in silico approaches in metal organic frameworks: crystal...
TRANSCRIPT
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In silico approaches in Metal organic Frameworks: Crystal structure prediction and computational design
of structure-property relationships
Caroline Mellot-Draznieks
Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, Paris, 75005 Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, UMR CNRS-UPMC 8229
Rencontres Scientifiques de L’IFPEN, NEXTLAB 2014, Rueil-Malmaison, 2-4 Avril 2014
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Outline
In the realm of Metal Organic Frameworks
1. Huge Structural diversity of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks
Explore their energy landscape
Impact of the linker on the MOF’s energetics
2. Electronic properties of MOFs
Photocatalysis: Role of the organic linker in light capture
Computational screening experimental target
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Outline
In the realm of Metal Organic Frameworks
1. Huge Structural diversity of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks
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Tian et al. , Chem. Eur. J. , 2007, 13, 4146
Zeolites ZIFs
Si
Si
Si
Si Si
O
O
M
M
M
M M
145º 145.5º
Zeolitic IMIDAZOLATE FRAMEWORKS (ZIFs)
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Yaghi et al. Nature Materials, 2007, 6, 501 and Acc. Chem. Res. 2010, 43 , 58.
> 16 linkers:
> 10 cations: Zn 2+, Li+, B3+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Cu+, In2+, Cd 2+, Pr5+
moz SOD
GME
LTA
RHO poz
MER DFT ANA GIS
Zeolitic IMIDAZOLATE FRAMEWORKS (ZIFs)
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Yaghi et al. Nature Materials, 2007, 6, 501 and Acc. Chem. Res. 2010, 43 , 58.
moz SOD
GME
LTA
RHO poz
MER DFT ANA GIS
ZIFs versus zeolites Zeolites: 4-connected nets > 180 structure types ZIFs: 2,3,4,6-coordinated atoms ~ 30 structures types (including non-zeolitic types)
Diversity: ligand-directed strategies Substituted imidazolates Mixed linkers
Zeolitic IMIDAZOLATE FRAMEWORKS (ZIFs)
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ZIFs BIFs
Paucity of LiB-based ZiFs versus Zinc-based ZIFs BIF-1 (dia) BIF-2 (zni)
BIF-3 (SOD)
BIF-9 (RHO)
BIF-11 (SOD)
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ZIFs BIFs
Paucity of LiB-based ZiFs versus Zinc-based ZIFs BIF-1 (dia) BIF-2 (zni)
BIF-3 (SOD)
BIF-9 (RHO)
BIF-11 (SOD)
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Role of substituents in linker-linker interactions?
Energy landscape of ZIFs:
Why are there so few LiB-ZIFs?
Which topology(ies) Which linker (s)?
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Zn-based ZIFs LiB-based ZIFs
Unsubstituted linkers
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Central role of dispersion interactions
without dispersion corrections
DFT-D PBE-D3
PBE-D2
PBE
stabilization of dense structures :
Galvelis, Slater, Cheetham, Mellot-Draznieks, CrystEngComm. 2012, 14, 374.
with dispersion corrections
zni
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a = 23.503 Å3 b = 23.503 Å3 c = 12.461 Å3 V = 6883.1 Å3
a = 22.504 Å3 b = 22.504 Å3 c = 11.515 Å3 V = 5831.4 Å3
WITHOUT
DISPERSION
CORRECTION
Erro
r (%
)
Central role of dispersion interactions
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a = 23.503 Å3 b = 23.503 Å3 c = 12.461 Å3 V = 6883.1 Å3
a = 22.504 Å3 b = 22.504 Å3 c = 11.515 Å3 V = 5831.4 Å3
(DFT-D)
WITH
DISPERSION
CORRECTION
A. K. Cheetham et al Chem.–Eur. J., 2010, 16, 10684.
Excellent bulk moduli predictions
Zn-zni 13.25 vs 14 GPa
LiB-zni 16.54 vs 16.6 GPa
Central role of dispersion interactions
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Zinc- ZIFs
LiB- ZIFs
Galvelis, Slater, Cheetham, Mellot-Draznieks, CrystEngComm. 2012, 14, 374.
No difference between
Zn and LiB –ZIFs !!
Central role of dispersion interactions
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Impact of the substituents in the energy landscape
7 topologies…
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7 …crossed with 7 linkers
Impact of the substituents in the energy landscape
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FAUJASITE- TYPE ZIF
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BIF-3 BIF-9 BIF-11
We predict the Experimental stable
Structures !
Impact of the substituents in the energy landscape
Galvelis, Slater, Chaudret, Creton, Nieto-Draghi, Mellot-Draznieks, CrystEngComm. 2013, 15, 9603.
Possible structures?
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Impact of the substituents in the energy landscape
Galvelis, Slater, Chaudret, Creton, Nieto-Draghi, Mellot-Draznieks, CrystEngComm. 2013, 15, 9603.
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Impact of the substituents in the energy landscape
Galvelis, Slater, Chaudret, Creton, Nieto-Draghi, Mellot-Draznieks, CrystEngComm. 2013, 15, 9603. BIF-3 BIF-9
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= +
2 5 2,5
Impact of the substituents in the energy landscape
Galvelis, Slater, Chaudret, Creton, Nieto-Draghi, Mellot-Draznieks, CrystEngComm. 2013, 15, 9603.
2.1 Å 1.5 Å
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Different types of interactions
(arbitrary colour code)
H-bonds : < 0
van der Waals : ≈ 0
repulsion : > 0
E.R. Johnson et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2010, 132, 6498-6506. J. Contreras-Garcìa, E.R. Johnson, S. Keinan, R. Chaudret et al, J .Chem. Theo. Comput., 2011, 7, 625-632.
Studying weak interactions with a NCI approach:
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B-
Im
ImIm
Im
Li+
Li+
Im
Im
Li+
Li+
Im
Im
Intra interactions
Inter interactions
Studying weak interactions with a NCI approach:
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NCI in SOD-type ZIFs
BIF-11
SOD
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NCI in SOD-type ZIFs
BIF-11
SOD
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NCI in SOD-type ZIFs
destabilizing
stabilizing
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Linker –linker interactions in BIFs energy landscape
Subtle balance between repulsive interactions within Boron-
centred clusters (intra) and stabilizing ones between Boron-centred clusters (inter)
Versatility of the Li-Im bonds vs rigidity of the B-Im bond: the orientation of the linker is restricted
The position 4 maximize lateral linker-linker interactions, pointing towards the even larger impact of linkers with polarisable, charged or polar substituents (-NH2,-OH, -COOH, -NO2,-CH=O).
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Outline
In the realm of Metal Organic Frameworks
1. Huge Structural diversity of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks
Explore their energy landscape
Impact of the linker on the MOF’s energetics
2. Electronic properties of MOFs
Photocatalysis: Role of the organic linker in light capture
Computational screening experimental target
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MOFs and artificial photosynthesis
M M M M M
M M M
M M M
M M M
M M M
N N
Men+
N N
Men+
N N
Men+
N N
Men+
MOF as photosensitizer « semiconductor »
Organic linker used for anchoring the catalyst and chemical functionalization
Platforms for photoreduction of protons and CO2
CO2 CO Formate H2
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M M M M M
M M M
M M M
M M M
M M M
N N
Men+
N N
Men+
N N
Men+
N N
Men+
CO2 CO Formate H2
W. Lin et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 13445.
MOFs and artificial photosynthesis
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M M M M M
M M M
M M M
M M M
M M M
N N
Men+
N N
Men+
N N
Men+
N N
Men+
MOF as photosensitizer « semiconductor »
Organic linker used for anchoring the catalyst and chemical functionalization
Platforms for photoreduction of protons and CO2
CO2 CO Formate H2 Need to develop strategies to control the band gaps
MOFs and artificial photosynthesis
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M. Dan-Hardi, C. Serre, T. Frot, L. Rozes, G. Maurin, C. Sanchez, G. Férey, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 10857.
[TiIV8O8(OH)4(O2C-C6H4-CO2)6] a = b = 18,654 Å c = 18,144 Å V = 6313,9 Å3
along [010] along [001]
Thermal stability up to 350°C
SBET = 1550 m²/g
MIL-125 : a Photoactive Porous Titanium(IV) Dicarboxylate
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NH2
Y. Fu, D. Sun, Y. Chen, R. Huang, Z. Ding, X. Fu, Z. Li Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 3363-3367.
Amine-functionalized MIL-125 : a Photoactive MOF in visible light
3.6 eV/345 nm 2.6 eV/475 nm
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Impact of mono-aminated linker
Computed band gaps of MIL-125 with functionalized linkers
MIL-125
MIL-125-bdc-NH2
CB
VB
MIL-125-NH2
NH2
Valence band
Conduction band
Hendon, Tiana, Fontecave, Sanchez, d’Arras, Sassoye, Rozes, Mellot-Draznieks, Walsh J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013.
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Impact of mono-aminated linker
Functionalizing the linker has a direct impact on the band gap
Computational screening of functional groups ?
MIL-125
MIL-125-bdc-NH2
CB
VB
MIL-125-NH2
NH2
Hendon, Tiana, Fontecave, Sanchez, d’Arras, Sassoye, Rozes, Mellot-Draznieks, Walsh J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013.
Computed band gaps of MIL-125 with functionalized linkers
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∆BG = 1 ev
NH2
∆BG = 1.4 eV
NH2
NH2
Band
gap
(eV)
1
2
3
4
3.5
2.5
1.5
With an optical band gap of 1.3 eV, MIL-125-(NH2)2 is an excellent candidate
Hendon, Tiana, Fontecave, Sanchez, d’Arras, Sassoye, Rozes, Mellot-Draznieks, Walsh J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013.
1.55 eV
Computed band gaps of MIL-125 with functionalized linkers
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DFT-D calculations (UCL) Dr. Raimondas Galvelis Dr. Ben Slater QSPR , NCI (IFPEn) Dr. Robin Chaudret Dr. Carlos Nieto-Draghi Dr. Benoit Creton Also A. K. Cheetham CNRS and EPSRC for financial support
DFT (Bath) Dr. Aron Walsh Chris Hendon Synthesis (Collège de
France) M. Fontecave C. Sanchez L. Rozes C. Sassoye
Acknowledgments
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Seven topologies: SOD, RHO, DFT, GIS, MER, LTA and FAU. Seven methylated linkers Database of simulated topological energy Descriptors for the solid (FD, number and position of CH3-) GFA descriptive equation
Im
2-MeIm
4-MeIm
5-MeIm
2,4-MeIm
2,5-MeIm
4,5-MeIm
Experimental structures
X
*
DFT
FAU
GIS
LTA
MER
RHO
SOD
Topology Linker
Quantitative Structure Activity/Property Relationship Energy landscape of ZIFs
( )( )( )
( ),'5_*'4_*'2_*'
*
3
3
3
εεδδγγββ
α ++
+++
+=∆nbCHnbCHnbCH
FDET
Galvelis, Slater, Mellot-Draznieks et al. CrystEngComm. 2013, 15, 9603-9612. Amrouche, Creton, Siperstein and Nieto-Draghi, RSC Advances, 2012, 2, 6028.
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MOFs and artificial photosynthesis
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SOD-2,4Me2Im 4-ring SOD-2,4Me2Im inter SOD-2,4Me2Im 6-ring SOD-2,4Me2Im intra
SOD-2,5Me2Im 4-ring SOD-2,5Me2Im inter SOD-2,5Me2Im intra SOD-2,5Me2Im 6-ring
Galvelis, Slater, Mellot-Draznieks et al. CrystEngComm. 2013, 15, 9603-9612.
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Intra in SOD-2,4Me2Im
repulsive
An NCI analysis was performed on the seven SOD topologies with the different methyl-functionalized linkers to further understand the influence of the methyl group on the stability of this specific topology.
Intra : repulsive ie. steric clashes between substituents Inter : attractive, ie. C-H...H-C bonds between the substituents of different B(Im)4 clusters
NCI in SOD-type ZIFs
Inter in SOD-2,4Me2Im attractive
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Im-SOD
SOD-2,4Me-Im
SOD-4,5 Me-Im
C-Hmethyl...H-Im
C-Hmethyl...H-Cmethyl
- SOD 2,4-MeIm et SOD Im : fenêtre D6 plane de manière à maximiser les interactions (stabilisantes) entre substituant - SOD 4,5-MeIm : perte de la planarité : contraintes stériques entre substituants trop importante
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3. Impact of the linker on the energy landscape of BIFs
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-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80
Imidazole2Me4Me5Me24Me25Me45Me
DFT calculations
UFF
est
imat
ion
of
van
der W
aals
inte
ract
ions
DFT-D versus Forcefields?
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R² = 0,9623
-40-20
020406080
-10 -5 0 5 10
RHO R² = 0,8566
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
-10 -5 0 5 10
MER
R² = 0,8973
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
-10 -5 0 5
LTA R² = 0,6808
-20
0
20
40
60
-10 -5 0 5 10
GIS R² = 0,9721
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
-10 -5 0 5
DFT
R² = 0,7397
-20
0
20
40
60
-4 -2 0 2 4 6
FAU
R² = 0,5509
-40
-20
0
20
40
-4 -2 0 2
SOD
Van de Waals contributions in ZIFs’ energy landscape:
DFT-D versus Forcefields?
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SOD-2,4-MeIm SOD-Im SOD-4,5-MeIm
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NCI : Non Covalent Interaction
The NCI approach: Studying weak interactions
Program NCIplot
RDG : criteria of interaction
Density : criteria of strength
Area of interactions :
Weak density and weak RGD
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FAUJASITE- TYPE zeolite
Sodalite cage (β-cage)
Hexagonal prism
Supercage (α-cage)
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BCT
DFT
GIS
SOD
MER
RHO
LTA
Hayashi, Coté, Furukawa, O’Keeffe, Yaghi, Nature Materials, 2007, 6, 501.
Zeolitic IMIDAZOLATE FRAMEWORKS (ZIFs)
Selective adsorption @ 273K
CO2
CH4