy --Single Disk Drives% Disk Busy -- Complex Model
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2 21
Time
hdisk30 hdisk31 hdisk36
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% Disk Busy with Raid 0+1% Disk Busy
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Time
% D
isk
Bus
y
hdisk7 Raid(hdisk40) hdisk55 Raid(hdisk89)
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Disk and RAID Settings
• Many factors effect RAID performance. The most significant factors in order of importance include:– RAID strategy– Number of disk drives– Drive performance– Firmware level– Stripe size– SCSI bus configuration– Write-back.
• In general, adding disk drives is one of the most effective changes that can be made to increase overall server performance.
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Disk and RAID Settings
• Optimum performance of your disk subsystem is highly dependent upon the characteristics of your applications' I/O requirements.
• You may consider employing RAM disk software to eliminate I/O's on your disk subsystem for high usage files.
• An excellent source of information on RAID technology is the RAID Advisory Board. Their web page can be found at www.raid-advisory.com.
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NT Scheduler & Thread Priority
• Windows NT implements a priority-driven, preemptive scheduling system.
• When a thread is selected to run, it runs for an amount of time called a Quantum.
• Typically the default Quantum on a multiprocessor Pentium server is 180 msec.
• Normally, each time a thread completes it's time slice, the value of it's Quantum is decremented by one and continues until it reaches zero where it is then reset to it's specified value.
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NT Scheduler & Thread Priority
• This can result in an uneven allocation of CPU resources for similar transactions in the same application.
• An NT process can be designated as “real-time,” where the threads associated with that process do not have the value of their Quantum decremented
• Care must be exercised because you can deny CPU resources to the non real-time processes on your server.
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Processor Affinity
• In a multiprocessor environment a thread will typically execute on any available processor. For a cpu intensive thread this may not be the most efficient means of execution.
• Each processor has its' own L1 and L2 cache. Should a thread execute on a processor other than the last, then most likely the cache for this thread will have to be refreshed.
• Windows NT provides the facilities for limiting the processors on which a thread is allowed to run. This is called processor affinity.
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Processor Affinity
• It should only be employed on cpu intensive threads, such as a DBMS.
• It can also be used to segregate the execution of two applications sharing the same server.
• Processor affinity can have a negative effect of increasing system overhead. You should experiment with it before using it in a production environment.
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Registry Settings
• There are several registry settings that can dramatically impact your servers performance
• A high cache hit ratio is vital to the performance of your NT server. There is an L2 cache setting in the Win NT registry
• To manually edit the registry,modify HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINES\System\CurrentControl Set\Control\SessionManager\MemoryManagement and change the SecondLevelDataCache key to the size of your second level cache.
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Registry Settings
• IoPageLockLimit determines the number of pages NT will read or write to the hard disk at one time
• If you system performs a significant number of physical I/O’s then raising this limit may improve the throughput of your disk subsystem.
• To manually edit the registry, modify HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINES\System\CurrentControl Set\Control\Session Manager\Memory Management and change the IoPageLockLimit.
• The default is zero.
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Registry Editor Sample
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Validating Performance
• Employ benchmarking tools to provide an accurate assessment of your servers’ performance
• There are benchmarks for exercising server components, servers, and total systems
• Some software suppliers provide benchmarks for their application software
• Excellent source: www.benchmarkresources.com
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Sources of Information
• The web is a great source of information. Most of the more prominent manufacturers have libraries of white papers on how to efficiently configure their servers
• There are too many sources and more are added each month. It's best to employ internet search engines to find information specific to your needs. However, one excellent site I recently discovered is: http://www.pureperformance.com
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Sources of Information
• You might also try www.deja.com. It's a search engine for the Internet newsgroups. For example you might search newsgroups with the query:
• seagate AND (performance AND (problem OR tuning))
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Sources of Information
• Six excellent books include:– Inside Windows NT (2nd Edition), David A. Solomon,
Microsoft Press– Optimizing Windows NT, Sean K. Daily, IDG Press– Tuning & Sizing NT Server, Curt Aubley, Prentice Hall– Windows NT Applications: Measuring and Optimizing
Performance, Paul Hinsberg, Macmillian Technical Publishing
– Windows NT Performance: Monitoring, Benchmarking, and Tuning
– Windows 2000 Performance Tuning Technical Reference, John Paul Mueller and Irfan Chaudhry, Microsoft Press
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Summary Recommendations
• Intel based systems do not come out of the box optimized for performance. Obtain the necessary software utilities to display and change your chipset settings.
• Relatively small configuration changes can dramatically change the performance of your server, both positive and negative. PCI bus busy can appear from NT's performance monitor to be a CPU busy problem.
• You should balance the I/O workload across all of the PCI busses in your server.
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Summary Recommendations
• What you don't know about your disk subsystem may be dramatically hurting your servers performance.
• You should employ both system and component benchmarks to baseline the performance of your server before and after making changes.
• There is adequate documentation available to walk you through a performance improvement project.
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Questions, Comments, or Experiences
• Should you have questions, comments, or want to share experiences you can contact me by the following methods:
• Telephone: 301-998-3262, fax 301-998-3241
• E-mail: [email protected]
• S-mail: 6110 Executive Blvd, Suite 906, Rockville, Md 20852
• Visit our web site at www.eicorp.net if only to obtain a magnetic copy of this and other presentations and papers.