IN SITU CONSERVATION

• Biodiversity is the richness of organisms/it may be refer to the total no.of organisms present in an habitat or in an ecosystem.

• Humans have been directly or indirectly dependent on biodiversity for sustenance to a considerable extent.

• Increasing population pressure and developmental activities have led to large scale depletion of the natural resources.

INTRODUCTION

• Conservation is the protection, preservation ,management or restoration of wildlife and natural resources(forest, water).

• 1º focus : Maintaining the health of the natural world , its fisheries ,habitats , and biological diversity.

• 2º focus : Material and energy conservation, important to protect the natural world.

• Conservation isn’t about protecting genes, species ecosystems ,but it is protecting the processes of life.

• Conservation of biodiversity and the survival of many species and habitats which are threatened due to human activities can be ensured.

• Conservation can broadly classified into 2 : 1.IN SITU 2.EX SITU

• In-situ : “On -site conservation” or the conservation of genetic resources in natural habitat. Eg: National parks , Bioreserves and Wildlife sanctuaries.

• Ex-situ : “Off-site conservation” or the process of protecting an endangered species of plant or animal outside its natural habit . Eg: Zoo , Botanical gardens , and seed banks.

• On- site conservation

• It is the process of protecting an endangered plant or animal in its natural habitats, either by protecting or cleaning up the habitat itself , or by defending the species from predators.

• It is applied to conservation of agricultural biodiversity in agro forestry by farmers, especially those using unconventional farming practices.

IN-SITU CONSERVATION

• The creation of protected areas• The protection and restoration of degraded areas• The development of strategies for the conservation of

marine environments• The creation of natural corridors linking areas of

biological interest to prevent habitat fragmentation.• Information, education and raised awareness.• The employment of local resources (especially human)• The development of alternative and sustainable

economic mechanisms

AIM

• Corner stone of In- situ conservation• Areas of land/sea especially dedicated to the protection &

maintenance of biological diversity• PA Network may contribute to conservation targets through the

maintenance of target species & the their habitats , as well as the conservation of natural or semi – natural ecosystem.

• These areas are managed through legal or other effective means.

• Eg : National parks , Bioreserves & Sanctuaries.• The world conservation union has a key role in promoting the

establishment of PAs throughout the world.• 1948 - IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)

developed standards and guidelines for PA management.

PROTECTED AREAS (PA)

• Category Ia — Strict Nature Reserve Strict protection• Category Ib — Wilderness Area

• Category II — National Park

• Category III — Natural Monument or Feature

• Category IV — Habitat/Species Management Area

• Category V — Protected Landscape/Seascape

• Category VI – Protected Area with sustainable use of natural resources

IUCN PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT CATEGORIES

• Maintain viable populations of all native and sub-species.

• Maintain the number and distribution of communities & habitats & conserve the genetic diversity of all the present species.

• Prevent man-made introduction of alien species .

• Make it possible for species / habitats to shift in response to environmental changes.

India has over 600 PAs, which includes over 90 National Parks , 500 Sanctuaries & 15 Biosphere reserves.

BENEFITS OF PA

National parks

• Area of scientific beauty , historical importance ,etc , owned & maintained by a national government.

• An international organization, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and its World Commission on Protected Areas, has defined "National Park" as its Category II type of protected areas.

• The United States established the first "public park or pleasuring-ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people", Yellowstone National Park, in 1872.

•  India's first national park was established in 1936 as Hailey National Park, now known as Jim Corbett National Park, Uttarakhand.

NATIONAL PARKS

• A national park is a park in use for conservation purposes. Often it is a reserve of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that a sovereign state declares or owns.

• Although individual nations designate their own national

parks differently, there is a common idea: the conservation of 'wild nature' for posterity and as a symbol of national pride.

• Most national parks provide outdoor recreation and camping opportunities to educate the public on the importance of conservation and the natural wonders of the land in which the national park is located.

PERIYAR NATIONAL PARK

• The park is often called the Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary or Thekkady.• Situated on the Western Ghats , and touching the borders of Tamil

Nadu.• It is one of the 27 tiger reserves in India.• The Periyar Lake, which was originally built as a water reservoir, is

the heart of the sanctuary.• It consists of tropical evergreen, semi- evergreen and moist

deciduous forests.•  It is valuable for Indian elephant and also for a few of White tigers

 found here. • Other mammals include the gaur, sambar, wild pig, 

Indian giant squirrel, Travancore flying squirrel, sloth bear, Nilgiri tahr, lion-tailed macaque, Nilgiri langur, Salim Ali's fruit bat, stripe-necked mongoose, and Nilgiri marten

PERIYAR NATIONAL PARK

Wildlife sanctuaries

• It is a naturally occuring Sanctuary, such as an island , that provides protection for species from hunting , predation or competition.

• An international organization , the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) & its World Commission on Protected Areas , has defined “Wildlife Sanctuary” as its category IV type of protected areas.

• Sanctuaries are generally the safe heavens ,where the animals are given the opportunity to behave as naturally as possible in a protective environment. and maintaining each animal until his natural death.

WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES

• India’s has over 442 animal sanctuaries , referred to as

Wildlife Sanctuaries.

• These Sanctuaries and forest reserves are home to several endangered species of animals and birds like the Asiatic Elephant , the Royal Bengal Tiger , the Snow Leopard and the Siberian Crane.

SANCTUARIES

PARAMBIKULAM

• An important Tiger reserve located in Palakkad district of Kerala, the Parambikulam wildlife sanctuary is a memorable place for anyone who visits here.

• This is a place of rich diversity of animals and birds. Among the others the lion-tailed macaques, elephants, wild boars, sloth bears, and gaur are mostly seen here.

• Among the birds, the grey-headed fish-eagle, darter, great pied hornbill are some of the prominent members. It also hosts many reptiles and variety of fishes.

• This place is sometimes referred as ‘Nature’s own abode’.

PERIYAR

• It is the most famous sanctuary in India. Located in Kumily district in Kerala, in the middle of the Cardamom hills, it is a pride of Kerala.

• It is known for its elephants and tigers.

• This is the home of many threatened wilds like the Lion-tailed macaque, the Nilgiri langur, and bonnet macaque.

• It also hosts mammals like barking deer, gaur, sambar, dholes, mongoose, foxes, leopards, and of course the elusive Nilgiri tahr.

• Several birds like kingfishers, racket tailed drongos and darter adds to its attraction.

• Python and king cobra are also found here.

• Anamalai wildlife sanctuary is one of the most attractive preserves of nature in Tamil Nadu.

• It is also called the India Gandhi national Park and located in the Western Ghats near Pollachi, about 90 km from Coimbatore .

• The Anamalai wildlife sanctuary is an ecological heaven and includes a National Park.

•  The Anamalai wildlife sanctuary has various kinds of fauna like Panther, Elephant, Gaur, Sloth Bear, Tiger, Deer, Wild Bear, Porcupine, Wild Dog, Flying Squirrel, Jackal, Civet Cat, Pangolin and birds like Rocket-tailed Drongo, Red Tree Pie, Whiskered Bulbul, Spotted Dove, Black Headed Oriole, Pigeon etc.

• There is a reservoir (the Amaravati reservoir) in the

Anamalai, having a large number of crocodiles. 

ANAMALAI

BHARATPUR BIRD SANCTUARY

• Keoladeo National Park

• This is an World Heritage site situated in Bharatpur region of Rajasthan .

• It was declared as protected sanctuary in 1971.

• It is famous for the various species of birds and migratory birds like Siberian cranes.

• These diverse habitats are home to 366 bird species ,376 floral species ,50 – fish species ,13 – snake species ,5 species of lizards ,7 amphibian species & a variety of other invertebrates.

• It is also a major tourist centre with scores of orinthologists arriving here in the hibernal season.

CHILKA LAKE

• Chilka Lake is a brackish water lagoon, flowing into the Bay of Bengal, covering an area of over 1,100 km2.

• It is the largest coastal lagoon in India and the second largest lagoon in the world.

• It is the largest wintering ground for migratory birds on the Indian sub-continent.

• The lake is home to a number of threatened species of plants and animals.

• The lake is an ecosystem with large fishery resources.

Biosphere reserves

BIOSPHERE RESERVES

• Bioreserves

• Bioreserves are a special category of protected areas of land /coastal environments , wherein people are an integral component of the ecosystem.

• Man and Biosphere Reserve ( MAB) programme of UNESCO formulated the concept of Biosphere Reserves in 1975.

• It deals with the conservation of ecosystems and the genetic resources contained there in.

• Core / Natural zone : It comprises an undisturbed and legally protected ecosystem.

• Buffer zone : It surrounds the core area and is managed to accommodate a greater variety of resource use strategies , research and educational activities.

• Transitional zone: It is the outermost layer of the biosphere reserve . It serves as an area of active cooperation between reserve management and the local people , wherein activities like settlements , cropping , forestry and recreation and other economic uses continue in harmony with conservation goals.

BIOSPHERE RESERVE ZONES

SACRED FORESTS AND LAKES

OBJECTIVES

• To ensure a viable population of tiger in India for scientific , economic , aesthetic , cultural and ecological values.

• Limit factors that leads to reduction of tiger habitats and to mitigate them by suitable management.

PROJECT ELEPHANT

• Project Elephant was launched in 1992 by the Govt. Of India Ministry of Environment and Forests to provide financial and technical support of wildlife management efforts by states for their free ranging populations of wild Asian Elephants.

• The project aims to ensure long-term survival of viable conservation reliant populations of elephants in their natural habitats by protecting the elephants, their habitats and migration corridors.

• Their goals of Project Elephant are supporting research of the ecology and management of elephants, creating conservation awareness among local people, providing improved veterinary care for captive elephants.

PROJECT ELEPHANT

• To protect elephants, their habitat & corridors

• To address issues of man-animal conflict

• Welfare of captive elephants

OBJECTIVES

The Project is being mainly implemented in 16 States / UTs , viz. Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal.

• Cheap and convenient way of conserving biological diversity.

• It maintains all organisms at different trophic levels from producers to top carnivores.

• It requires only elimination of factors detrimental to the existence of the species.

• Allow the large number of species to grow simultaneously and flourish in their natural environment in which they were growing since a long time.

ADVANTAGES

• It requires larger areas and minimizes the space for inhabiting human population which is increasing tremendously.

DISADVANTAGES

• Benton M .J(2001) . “ Biodiversity on land & in the sea “Geological Journal 36 ( 3 – 4 ):211-230.

• Biodiversity and Protected Areas: the concept and case studies U. Grant, S. Kratli, Y. Mahiba, C. Magnussen, G. R. Saavedra & I. Rodrigues, 1998.

• Chowdhuri, A.B. and A. Chowdhury, 1994. Mangroves of the Sundarbans. Vol. - I: India. World Conservation, Gland. : 247 .

REFERENCES

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