in home assessment of gas emissions biomass …events.awma.org/ghg2011/abstracts/session 9/abstract...

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InHome Assessment of Greenhouse Gas and Aerosol Emissions from Biomass C k i l i Cookstoves in Developing Countries Michael A. Johnson 1 , Tami Bond 2 , Nicholas Lam 1,3 , Cheryl Weyant 2 , Yanju Chen 2 , Justin Ellis 2 , Vijay Modi 4 , Sandeep Joshi 5 , Mahesh Yagnaraman 6 , David Pennise 1 1 Berkeley Air Monitoring Group, USA 2 University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, USA 3 University of California, Berkeley, USA 4 Columbia University, USA 5 Center for Rural Technology, Nepal 6 First Energy, India Greenhouse Gas Strategies in a Changing Climate Air and Waste Management Association November 17, 2011

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Page 1: In Home Assessment of Gas Emissions Biomass …events.awma.org/GHG2011/Abstracts/Session 9/Abstract #34/#34... · 6 First Energy, India Greenhouse Gas Strategies in a Changgging Climate

In‐Home Assessment of Greenhouse Gas and Aerosol Emissions from Biomass C k i l iCookstoves in Developing Countries

Michael A. Johnson1, Tami Bond2, Nicholas Lam1,3, Cheryl Weyant2, Yanju Chen2, Justin Ellis2, Vijay Modi4, Sandeep Joshi5, Mahesh Yagnaraman6, David Pennise1

1 Berkeley Air Monitoring Group, USA2University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign, USA3 University of California, Berkeley, USA4 Columbia University, USAy,5 Center for Rural Technology, Nepal6 First Energy, India

Greenhouse Gas Strategies in a Changing Climateg g gAir and Waste Management Association November 17, 2011

Page 2: In Home Assessment of Gas Emissions Biomass …events.awma.org/GHG2011/Abstracts/Session 9/Abstract #34/#34... · 6 First Energy, India Greenhouse Gas Strategies in a Changgging Climate

IntroductionIntroduction• Nearly half the world’s population still relies on solid fuels for their primary 

energy needs• Climate forcing emissions from residential cookstoves are not well characterized • Residential solid fuel use responsible for one‐fourth of anthropogenic BC 

emissions (Bond and Sun, 2005)• Lack of emissions data from normal daily cooking• New stoves represent potential for cost‐effective CO2e emission reductions.• Reducing stove emissions has potential for large co‐benefits

– Health, climate, ecological, economic, social– New evidence for reducing incidence of childhood pneumonia (Smith et al. 

2011)• Renewed interest in addressing impacts from use of inefficient cookstoves 

(Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, national programs in India, Peru, Mexico and others)

• We need a better understanding of cookstove emissions and potential impacts of new cooking technologies

Page 3: In Home Assessment of Gas Emissions Biomass …events.awma.org/GHG2011/Abstracts/Session 9/Abstract #34/#34... · 6 First Energy, India Greenhouse Gas Strategies in a Changgging Climate

Estimated cost‐effectiveness (20‐year time frame) of key black carbon abatement measures in Asiaof key black carbon abatement measures in Asia. 

Graphic from USAID Report: Black Carbon Emissions in Asia:Graphic from USAID Report: Black Carbon Emissions in Asia: Sources, Impacts, and Abatement Options, 2010, pg. 4

Page 4: In Home Assessment of Gas Emissions Biomass …events.awma.org/GHG2011/Abstracts/Session 9/Abstract #34/#34... · 6 First Energy, India Greenhouse Gas Strategies in a Changgging Climate

Project description• Measured emissions of CO2, CO, CH4, total non‐methane hydrocarbons (TNMHC), 

and particulate matter (characterized by black and organic fractions), from traditional and project stoves in Uganda, Nepal, and India

Chulha Oorja

3‐stone‐fire StoveTec

Uganda

3 stone fire StoveTec

India

Nepal

India

IBCChulha

Page 5: In Home Assessment of Gas Emissions Biomass …events.awma.org/GHG2011/Abstracts/Session 9/Abstract #34/#34... · 6 First Energy, India Greenhouse Gas Strategies in a Changgging Climate

Sampling MethodsSampling Methods

• Emission samples were collected in homes during uncontrolled cooking events

• Emissions were collected in the plume above the stove and analyzed for CO2 andCO with real‐time and GC analysis; CH4 and total TNMHCs with GC analysis; and PM4.0with gravimetric analysis for mass andthermal optical method for EC/OCthermal optical method for EC/OC

• Emission factors were determined using the carbon balance method.

• 100 yr‐GWPs for gases applied from IPCC100 yr‐GWPs for gases applied from IPCC BC and OC from Bond et al. 2011

Page 6: In Home Assessment of Gas Emissions Biomass …events.awma.org/GHG2011/Abstracts/Session 9/Abstract #34/#34... · 6 First Energy, India Greenhouse Gas Strategies in a Changgging Climate

1.000Stove performance

0.975

n Efficiency 

CO])

Stove performance

0.950

Combu

stion

O2/[CO2+C

0.925

Mod

ified

 (C

0.900Uganda 

traditionalUganda StoveTec

Nepal traditional

Nepal Improved Biomass

India traditional

India Oorja

E b / 1SDBiomass

• Similar combustion performance amongst traditional and project stoves (92‐94%), with the exception of the Oorja (~96%)

Error bars = +/- 1SD

• All project stoves had increased heat transfer efficiency30‐50% less energy per meal

Page 7: In Home Assessment of Gas Emissions Biomass …events.awma.org/GHG2011/Abstracts/Session 9/Abstract #34/#34... · 6 First Energy, India Greenhouse Gas Strategies in a Changgging Climate

Relative CO2e emissions 

2500

3000

3500 OC BC TNMHCCH4 CO CO2

1500

2000

2500

person

‐meal)

500

1000

CO2e (g

/p

‐500

0

Uganda Uganda Nepal Nepal India India OorjaUganda traditional

Uganda StoveTec

Nepal traditional

Nepal Improved Biomass

India traditional

India Oorja

• All project stoves had lower CO2e emissions per meal• Oorja combusted fuel more completelyj p y• BC the largest non‐CO2 contributor to CO2e (4‐37%)

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20Aerosol Emissions

14

16

18

20kg fu

el)

PM BC

8

10

12

14

on factor (g/

2

4

6

8

PM emissio

0

2

Uganda traditional

Uganda StoveTec

Nepal traditional

Nepal Improved 

India traditional

India Oorja

7% 8%14%14%15%

6%

E b / 1SDBiomass• Only Oorja emitted less BC and as lower fraction of PM• StoveTec emitted more BC overall and had higher BC content in PMN /i t ti t d f l l ti f th i li t i t

Error bars = +/- 1SD

• New/intervention stoves need careful evaluation of their climate impacts

Page 9: In Home Assessment of Gas Emissions Biomass …events.awma.org/GHG2011/Abstracts/Session 9/Abstract #34/#34... · 6 First Energy, India Greenhouse Gas Strategies in a Changgging Climate

Controlled and uncontrolled testing1 00 Water boiling tests In-home stove use

0.96 0.970.97

0.96 0.96

0.940 93 0.93

0.940 93

0.94

0.96

0.98

1.00O

) (as

car

bon)

Water boiling tests In home stove use

0.92

0.890.91 0.91

0.920.93 0.93 0.93

0 86

0.88

0.90

0.92

CO

2/(C

O2+

C

0.86

‐ Stoves perform differently during controlled laboratory testing compared to normal usage.Stoves perform differently during controlled laboratory testing compared to normal usage.‐Many stoves perform better in laboratory due to idealized conditions for boiling water.  ‐IPCC default and other emission inventories have relied on cookstove emission factors from controlled testingW d h i fi ld b d i i i t f b li d‐We need a comprehensive, field‐based emissions inventory of baseline and new 

cookstoves/fuels

Page 10: In Home Assessment of Gas Emissions Biomass …events.awma.org/GHG2011/Abstracts/Session 9/Abstract #34/#34... · 6 First Energy, India Greenhouse Gas Strategies in a Changgging Climate

Laboratory testing 1.00

• Water Boiling Test (WBT) most common laboratory test

0.95

(as

carb

on)

• Designed to replicate cooking cycle of rice or beans

0.90

CO

2/(C

O2+

CO

)

• Idealized fuel conditions and fire tending

0.850 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

C

Open fire WBT boil (N=6)Open fire WBT simmer (N=6)Open fire in-home (N=4)

• Neither the WBT’s boiling nor

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Emissions rate (g[c] min-1) Johnson et al. 2009

• Neither the WBT s boiling nor simmering phases representative of normal daily cooking

• Difficult to replicate real‐world pconditions

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ConclusionsConclusions• The relative CO2e contributions, especially from BC, vary substantially 

d di i hi hli h i h d f llacross stove type and test conditions, highlighting the need to carefully evaluate stove emissions in the field to assess potential climate impacts

• Stove adoption, usage, patterns, and lifetime are also critical components hi h d b id d h l i ll i i ’ iwhich need to be considered when evaluating overall emission’s impact

• Assessment of a wider range of cooking solutions, including clean fuels (e.g. LPG, ethanol, biogas, kerosene, and plant oils), advanced stoves (e.g. f d i ifi TLUD d l ti ) k t t d th ldforced air, gasifier, TLUD, and pyrolytic), rocket stoves, and others would provide a valuable database of stove emissions performance

• Better connection between laboratory and field performance of stoves ld id t d i t l f t t d d d i i thwould aid stove design, protocols for stove standards, and increasing the 

overall relevance of stove performance testing

Page 12: In Home Assessment of Gas Emissions Biomass …events.awma.org/GHG2011/Abstracts/Session 9/Abstract #34/#34... · 6 First Energy, India Greenhouse Gas Strategies in a Changgging Climate

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis work was made possible through support by the United States Agency for International Development (contract #: DOT‐I‐00‐04‐00002‐00) and United States Environmental Protection Agency (contract #: EP10H000942). We are especially grateful for the help and support from our local partners on thisespecially grateful for the help and support from our local partners on this project and the families who graciously opened their homes to us. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed herein or those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the USAID or USEPAauthors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the USAID or USEPA.

A report on the USAID funded study can be found at:http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/economic_growth_and_trade/energy/publications/uganda_emissions_report.pdf

A presentation on the field performance assessment of the USEPA funded project can be found at:  http://www pciaonline org/files/PCIA Aug11 Webinar FieldTestResults FINAL pdfhttp://www.pciaonline.org/files/PCIA_Aug11_Webinar_FieldTestResults_FINAL.pdf. 

Contact information:Michael Johnson, [email protected] , www.berkeleyair.com, j @ y , y

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ReferencesReferencesBond TC, Zarzycki C, Flanner MG, Koch DM (2011) Quantifying immediate radiative forcing by black carbon and organic matter with the Specific Forcing Pulse. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 10: 15713‐15753

Johnson, M., Edwards, R., Berrueta, V., Masera, O., 2009. New Approaches to Performance Testing of Improved Cookstoves. Environ Sci Technol 44, 368‐374.

Smith KR, McCracken JM, Weber MW, Hubbard H, JennyA, Thompson L, Balmes J, DiazA, Arana B, Bruce N, RESPIRE: A Randomised Controlled Trial of the impact of reducing household air pollution on childhood pneumonia in Guatemala, the Lancet 378: 1717–26, 202011.

USAID, 201. Black Carbon Emissions in Asia: Sources, Impacts, and Abatement Options