In the Jaws of In the Jaws of ExtinctionExtinction

Shark Awareness Shark Awareness and Conservationand Conservation

What is a Shark?What is a Shark?

• Shark Shark is thought to have evolved from is thought to have evolved from a Middle English Term, a Middle English Term, shurke (villain)shurke (villain)

• First sharks lived about 380 million First sharks lived about 380 million years agoyears ago

• Considered “primitive” because they Considered “primitive” because they have changed very little in that timehave changed very little in that time

•Class: ChondrichthyesClass: Chondrichthyes

•Sharks, skates, and raysSharks, skates, and rays

•Modern AdvancesModern Advances–Adaptation as predatorAdaptation as predator–Hydrodynamic bodyHydrodynamic body

Anatomy of a SharkAnatomy of a Shark

CirculationCirculation

• Sharks have a 4 chambered heart Sharks have a 4 chambered heart like mammalslike mammals

• Faster moving sharks have larger Faster moving sharks have larger hearts than slower moving sharkshearts than slower moving sharks

• Hemoglobin in blood carries oxygenHemoglobin in blood carries oxygen• Faster moving sharks have more Faster moving sharks have more

hemoglobin in the blood than slower hemoglobin in the blood than slower sharkssharks

• Sharks, like all fish, breathe by Sharks, like all fish, breathe by extracting dissolved oxygen in the waterextracting dissolved oxygen in the water

• Water passes into the sharks mouth and Water passes into the sharks mouth and is forced over the gillsis forced over the gills

• Most sharks have five gills on each side Most sharks have five gills on each side of the head; some have up to seven.of the head; some have up to seven.

RespirationRespiration

Jaws and TeethJaws and Teeth

• Jaws are only loosely Jaws are only loosely attached to skullattached to skull– Allows for teeth to be Allows for teeth to be

used more efficientlyused more efficiently

• Replaceable teeth Replaceable teeth attached to skin of attached to skin of jaws, not to the jawjaws, not to the jaw– Can have up to 7 rows Can have up to 7 rows

of teeth “in waiting”of teeth “in waiting”

Bite range of a Great White Bite range of a Great White can be in excess of 2.5 feetcan be in excess of 2.5 feet

DietDiet

• All are carnivores, but have highly All are carnivores, but have highly varied dietary preferencesvaried dietary preferences

• Only consume about 2% of body Only consume about 2% of body weight dailyweight daily

• Some sharks go weeks without eatingSome sharks go weeks without eating

Feeding HabitsFeeding Habits

• All are flesh-eaters, ranging from All are flesh-eaters, ranging from plankton and small fish to sea lions and plankton and small fish to sea lions and whales.whales.

• Do not eat every dayDo not eat every day

• Undigested food may stay in stomach Undigested food may stay in stomach for several daysfor several days

Size, Growth and AgeSize, Growth and Age• Only 50% of sharks reach a size of Only 50% of sharks reach a size of

less than one meter, and only 5% less than one meter, and only 5% exceed 4 metersexceed 4 meters– Size VariationSize Variation

•13 m (Whale Shark) to 20 cm (spiny pygmy 13 m (Whale Shark) to 20 cm (spiny pygmy shark)shark)

• Average life span about 20-25 years Average life span about 20-25 years but can live to 100but can live to 100

• Most do not reproduce until late teensMost do not reproduce until late teens

Reproductive BiologyReproductive Biology• Age at sexual maturity – 15 to 25 yrsAge at sexual maturity – 15 to 25 yrs

• All sharks undergo internal fertilizationAll sharks undergo internal fertilization

• Gestation Periods – 9 to 12 months Gestation Periods – 9 to 12 months (some 15 months)(some 15 months)

• Females may retain the sperm until the Females may retain the sperm until the next season to fertilize their eggsnext season to fertilize their eggs

• Most have 1 to 2 offspring/yrMost have 1 to 2 offspring/yr

• Few species can have 120+ offspring/yrFew species can have 120+ offspring/yr

Sharks reproduce more like Sharks reproduce more like mammals than other fishesmammals than other fishes

• 70% bear live young70% bear live young

• 55% babies develop inside female body 55% babies develop inside female body (by placenta attachment)(by placenta attachment)

• Some lay eggs Some lay eggs

• Sharks’ egg called Mermaids’ s pursesSharks’ egg called Mermaids’ s purses

Giving BirthGiving Birth• Ovipory: 30% lay eggsOvipory: 30% lay eggs

• Ovoviviparous – internal incubation Ovoviviparous – internal incubation of eggs and live birth of eggs and live birth – Interuterine cannibalismInteruterine cannibalism

• Viviparous – young born fully formed Viviparous – young born fully formed attached to female and nourished by attached to female and nourished by placentaplacenta

Viviparous

Types of EggsTypes of Eggs

Shark pup emerging from

egg case

The Shark’s SkinThe Shark’s Skin• Skin protected not Skin protected not

by scales, but by by scales, but by hard “skin teeth” hard “skin teeth” or dermal denticlesor dermal denticles– Feels like sand Feels like sand

paperpaper

• Important in Important in swimming swimming efficiencyefficiency– Denticles point Denticles point

backward to backward to decrease dragdecrease drag

Nose to TailNose to Tail• Sharks designed for constant, Sharks designed for constant,

effortless swimming, though not as effortless swimming, though not as sustained high speedssustained high speeds

• Color blends in with colors of the oceanColor blends in with colors of the ocean

• Their senses, like their teeth, are razor-Their senses, like their teeth, are razor-sharp, and they are quick to sharp, and they are quick to investigate anything that could be foodinvestigate anything that could be food

Tails and FinsTails and Fins• Propels itself through water with Propels itself through water with

powerful tail fin moving side to sidepowerful tail fin moving side to side

• Fins are non-retractable, used for Fins are non-retractable, used for balance and to prevent roll-oversbalance and to prevent roll-overs

• Control direction of shark and act as Control direction of shark and act as a braking mechanisma braking mechanism

Fin FactsFin Facts• Pelvic and Pectoral fins act like wings of Pelvic and Pectoral fins act like wings of

an aircraft for steeringan aircraft for steering

• Shark fins are cut off and dried to make Shark fins are cut off and dried to make “Shark Fin Soup”“Shark Fin Soup”

• Fins cut and live carcass thrown back Fins cut and live carcass thrown back into ocean – sharks die slowly by into ocean – sharks die slowly by drowning drowning

• Shark finning is illegal in the U.S. Shark finning is illegal in the U.S.

Shark Finning in AsiaShark Finning in Asia

Senses: Swimming Senses: Swimming ComputersComputers

• Sharks can see, smell and hear in Sharks can see, smell and hear in addition to sensing movement and addition to sensing movement and electrical fields made by other electrical fields made by other animalsanimals

• Uses sense of “touch” to locate food Uses sense of “touch” to locate food and enemiesand enemies

• Sharpness of senses varies from one Sharpness of senses varies from one species to another depending on species to another depending on lifestylelifestyle

VisionVision• Sharks have excellent vision: Sharks have excellent vision:

especially sensitive to contrastespecially sensitive to contrast

• Sharks probably see colorSharks probably see color

• Black cones on back of retina Black cones on back of retina (Tametum lucidum) increases vision (Tametum lucidum) increases vision at night and in murky waters.at night and in murky waters.– Can see better at night than catsCan see better at night than cats

Scent DetectorsScent Detectors• Shark has nostrils located in front of eyes Shark has nostrils located in front of eyes

on each side of snouton each side of snout

• Olfactory sacs in nostrils detect scentOlfactory sacs in nostrils detect scent

• Blacktip sharks detect one part of scent in Blacktip sharks detect one part of scent in 10 billion parts of water10 billion parts of water

• Most sharks can detect a scent from over Most sharks can detect a scent from over a mile awaya mile away

Detecting SoundDetecting Sound

• Sharks have ears located on top of headSharks have ears located on top of head

• Detect movement of water moleculesDetect movement of water molecules

• Have detected sound 4+ kilometers awayHave detected sound 4+ kilometers away

• Can detect heartbeat up to 1 mileCan detect heartbeat up to 1 mile

Electro-SensitivityElectro-Sensitivity

• Sharks are most electrically-sensitive Sharks are most electrically-sensitive vertebrate ever studiedvertebrate ever studied

• Use magnetic field of earth as natural Use magnetic field of earth as natural compass for migrationcompass for migration

• All organisms emit electrical signals All organisms emit electrical signals varying in strength depending on animalvarying in strength depending on animal

Ampullae of LorenziniAmpullae of Lorenzini• Delicate, jelly-filled canals connected to Delicate, jelly-filled canals connected to

pores in the shark’s skinpores in the shark’s skin

• Visible on the underside of shark’s Visible on the underside of shark’s snoutsnout

• Can detect incredibly low voltageCan detect incredibly low voltage– Can feel heartbeat up to 1 mile awayCan feel heartbeat up to 1 mile away

• Detects electrical stimuli from animals Detects electrical stimuli from animals buried in sand or hiding in coralsburied in sand or hiding in corals

Lateral LineLateral Line

• Specialized, pressure sensitive, hair Specialized, pressure sensitive, hair receptor cells found in grooves or receptor cells found in grooves or canals along a central line that runs canals along a central line that runs down each side of a sharks bodydown each side of a sharks body

• Movement of hairs signal the change Movement of hairs signal the change in water pressure caused by other fishin water pressure caused by other fish– gauge distancegauge distance– useful in murky waters or complete useful in murky waters or complete

darknessdarkness

Sensing PreySensing Prey• Usually pick up smell of a victim firstUsually pick up smell of a victim first• Tracks down bleeding prey – easy mealTracks down bleeding prey – easy meal• Lateral line confirms position of targetLateral line confirms position of target• Ampullae of Lorenzini picks up electrical Ampullae of Lorenzini picks up electrical

activity of preyactivity of prey• Closer in, ears pick up soundsCloser in, ears pick up sounds• Within striking distance, shark sees preyWithin striking distance, shark sees prey• Shark’s brain shuts down sensesShark’s brain shuts down senses• Tastes victim by biting, then swims Tastes victim by biting, then swims

awayaway• Victim moving less, moves in for the killVictim moving less, moves in for the kill

Behavioral PatternsBehavioral Patterns• Swimming usually casualSwimming usually casual

• Rarely makes any sudden movesRarely makes any sudden moves

• Noises made by humans usually Noises made by humans usually scares a sharkscares a shark

• Curiosity often draws sharks toward Curiosity often draws sharks toward scuba diversscuba divers

HuntingHunting• Movements of a shark become erratic Movements of a shark become erratic

during huntingduring hunting

• Blue sharks are fearless, attacking Blue sharks are fearless, attacking prey much bigger than themselvesprey much bigger than themselves

• Great whites often patrol beaches that Great whites often patrol beaches that are known homes to seals or sea lionsare known homes to seals or sea lions

Territorial?Territorial?• Most sharks are not territorial, simply Most sharks are not territorial, simply

swim around the oceansswim around the oceans

• Reef sharks form a base and patrol itReef sharks form a base and patrol it

• Grey reef sharks may consider other Grey reef sharks may consider other sharks and people as a threatsharks and people as a threat

• Breeding sharks become very aggressiveBreeding sharks become very aggressive

The AttackThe Attack• Sharks usually circle their prey before Sharks usually circle their prey before

attacking itattacking it

• Slowly narrow the circle getting closer and Slowly narrow the circle getting closer and closercloser

• Nicitating membrane covers and protects Nicitating membrane covers and protects eyes during the attack – rendering the eyes during the attack – rendering the shark blind during the attackshark blind during the attack

• Some often bump or nudge prey to see if it Some often bump or nudge prey to see if it is softis soft

• Great Whites attack from below and Great Whites attack from below and behind, away from the headbehind, away from the head

Behavioral ConsiderationsBehavioral Considerations

• Very predictable, very smart and Very predictable, very smart and very socialvery social

• Many who work with sharks maintain Many who work with sharks maintain that they have very distinct that they have very distinct personalitiespersonalities

• Some sharks display a complex and Some sharks display a complex and subtle “body language” which may subtle “body language” which may be an attempt to communicate the be an attempt to communicate the violation of their spaceviolation of their space

Threat WarningThreat Warning• ““Posturing” has been displayed by Posturing” has been displayed by

many sharks as a warning for attackmany sharks as a warning for attack

• 1. Swims back and forth in one place1. Swims back and forth in one place

• 2. May drop pectoral fins, raise nose 2. May drop pectoral fins, raise nose and hunch backand hunch back

• 3. Turn toward you and then away3. Turn toward you and then away– Repeats this process as a warningRepeats this process as a warning

Avoiding AttackAvoiding Attack• Remaining in the area when a shark Remaining in the area when a shark

displays “posturing” behaviors could displays “posturing” behaviors could illicit an attack. Leave the area as illicit an attack. Leave the area as quietly as possible.quietly as possible.

• Do NOT turn your back to the shark. Do NOT turn your back to the shark.

• Don’t panic and race for the surface Don’t panic and race for the surface unless you want to become dinner. unless you want to become dinner. They will chase you and they will They will chase you and they will win!!win!!

Avoiding AttackAvoiding Attack• Keep an eye on the shark at all times.Keep an eye on the shark at all times.

• Be aware of your surroundings, Be aware of your surroundings, remember sharks are social animals – remember sharks are social animals – there may be more!there may be more!

• Swim slowly. Quick movements Swim slowly. Quick movements attract attention.attract attention.

• Remain close to the bottom until Remain close to the bottom until directly below the exit point.directly below the exit point.

Quote to RememberQuote to Remember

• ““Between the months of five through nine Between the months of five through nine (May to September), go swimming in the (May to September), go swimming in the ocean from nine to five”ocean from nine to five”– Robert Hueter, Mote Marine LaboratoryRobert Hueter, Mote Marine Laboratory

• Sharks feed usually at sunrise and sunset Sharks feed usually at sunrise and sunset – If food is present, they will eat at any time!If food is present, they will eat at any time!

Swimming AttacksSwimming Attacks• Always stay in groupsAlways stay in groups

• Do not enter the water if you are bleedingDo not enter the water if you are bleeding

• Avoid shiny jewelry – reflects light and Avoid shiny jewelry – reflects light and resembles sheen of fish scalesresembles sheen of fish scales

• Avoid contrasting colors – yum-yum yellowAvoid contrasting colors – yum-yum yellow

• Refrain from excessive splashing – fish in Refrain from excessive splashing – fish in distress signaldistress signal

• Sightings of dolphins do not mean no Sightings of dolphins do not mean no sharks – both eat same foodsharks – both eat same food

• Avoid areas where people are fishing Avoid areas where people are fishing

The Shark’s DomainThe Shark’s Domain

• Sharks inhabit every area of the Sharks inhabit every area of the ocean from continental shelves to ocean from continental shelves to the abyssal plainsthe abyssal plains

• Majority live in the well-lit surface Majority live in the well-lit surface waters, but a few are found only in waters, but a few are found only in very deep watersvery deep waters

Shark DiversityShark Diversity

• There are 8 orders and about 380 There are 8 orders and about 380 known species of sharks inhabiting known species of sharks inhabiting every ocean and virtually every every ocean and virtually every marine habitat in the world.marine habitat in the world.

• New species emerge, but most New species emerge, but most known species have changed very known species have changed very little over the last 300+ million yearslittle over the last 300+ million years

Naming SharksNaming Sharks

• Sharks exhibit certain characteristics Sharks exhibit certain characteristics that are sometimes responsible for that are sometimes responsible for their naming includingtheir naming including– Color (leopard sharks , zebra sharks)Color (leopard sharks , zebra sharks)– Special shapes (Hammerheads, angel Special shapes (Hammerheads, angel

sharks)sharks)– Appendages (Horn sharks)Appendages (Horn sharks)– Where they live (Carpet Sharks)Where they live (Carpet Sharks)

Weird and Wonderful Weird and Wonderful NamesNames

• Megamouth sharks have an enormous Megamouth sharks have an enormous mouth and over 100 rows of teethmouth and over 100 rows of teeth

• Great Whites are known as “White Great Whites are known as “White Death”Death”

• Blind sharks close their eyes when Blind sharks close their eyes when they are taken out of the waterthey are taken out of the water

• Fishermen thought the Dogfish shark Fishermen thought the Dogfish shark had teeth like a doghad teeth like a dog

• Angel sharks have large pectoral fins Angel sharks have large pectoral fins that resemble an angel’s wingsthat resemble an angel’s wings

Six-Gilled Sharks: Living Six-Gilled Sharks: Living FossilsFossils

• Included Cow Shark Included Cow Shark and Frill Sharksand Frill Sharks

• Have six or seven Have six or seven gill slitsgill slits

• Most similar to Most similar to primitive sharksprimitive sharks

Saw SharksSaw Sharks• Saw-like structure Saw-like structure

on noseon nose

• Used for stirring up Used for stirring up bottom in search of bottom in search of small fish and crabssmall fish and crabs

• Covered with skin Covered with skin at birth –reduce at birth –reduce injury to mominjury to mom

DogfishDogfish• Small in sizeSmall in size

• Important source of Important source of food and are fished food and are fished all over the globeall over the globe

Horn SharksHorn Sharks• Named for horn-like Named for horn-like

spines located on spines located on their backs next to their backs next to each dorsal fineach dorsal fin

Carpet SharksCarpet Sharks• Live on the seabed Live on the seabed

and are sluggish and are sluggish swimmersswimmers

• Not generally Not generally aggressiveaggressive

• Nurse Sharks, Nurse Sharks, Leopard Sharks, Leopard Sharks, Wobbegongs, Wobbegongs, zebra sharkszebra sharks

Angel SharksAngel Sharks• Live in shallow, Live in shallow,

warm seaswarm seas

• Large pectoral fins Large pectoral fins look like angel wingslook like angel wings

• Disguise themselves Disguise themselves by covering their by covering their bodies in sandbodies in sand

• Often sold as a Often sold as a substitute for lobstersubstitute for lobster

Mackerel SharksMackerel Sharks• Very aggressive Very aggressive

nature full of nature full of curiositycuriosity

• Include: Great white, Include: Great white, mako, megamouth, mako, megamouth, sand tiger and goblin sand tiger and goblin sharkssharks

• Mackeral sharks Mackeral sharks named for eating named for eating Mackeral and HerringMackeral and Herring

Mackerel SharksMackerel Sharks

Mako, Sand Tiger, Goblin and Porbeagle Sharks

Hammers and ThreshersHammers and Threshers• Easy to recognizeEasy to recognize

• Hammerheads – Hammerheads – swing heads from swing heads from side to side to side to side to detect stingraysdetect stingrays

• Thresher – long tail Thresher – long tail used to frighten used to frighten and stun small fishand stun small fish

Requiem SharksRequiem Sharks

• Second most Second most dangerous shark to dangerous shark to swimmers and swimmers and diversdivers

• Some live in open Some live in open ocean while others ocean while others are found close to are found close to the shorethe shore

Requiem SharksRequiem Sharks

Silky Sharks, Silvertip Reef Sharks, Blue sharks and Tiger Sharks

Plankton EatersPlankton Eaters• Harmless, docile Harmless, docile

sharks feeding sharks feeding mainly on planktonmainly on plankton

• May grow to lengths May grow to lengths of 60 feet and 44 of 60 feet and 44 tonstons

• Whale sharks, Whale sharks, Megamouth sharks Megamouth sharks and Basking sharksand Basking sharks

MEGAMOUTH SHARKSMEGAMOUTH SHARKS

•Megamouth shark Megamouth shark was not discovered was not discovered

until 1976 by US until 1976 by US NavyNavy

•Deep water Deep water dwellers, plankton dwellers, plankton

feeders, poor feeders, poor swimmersswimmers

Gentle GiantsGentle Giants• Whale Sharks Whale Sharks

inhabit all warm, inhabit all warm, tropical seastropical seas

• Thought to be highly Thought to be highly migratorymigratory

• About 300 rows of About 300 rows of small teethsmall teeth

• Live bearer of Live bearer of young, with up to young, with up to 300 pups at one 300 pups at one timetime

Strange SharksStrange Sharks

• Cookiecutter shark Cookiecutter shark – 20 in long – – 20 in long – gouge round plugs gouge round plugs of flesh from of flesh from victimsvictims

• Dwarf sharks – 6 in Dwarf sharks – 6 in long – lives in deep long – lives in deep Pacific OceanPacific Ocean

Sharks in the Atlantic Ocean Sharks in the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexicoand Gulf of Mexico

• In 2000 there were 34 shark attacks In 2000 there were 34 shark attacks along the Florida coastalong the Florida coast– Tiger or bull sharks said to be Tiger or bull sharks said to be

responsibleresponsible

• Of the 350 shark species, about 80% Of the 350 shark species, about 80% are unable to hurt people or rarely are unable to hurt people or rarely encounter peopleencounter people

Sandbar SharkSandbar Shark• Also called a brown Also called a brown

sharkshark

• Large triangular Large triangular shaped dorsal finshaped dorsal fin

• Can grow to 8 ftCan grow to 8 ft

Sharpnose SharkSharpnose Shark

• Distinguished by Distinguished by white spots, long white spots, long flattened snout and flattened snout and a thin body a thin body

• Grows to 3 feetGrows to 3 feet

Blacktip SharkBlacktip Shark• Black tips on dorsal Black tips on dorsal

and pectoral finsand pectoral fins

• Grows to about 6.5 Grows to about 6.5 feetfeet

• Number one Number one species for attacks species for attacks along the Gulf along the Gulf coastcoast

SpinnerSpinner• Slender, fast-Slender, fast-

swimming shark that swimming shark that often leaps often leaps “spinning” out of the “spinning” out of the waterwater

• Grows to 9 feetGrows to 9 feet

Blacknose SharkBlacknose Shark• Small shark with Small shark with

noticeable dusky noticeable dusky smudge or smudge or “moustache” on tip “moustache” on tip of its snout.of its snout.

• Maximum length Maximum length about 4.5 feet about 4.5 feet

Bull SharkBull Shark• One of the most One of the most

dangerous sharks dangerous sharks along S.E. coastalong S.E. coast

• Short, broad snout Short, broad snout and small eyesand small eyes

• Grows to 11.5 ftGrows to 11.5 ft

• Tolerates fresh waterTolerates fresh water

Tiger SharkTiger Shark• As dangerous as Bull As dangerous as Bull

sharks – more likely sharks – more likely to attack peopleto attack people

• Broad snout with Broad snout with telltale stripes on telltale stripes on body (spots as a body (spots as a juvenile)juvenile)

• Max length is 18 ft.Max length is 18 ft.

Why are Sharks Important?Why are Sharks Important?• Maintaining a healthy ecosystemMaintaining a healthy ecosystem

– Culling weak and wounded animalsCulling weak and wounded animals

• Don’t compete with fishermen (take Don’t compete with fishermen (take what a fisher wouldn’t catch or would what a fisher wouldn’t catch or would discard)discard)

• Eliminating sharks would have Eliminating sharks would have catastrophic effect on ocean ecosystemcatastrophic effect on ocean ecosystem

Human Benefit?Human Benefit?

• Squalimine is a broad-based Squalimine is a broad-based antibiotic produced from cells antibiotic produced from cells throughout body of a spiny dogfishthroughout body of a spiny dogfish– Successfully used against bacterial and Successfully used against bacterial and

fungal infections and may be key to fungal infections and may be key to treating resistant infectionstreating resistant infections

• Many sharks harvested for Vitamin A Many sharks harvested for Vitamin A found in their liversfound in their livers

Cancer Preventative?Cancer Preventative?

• Cancer is very rare in sharksCancer is very rare in sharks• Once thought to be something in Once thought to be something in

cartilage that prevented cancer was cartilage that prevented cancer was found to be not truefound to be not true

• People still seek cartilage pills in People still seek cartilage pills in heath stores heath stores

• Costa Rica alone kills over 2.8 Costa Rica alone kills over 2.8 million sharks per year to make million sharks per year to make

cartilage pillscartilage pills

The Future?The Future?

• Humans kill up to 100 million sharks Humans kill up to 100 million sharks every yearevery year

• As slow breeders, sharks cannot As slow breeders, sharks cannot replace such lossesreplace such losses

• Many species of sharks already Many species of sharks already endangeredendangered

• Fishermen catch and release sharks, Fishermen catch and release sharks, but most die shortly afterwardbut most die shortly afterward

Tourism could be key to Tourism could be key to sharks’ long term survivalsharks’ long term survival

• Shark photographyShark photography

• Shark watching tourism – feeding Shark watching tourism – feeding frenziesfrenzies

• Shark wrestling Shark wrestling

• Shark dives – from reef sharks to great Shark dives – from reef sharks to great whiteswhites

• Marine Aquariums – only small sharks; Marine Aquariums – only small sharks; large sharks difficult to keep in captivitylarge sharks difficult to keep in captivity

ProtectionProtection

• Marine reserves and breeding ground Marine reserves and breeding ground reserves may be needed in near futurereserves may be needed in near future

• Great White are already protected in Great White are already protected in California, Australia and S. AfricaCalifornia, Australia and S. Africa

• Fishing quotasFishing quotas

Sharks are amazing animals but Sharks are amazing animals but difficult to study, so little is known difficult to study, so little is known about them. The more we know about them. The more we know

and understand, the more we can and understand, the more we can learn to respect such learn to respect such

misunderstood creaturesmisunderstood creatures