in-duct air cleaning devices: ozone emission rates and ... · pdf filein-duct air cleaning...
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In-duct air cleaning devices: Ozone emission rates and test
methodology
Glenn Morrison, PI Missouri S&T
Richard Shaughnessy, PI University of Tulsa
Jeff Siegel, PI University of Texas at Austin
California Air Resources Board Project #09-342 Final project presentation
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Overview: electronic in-duct devices
• California regulates ozone emitting air cleaners – Excludes in-duct air cleaners due to lack of test
method or lab/field data on ozone emissions
• Central objectives of project – Develop test method: ozone emission rate
– Obtain lab and field data on emission rates and resulting indoor concentrations
• Benefits to California – Test method and data to support possible inclusion of
in-duct devices in ARB air cleaner regulation
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Ozone
• Ozone toxicology highlights
– 40 ppb NOAEL (Adams, 2002)
• Ozone epidemiology highlights (ambient) (EPA, 2011)
– Wheezing, difficulty breathing in infants
– Increased asthma related symptoms and asthma hospital admissions
– Short term increased mortality
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U.S. EPA. Integrated Science Assessment of Ozone and Related
Photochemical Oxidants (Second External Review Draft). U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA/600/R-
10/076B, 2011.
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ARB and UL 867
• ARB air cleaner regulation (2007)
– Devices tested using UL 867 must meet 50 ppb ozone concentration limit 2” from face
Air cleaner
ozone
50 ppb max ozone well mixed
Test chamber
4
50 ppb 2” from face
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Emission rates of air cleaners
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
Ozo
ne
em
issi
on
rate
(mg
/h) Ozone injection rate
typical of outdoor infiltration
Britigan et al., 2006; Waring et al., 2007; Phillips et al., 1999; Niu et al. 2001a, 2001b; Tung et al., 2005; Yu et al., 2005; Mullen et al., 2005; Siegel et al., 2005.
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In-duct, electrically connected air cleaners
• Multiple types – Plate and wire electrostatic precipitator
– Ozone generator
– Ion generator
• Existing measurements – 0-60 mg h-1
• Viner et al. (1992), Hanley et al. (1995), Bowser et al. (1999)
– Up to 200 ppb O3 in house with device installed as directed by manufacturer • Emmerich and Nabinger et al. (2000)
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Specific Objectives
1) develop and test a method of measuring the ozone emission of in-duct electrically-connected air cleaners (“device”) and
2) obtain real-world data on ozone concentration increases due to use of these devices in field sites
3) apply the method to a number of commercially available units in the lab to measure emission rates, and
4) model the impact of in-duct air cleaners in California buildings.
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Tasks
• Task 1. Candidate device survey of in-duct electronic air cleaners
• Task 2. Laboratory development of test method (Objective 1 and 3)
• Task 3. Field testing of in-duct devices and development of field test method (Objective 2)
• Task 4. California field test of 7 homes and 1 commercial building (Objective 2)
• Task 5. Analysis of California homes characteristics and anticipated indoor ozone concentrations (Objective 4)
• Task 6. Project management and reporting
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Methods
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Task 1 Candidate device survey
• Candidate device survey based on – Opinions and experience of California installers
• 72 contacted, 34 responded
• “What brands of electronic air cleaners do you sell”
• “What are your most popular products”
– California distributors
– Contacts with manufacturers
– Opinions and expressed testing interests of agencies (ARB, CPSC, Health Canada, National Research Council of Canada, EPA)
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Task 2
• Develop standard test method
– Laboratory based
– Ducted system
– Realistic operational conditions
– Range of flow rates
– Emission rate based on increase in ozone concentration across device:
• Emission rate = concentration increase* volumetric flow rate
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Task 2
• Test apparatus
– Closed loop
– Flow up to ~3000 m3 h-1
– Able to adjust temperature and RH
– Activated carbon filtration
– Able to accommodate wide variety of in-duct air cleaners
– Ability to measure ozone across installed device
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Task 2 • Test apparatus
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Air Handling Unit #2
Air Handling Unit #1
Downstream Sampling Upstream
Sampling
Activated Carbon
HEPA Filter
Flow Station
Air Flow
Device
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Task 2
• Test apparatus
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Air Handling Units
Air Cleaner Test Section
Activated Carbon and HEPA Filters
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Task 2 • Devices
– based results of Task 1
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Air Cleaner Technology
1 Ultraviolet light
2a Photohydroionization
2b Photohydroionization
2c Photohydroionization
3 Electrostatic Precipitation
4 Photocatalytic Oxidation
5a Ultraviolet light
5b Ultraviolet light
6a Ozone generator
6b Ozone generator
7 UV / PCO / Carbon
8 Ultraviolet light
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Some devices tested
11/6/2013 16
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Task 3
• Field tests
– Method development in Tulsa field site
• Site selection
• Incremental increase in ozone concentration
• In-situ ozone emission rate (OER)
– Application of method in California field homes
• Site selection
• Incremental increase in ozone concentration
• In-situ ozone emission rate (OER)
11/6/2013 17
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Task 3
• Tulsa field site
– Similar to small California homes
– Presence of central air system
– Access to air handler
– Reviewed 10 houses, chose 1
11/6/2013 18
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Task 3
• Field test method (highlights) – Measurement objectives
• Incremental increase in ozone concentration
• Effective ozone emission rate (OER)
– Building prep • Close windows, doors, fans off (reduce air exchange)
• Install device
• Set CO2 and O3 sampling locations – Supply
– Return
– Room center
– Outdoor
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Task 3
• Field test method (highlights) – Specific measurements
• Ozone concentration with device on and off
• Indoor/outdoor measurements
• Simultaneous measurement of – Ozone decay rate (ODR)
– Air exchange rate (AER)
– Effective ozone emission rate (OER) • OER1= V[(CO3)(AER+ODR)-P(AER) CO3,out]
• OER2 = (CO3-CO3,o)(AER+ODR)V
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Task 4
• California home selection – Installer recommendations
• Homes with devices already installed
– Convenience sample • List-serves
• Emails to colleagues
– Vetting • Access, unoccupied during tests
• Smaller homes (800-1500 ft2)
• Appropriate central air facilities
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Task 4
• California sites selected
– 6 homes
• Single-family residences
• Davis/ Sacramento area
• 990 – 2345 ft2
• Closet or attic access to air handler
• 1 to 2 devices tested per home
– 1 school
• commercial system pre-installed
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Task 4
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Task 5
• Building simulations
– Single zone
• Standard mass balance model
• California home characteristics
• Predict range of indoor ozone concentrations
– Multiple zone
• Identify complex phenomena
• Wind induced spatial/temporal “hot spots”
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Air exchange rate
Ozone decay rate (reactions in gas and with surfaces)
Penetration Outdoor ozone concentration
Effective emission rate
Task 5 Analysis of California homes characteristics and estimated indoor
ozone concentrations
Duct/filter/HVAC losses
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𝐶 =𝑉𝜆𝐶𝑜𝑃𝑏 + 𝑆
′
𝜆 + 𝑘𝑖𝐶𝑖𝑉
𝑛𝑖=1 + 𝑣𝑑,𝑗
𝐴𝑗𝑉
𝑚𝑗=1 + 1 − 𝑃𝑟 𝜆𝑟 𝑉
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Task 5 • Single zone: model inputs
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Low Middle High Standard House
At Risk House
Source emission rate (S’), mg h-1
0 100 300 100 50
Air exchange rate (l), h-1
0.1 0.5 3 0.5 0.1
Volume (V), m3 75 350 900 350 150 Penetration (P) 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.8 1.0 Decay rate (kd), h-1
1 4 12 4 1.5
Recirculation air exchange (lr), h
-1
2 5.7 9 5.7 2
HVAC penetration (Pr)
0.75 0.85 0.95 0.85 1
Outdoor concentration (Co), ppb
0 60 140 0 0
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Task 5
• Multiple zone
– Model framework: CONTAM 3.0 (NIST)
– Wind speed
– Wind direction
– Ambient ozone
– Variable air handling unit duty cycle
– Surface reactivity
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Task 5
• Building AH-14 (CONTAM)
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Parameter Exterior wall leakage area
0.25 in2/ft2 17.4 cm2/m2
Interior wall leakage area
0.5 in2/ft2 34.7 cm2/m2
Total AHU flowrate 1243 cfm 2113 m3/h Floor area 1039 ft2 96.5 m2 Volume 8282 ft3 25.0 m3 Interior surface area 4736 ft2 440 m2 Ambient temperature 68 F 20 C Absolute pressure 14.7 psi 101325 Pa
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Task 5
• Ambient ozone
• Simulation parameters
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Wind angle (degrees) Wind
Speed (m/s) Ambient
ozone
Deposition Velocity
(m/h)
AHU duty Cycle (%)
0 90 135 180 270 2 5 8 0.72 2.0 0 20 50 100 Steady State
Dynamic
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Results
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Task 1
• Devices that may generate ozone
– Electrostatic precipitators (EP)
– Electronically enhanced filters (EEF)
– Ultraviolet light bulbs (UV)
– Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO)
– Dedicated generators of ozone, hydroxyl radicals, hydroperoxide, etc.
– Hybrid systems (e.g. EP + UV + PCO)
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Task 1
• Type of devices tested
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Air Cleaner Technology
1 Ultraviolet light
2a Photohydroionization
2b Photohydroionization
2c Photohydroionization
3 Electrostatic Precipitation
4 Photocatalytic Oxidation
5a Ultraviolet light
5b Ultraviolet light
6a Ozone generator
6b Ozone generator
7 UV / PCO / Carbon
8 Ultraviolet light
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Task 2
• Standard test method – Major sections of device
• Device test and ozone measurement, Air treatment, Flow generation, Optional conditioning section
– Measurements and specifications • Ozone, Temperature, Flow rates, Relative humidity,
Electrical power
– Detailed reporting and calculations
– Method qualification and quantification limits
– Device emission rates over range of flow rates
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Task 2 • Qualification of test apparatus
– MQL = 2.3 mg h-1
– Repeatability (shown Device 5)
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Task 2
• Emission rate results
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Task 2 • Emission rate dependence on flow rate
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Task 2 • Dependence of emission rate on T, RH and
flow rate (air cleaner 3)
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Task 2: Summary of results
• Emission rates vary from < MQL to 350 mg h-1
• Highest emission rates from “ozone generators” using UV lamps
• Two devices exhibited flow dependence (opposite directions)
• One device exhibited temperature and RH dependence
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Task 3 and 4 • House characteristics: air exchange rates
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Task 3 and 4 • Field tests: ozone decay rates
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Task 3 and 4 • Field tests: incremental increase in ozone
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Task 3 and 4 • Ozone emission rates (OER 1 and 2)
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Task 3 and 4 • Evidence of temperature dependence
(Device 8)
California Air Resources Board Project #09-342 Kick Off Meeting
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Task 3 and 4: Summary of results
• Field method developed in Tulsa test house
• Two devices increased indoor ozone > 50 ppb
– Both were intentional ozone generators using UV lamps
• Same two devices exhibited emission rates > 100 mg h-1 in multiple homes
• Evidence of temperature effect
– Peak concentration >200 ppb for device 8
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Task 5 • Single zone model: standard house
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Task 5 • Single zone model: at risk house
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Task 5
• Multiple zone
– 100 % AHU on, steady state
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Task 5
• Multiple zone model
– AHU off, device on
– Steady state
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Task 5
• Multiple zone model
– AHU off, device on
– Steady state
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Task 5: dynamic results
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0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1AHS 1h no ambient O3 source 1h
Time [h]
Ozo
ne [
pp
m]
bedroom1: mean =0.0375 ppm, maximum =0.0656 ppm
kitchen: mean =0.0358 ppm, maximum =0.0657 ppm
bedroom2: mean =0.0454 ppm, maximum =0.0722 ppm
bathroom: mean =0.0411 ppm, maximum =0.0664 ppm
Living room: mean =0.0474 ppm, maximum =0.0765 ppm
Source zone: mean =0.0508 ppm, maximum =0.0917 ppm
• 50% AHU duty cycle • Device tied to AHU operation • Ambient ozone = 0
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Task 5 summary
• Single zone model
– Standard home: need ~150 mg/h to achieve 50 ppb
– At risk home: need ~ 27 mg/h to achieve 50 ppb
• Multiple zone model
– Wind direction can result in substantial differences among rooms
– Short-term peaks can occur when AHU turns on
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Discussion • Comparison field/laboratory
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Discussion • Predicted and realized incremental increase in
ozone
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Summary
• Test method and apparatus • Device testing
– 12 devices – Emission rates ~ < 2.3 to > 350 mg h-1
• Field tests – Incremental concentration increase up to 170 ppb – Some devices had erratic emission rates
• Simulations – Small, low reactivity, low AER houses more at risk – Typical house requires 150 mg h-1 to reach 50 ppb
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Conclusions
• Electrically connected in-duct devices can increase residential ozone concentrations > 50 ppb – Further field tests not necessary
• Laboratory test method adequate to predict field impact
• Need better understanding of installed device occurrence – Consumer installation of devices
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Acknowledgements
• California Air Resources Board • Occupants and homeowners • David Reisdorph, Nishanthini Vijayakumar
Shakila, Adcharee Karnjanapiboonwong, Mikhil Shetty, Atila Novoselac, Kristia Parker, Joshua Rhodes, Megan Gunther, Christina Phensy, Mark Jackson, Shahana Khurshid, April Rocha
• Deborah Bennett, UC Davis • Jonathan Reyes, Sawyer Heating • Donations from dealers and manufacturers
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Questions?
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Extra slides
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Indoor ozone concentration depends on device emission rate, S
d
outsideindoors
kV
SPCC
Air exchange rate
Ozone decay rate (reactions with surfaces)
Penetration Outdoor ozone concentration
Air cleaner
Device emission rate
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Task 5 • Single zone model: influence of ambient O3
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Task 5: dynamic results
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 240
0.5
1
1.5AHS 1h no ambient O3 source on
Time [h]
Ozo
ne [
pp
m]
bedroom1: mean =0.0481 ppm, maximum =0.071 ppm
kitchen: mean =0.0463 ppm, maximum =0.0712 ppm
bedroom2: mean =0.0637 ppm, maximum =0.0877 ppm
bathroom: mean =0.0665 ppm, maximum =0.0981 ppm
Living room: mean =0.0604 ppm, maximum =0.083 ppm
Source zone: mean =0.62 ppm, maximum =1.5 ppm
• 50% AHU duty cycle • Device ON all the time • Ambient ozone = 0
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Task 5: dynamic results
California Air Resources Board Project #09-342 Kick Off Meeting
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• 50% AHU duty cycle • Device ON all the time • Ambient ozone = 0
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Task 5: dynamic results
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0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05AHS 20DC ambient O3 source 20DC
Time [h]
Ozo
ne
[p
pm
]
bedroom1: mean =0.029 ppm, maximum =0.0463 ppm
kitchen: mean =0.0293 ppm, maximum =0.0468 ppm
bedroom2: mean =0.0267 ppm, maximum =0.0407 ppm
bathroom: mean =0.0267 ppm, maximum =0.0436 ppm
Living room: mean =0.029 ppm, maximum =0.0427 ppm
• 20% AHU duty cycle • Device tied to AHU operation • Ambient ozone realistic