IN THE BEGINNING

• ONCE HUMANS LEARNED TO SPEAK AND WRITE, THE FIRST

“NEWS REPORTS” BEGAN TO EMERGE.

• TWO SOCIETIES ARE KNOWN FOR THEIR ADVANCES IN NEWS REPORTING:

• ROME CREATED A DAILY HANDWRITTEN NEWS SHEETS ACTA,

• WRITTEN BY THE GOVERNMENT FILLED WITH NEWS OF SUCH SUBJECTS AS POLITICAL HAPPENINGS,

TRIALS, SCANDALS, MILITARY CAMPAIGNS AND EXECUTIONS. - 59 B.C. TO AT LEAST A.D. 222

• CHINA ALSO HAD A GOVERNMENT-PRODUCED NEWS SHEETS, CALLED THE TIPAO

• THEY WERE ONLY CIRCULATED AMONG GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS AND ROYALTY - 202 B.C. TO A.D. 221

HOT LINE PRESS• THE PRINTING PRESS CREATED BY JOHANN GUTENBERG

• THE INVENTION WAS A LETTER PRESS, USING MOVABLE TYPE BLOCKS – 1440

• EACH LINE OF TYPE HAD TO BE SET BY HAND

• ALL PLATE INKING HAD TO BE SET BY HAND

• THE MOST WELL-KNOWN FIRST TYPED PRESS WAS A LETTER WRITTEN BY CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, REPORTING ON HIS DISCOVERIES - 1493.

• THE PRINTING PRESS ALLOWED FOR NEWS TO BE CIRCULATED IN EUROPE AND SOME OF THE COLONIES IN AMERICA

• THOUSANDS OF PRINTED NEWSBOOKS, SHORT PAMPHLETS, AND NEWS BALLADS (ACCOUNTS OF NEWS EVENTS WRITTEN IN POETIC VERSE)

• USUALLY PRINTED ON ONE SIDE OF A SINGLE SHEET OF PAPER

• THE FIRST NEWS REPORT PRINTED IN THE AMERICAS DESCRIBED AN EARTHQUAKE IN GUATEMALA AND WAS PRINTED IN MEXICO IN - 1541.

• PAPER TIME!!!!

EUROPE STARTS IT OFF• THE PRINTED NEWSPAPER SPREAD RAPIDLY THROUGH EUROPE.

PRINTED WEEKLIES APPEARED IN BASEL BY 1610,

• THE FIRST NEWSPAPER PRINTED IN ENGLAND APPEARED IN 1621.

• FRANCE PRODUCED A NEWSPAPER OF ITS OWN IN 1631.

• BUT PRINTERS IN AMSTERDAM, A CENTER OF TRADE AND OF POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE IN THE EARLY SEVENTEENTH CENTURY, WERE EXPORTING WEEKLIES IN FRENCH AND IN ENGLISH AS EARLY AS 1620.

• ITALY'S FIRST PRINTED WEEKLY APPEARED BY 1639

• AND FINALLY, SPAIN‘ PRINTED THEIR FIRST NEWSPAPER IN 1641

• HTTP://WWW.DAILYMAIL.CO.UK/NEWS/ARTICLE-2465997/WORLDS-ENGLISH-NEWSPAPER-EXPECTED-FETCH-15-000-AUCTIONED-350-YEARS-PUBLISHED.HTML

AMERICAN JOURNALISM- THE BEGINNING• AS AMERICAN BEGAN TO PROSPER AFTER THE AMERICAN

REVOLUTION (LEAVING ENGLAND) THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (A TIME WHEREMACHINERY BECAME MORE IMPORTANT) LED TO IMPROVEMENT IN PRINTING, TRAVELING, CIRCULATION, ETC.

• THE “PENNY PRESS” WAS CONSIDERED A PAPER FOR THE COMMON MAN

• USED STORIES ABOUT EVERYDAY LIFE AND EVERYDAY PEOPLE, AND SENSATIONALIZED STORY

• THE CIVIL WAR (1861-1865) – CHANGED REPORTING

• DUE TO THE WAR (DEATH, STRUGGLE, ETC.) REPORTING STYLES WERE MORE SERIOUS

• FIRST USE OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND PHOTOGRAPHS

AMERICAN JOURNALISM-YELLOW JOURNALISM• AT THE END OF THE 1800S, NEWSPAPERS WERE POPPING UP EVERYWHERE – THIS LED

TO THE “CIRCULATION WARS” (CIRCULATION IS THE PROCESS OF INFORMATION

TRAVELING) WHERE NEWSPAPER TRIED TO OUTSELL EACH OTHER IN ISSUES

• THE TWO TITANS OF THE CIRCULATION WARS WERE

WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST JOSEPH PULITZER

(THE NY JOURNAL) “THE WORLD”

AMERICAN JOURNALISM-YELLOW JOURNALISM

• IN ORDER TO INCREASE CIRCULATION, AND THEREFORE MAKE MORE

MONEY, REPORTERS AND EDITORS SENSATIONALIZED

(EMBELLISHED/MADE UP STORIES TO HOOK MORE READERS)

• DURING THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR, W.R.H. SENT AN ARTIST

DOWN TO CUBA TO DRAW WHAT WAS HAPPENING, HOWEVER, THE

ARTIST SOON WROTE BACK EXPLAINING THERE WASN’T ANYTHING

GOING ON

• W.R.H. FAMOUSLY RESPONDED, “YOU FURNISH THE PICTURES AND I’LL

FURNISH THE WAR.”**

AMERICAN JOURNALISM-YELLOW JOURNALISM

The term “Yellow Journalism” actually comes from one of the first comics, “The Yellow Boy” by Richard R. Outcault, which often used young children to make references to issues such as poverty, racial tensions, politics, etc.

AMERICAN JOURNALISM-YELLOW JOURNALISM• ANOTHER INFAMOUS EXAMPLE IS THE USS MAINE, WHICH EXPLODED ON

FEBRUARY 15, 1898• EVEN THOUGH THE CAUSE OF THE EXPLOSION WAS UNKNOWN, THE TWO DUELING

PAPERS CAME UP WITH THEIR OWN VERSIONS

• THE “WORLD” PUBLISHED A STORY ABOUT AN ENEMY TORPEDO TARGETING THE SHIP

AND INCLUDED A CONVINCING PICTURE OF A VIOLENT EXPLOSION.

• THE “JOURNAL” PUBLISHED A SIMILAR STORY, HOWEVER, THEY ALSO EXPLAINED THAT

THEY WOULD GIVE A $50,000 REWARD TO ANYONE WITH INFORMATION ON THE

ATTACK. – A NOW OBVIOUS PLOY TO GET MORE READERS TO BUY THE PAPER TO GET

MORE INFORMATION

AMERICAN JOURNALISM-YELLOW JOURNALISM

SO IS YELLOW JOURNALISM STILL AN ISSUE? YES

AMERICAN JOURNALISM –THE WARS• MANY CHANGES AND ADVANCE WERE HAPPENING IN THE

BEGINNING 1900S, INCLUDING

• FEATURE COLUMNS, COMIC STRIPS, AND EDITORIAL CARTOONS WERE

ADDED

• THE SUNDAY SUPPLEMENTAL (SPECIAL SECTION) ADDED

• THE WORLD WARS CHANGED HOW REPORTING WAS HANDLED AND

GOV’T COMPLIANCE

• WWI: MILITARY CENSORSHIP BEGAN, AND WAR INFO WAS CHANGED OR DELETED

NULLIFYING REPORTERS RISK BEING ON THE FRONT LINES

• WWII: IDEALS CHANGED AND EDITORS/PUBLISHERS BECAME VERY PATRIOTIC, WILLING TO

VOLUNTARILY CENSOR INFO THAT WOULD HARM AMERICA’S PROGRESS IN THE WAR (LIKE

NOTING MISTAKES, BATTLE LOSSES, ETC.)

• THE COLD WAR (1950S) WAS A TENSE SITUATION BETWEEN THE SOVIET UNION AND THE U.S. THREATENING TO BOMB EACH OTHER

• ADDITIONALLY JOSEPH MCCARTHY, BECAME FAMOUS FOR ACCUSING PEOPLE OF BEING A COMMUNIST (SIDING WITH THE SOVIETS), THEREFORE REPORTS, EDITORS, EVEN ACTORS AND MUSICIANS HAD TO BE CAREFUL OF WHAT THEY SAID

• VIETNAM WAR WAS THE FIRST TIME REPORTERS, EDITORS, ETC. BEGAN TO OPENLY QUESTION THE GOV’T AND MILITARY

• JOURNALISTS BEGAN TO GIVE MORE IN –DEPTH REPORTS, AND MADE THEM MORE PERSONALIZED (LIKE AN OLD FRIEND TELLING YOU ABOUT THE NEWS OF THE DAY) HTTPS://YOUTU.BE/XBBDAR4QJQM

• ALSO, THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT IN 1966 ALLOWED CITIZENS (AND REPORTERS) COULD REQUEST COPIES OF GOVERNMENT RECORDS – MEANING REPORTERS COULD QUESTION GOV’T MORE

AMERICAN JOURNALISM - THE WARS

• THE 1970S WERE MARKED WITH SEVERAL GOV’T SCANDALS

• THE PENTAGON PAPERS – A REPORT THAT SHOWED THAT PRES. JOHNSON (WHO TOOK

OVER AFTER JFK) MISLEAD THE PUBLIC, GOV’T AND MILITARY ABOUT STARTING THE

VIETNAM WAR – HE SAID IT WAS TO HELP THE VIETNAMESE PEOPLE, BUT IT WAS LATER

PROVEN THAT IT WAS A LARGER PLAN TO CONTROL CHINA (BOMBS, WEAPONS, ETC.)

• THE WATERGATE SCANDAL – PRES. NIXON HAD PEOPLE BREAK IN THE TO WATERGATE

HOTEL, WHERE THE DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL PARTY WORKED, TO STEAL INFORMATION

AND BUG OFFICES TO SECRETLY RECORD WORKERS – ONCE IT WAS REPORTED, CONGRESS

INVESTIGATED AND EVENTUALLY LED TO PRES. NIXON’S RESIGNATION

AMERICAN JOURNALISM - THE 70S

•1980S TO NOW, JOURNALISM WAS REVOLUTIONIZED

BY TECHNOLOGY

• COMPUTERS AND LAPTOPS ALLOWED REPORTERS TO TYPE AND SEND WORK

• MOBILE PHONES ALLOWED FASTER COMMUNICATIONS, GETTING UP TO THE MINUTE

• SATELLITES ALLOWED INTERNET/PHONE LINES TO WORK, SEND IMAGES ACROSS THE COUNTRY ETC.

• 24 HOURS NEW WAS BORN

• REPORTING ON AN EVENT AS IT IS HAPPENING

• OFTEN LEADS TO MISINFORMATION BECAUSE INFO IS NOT CONFIRMED BUT SPECULATED

• OFTEN THE SAME STORY IS COVERED BY MULTIPLE SOURCES, LEAVING OTHER STORIES UNCOVERED

• THUS DETERMINING WHAT WE KNOW AS A SOCIETY

AM. JOURNALISM - FAST FORWARD