in the wake of the war chapter 17 the american nation, 12e mark c. carnes & john a. garraty
TRANSCRIPT
IN THE WAKE OF THE WAR
Chapter 17
The American Nation, 12e
Mark C. Carnes & John A. Garraty
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CONGRESS ASCENDANT Congress controlled the government as a
series of weak presidents occupied the White House Senate filled with wealthy men of long tenure who
had the opportunity to learn politics House of Representatives was a disorderly and
inefficient legislative body
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THE POLITICAL AFTERMATH OF THE WAR
“Bloody Shirt”: political tactic that consisted of reminding the northern states that the men behind the Confederacy and the Civil War were Democrats and, should they come to power, they would undo everything the Republicans had done Rights of Blacks: Republicans tried to build
numbers in the south by alternately appealing to black voters and trying to win conservative white support by stressing economic issues
Veterans Pensions: after Civil War, Union soldiers founded Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) which had a membership of 409,000 by 1890 and pressured Congress to aid Union veterans
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Waving the Bloody Shirt!Waving the Bloody Shirt!
Republican “Southern Strategy”
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THE POLITICAL AFTERMATH OF THE WAR
Tariff: While people talked about free trade, few believed it Manufacturers desired protection for products Workers believed it would protect wage levels Farmers tended to favor despite low levels of
imported competing agricultural products Currency Reform: during war Congress
had issued $450 million in paper money (greenbacks) but after the war there was a fear these would cause inflation and pressure developed to withdraw them Deflation after war hit debtors, especially
farmers, hard resulting in pressure for currency inflation
Came mainly from third parties
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THE POLITICAL AFTERMATH OF THE WAR
Civil Service Reform: Federal employees rose from 53,000 in 1871 to 256,000 by end of century Corruption, waste, and inefficiency flourished Politicians argued patronage was the lifeblood of
politics and refused to seriously consider reform
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BLACKS AFTER RECONSTRUCTION
Little federal support was offered to blacks after Reconstruction
Initially blacks were not totally disenfranchised as rival white factions tried to manipulate them
Starting with Mississippi, southern states began to deprive blacks of the vote Poll taxes Literacy tests (had “understanding” loophole
for poor whites) Louisiana had 130,000 black voters in 1896 and
5,000 in 1900
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“Boy, You ain’t a votin’ here”!
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The organized violence of the Ku Klux Klan and the White League made life "worse than slavery" for Southern blacks.
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BLACKS AFTER RECONSTRUCTION
Supreme Court rulings Civil Rights Cases (1883): declared the Civil
Rights Acts of 1875 unconstitutional; blacks who were refused equal accommodations or privileges by privately owned facilities had no legal recourse
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Court ruled that even in places of public accommodation, segregation was acceptable as long as facilities of equal quality were provided— SEPARATE BUT EQUAL!!!!!???
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Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), one of the most important cases to reach the U.S. Supreme Court, changed the lives of millions of black and white Americans. Interpreting law in a way that lasted for more than a half century, it permitted the segregation of blacks in public facilities throughout the land.
What exactly was the Supreme Court ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson?
How did this ruling become the legal foundation of the Jim Crow system?
Were there many segregation laws on the books?
If not, how was segregation implemented and enforced?
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BOOKER T. WASHINGTON:A “Reasonable” Champion for Blacks
Booker T. Washington founded Tuskegee Institute Convinced that blacks
must lift themselves up by their bootstraps and accommodate themselves to white prejudices
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BOOKER T. WASHINGTON:A “Reasonable” Champion for Blacks
Atlanta Compromise (1895) Don’t fight segregation and second class
citizenship Concentrate on learning useful skills Progress up economic and social ladder would
come from self-improvement Asked whites to help blacks with economic self-
improvement Won him lots of white support but blacks were
more mixed in response
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Born a slave, Booker T. Washington had risen through hard work to become the founder of Tuskegee Institute in 1881, which he personally built into the nation's largest and best known industrial training school.
Did Washington advocate civil equality?
Why or why not?
Did all African Americans approve of Washington's approach?
Who was his major detractor, and how did his message differ?
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American History Students at Tuskegee Institute
In what way was Washington an "accomodationist"?
Where did he most fully outline this philosophy?
How was his message received by the white leadership?
Booker T. Washington’s philosophy of black advancement through accommodation to the white status quo was put into practice at Tuskegee Institute. These students were studying white American history, though most of their time was spent on more practical subjects. (Library of Congress)
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THE WEST AFTER THE CIVIL WARChinese immigration Beginning in 1850s, 4,000-5,000 per year
as cheap labor for railroad construction
When railroads were finished, the Chinese began competing with white labor which led to a great cry of resentment on the west coast
When Chinese immigration reached 40,000 in 1882, Congress banned further immigration for 10 years (later indefinitely extended)—Chinese Exclusion Act—Chinese Exclusion Act
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Political cartoon about the Chinese Exclusion Act
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INDIAN WARS 1867 government decided to confine all Indians
to two reservations, one in the Dakota Territory and one in Oklahoma, and force them to become farmers At two great meetings in 1867 and 1868 at Medicine
Lodge and Fort Laramie the principal chiefs gave into the government’s demands
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Great PlainsGREAT PLAINSGREAT PLAINS
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INDIAN WARS Many Indians refused to abide by these
agreements Indians made excellent guerilla fighters and were
often able to stymie the military Difficult to determine difference between treaty and
non-treaty Indians After 1849, Indian affairs were overseen by the
Interior Department Most agents systematically cheated the Indians 1869 Congress created nonpolitical Board of Indian
Commissioners to oversee Indian affairs but it was generally ignored
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INDIAN WARS 1874 gold was discovered in the
Black Hills on the Sioux Reservation and thousands of miners poured in causing the Indians to go on the warpath
Treaty and non-treaty Indians concentrated in the region of the Bighorn River in Montana George Armstrong Custer and the 7th
Cavalry were sent ahead to locate the Indians and block their escape
Underestimating the number of Indians, Custer chose to attack
His 264 men were slaughtered by 2,500 Sioux In autumn, short of rations and hard
pressed by overwhelming numbers of soldiers, they surrendered and returned to the reservation
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Bloody Battles ContinueBloody Battles Continue• 1874 – George A.
Custer reports much gold in Black Hills (SD)- the Gold Rush is on!
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Bloody Battles ContinueBloody Battles Continue
Custer’s Last Stand: At Little Bighorn• Sitting Bull, Crazy
Horse, Gall, crush Custer’s troops
• By late 1876, Sioux are defeated - many Indians are
starving, freezing - Sitting Bull surrenders in
1881
George Armstrong Custer, U.S. army officer who died in battle of Little Bighorn.
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The Battle of Little Big The Battle of Little Big HornHorn18761876
The Battle of Little Big The Battle of Little Big HornHorn18761876
Chief Sitting BullChief Sitting Bull
Gen. GeorgeGen. GeorgeArmstrong Armstrong
CusterCuster
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A Sioux camp in South Dakota, A Sioux camp in South Dakota, 1891.1891.
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THE DESTRUCTION OF TRIBAL LIFE Fighting lessened with the
coming of the transcontinental railroad and the slaughter of the buffalo In mid 1860s, 13 to 15
million buffalo roamed the Plains
Railroads contributed to slaughter, first to feed workers, then by bringing hunters from east
In 1871 commercial use of buffalo discovered and sealed their fate
In next three years 9 million were killed and after another decade, buffalo were almost extinct
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Destruction of the Buffalo Destruction of the Buffalo HerdsHerds
Destruction of the Buffalo Destruction of the Buffalo HerdsHerds
The near extinction of the buffalo.The near extinction of the buffalo.
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Destruction of BuffaloDestruction of Buffalo
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Yellowstone National ParkYellowstone National ParkYellowstone National ParkYellowstone National Park
First national First national park established park established
in 1872.in 1872.
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THE DESTRUCTION OF TRIBAL LIFEDawes Severalty Act of
1887 Tribal lands were to be split
up into individual allotments
Land could not be disposed of for 25 years
Funds were to be appropriated for educating and training the Indians
Those who accepted allotments, took up residence separate from tribes, and adopted habit of civilized life were to be granted U.S. citizenship
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Dawes Severalty Act Dawes Severalty Act (1887):(1887):
Assimilation PolicyAssimilation Policy
Dawes Severalty Act Dawes Severalty Act (1887):(1887):
Assimilation PolicyAssimilation Policy
Carlisle Indian School, PACarlisle Indian School, PA
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THE DESTRUCTION OF TRIBAL LIFE
Effects Assumed Indians could be transformed into
small agricultural capitalists Shattered what was left of Indians’ culture
without enabling them to adjust to white ways
Unscrupulous white men systematically tricked Indians into leasing their lands for a pittance
Local authorities often taxed Indian lands at excessive rates
By 1934 Indians had lost 86 of their 138 million acres
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Treaty of Ft. Laramie Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1851)(1851)
ColoradoColoradoGold Rush Gold Rush
(1859)(1859)
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Colonel John ChivingtonColonel John ChivingtonColonel John ChivingtonColonel John Chivington
Kill and scalp all, big Kill and scalp all, big and little!and little!
Sandy Creek, CO Sandy Creek, CO MassacreMassacre
November 29, 1864November 29, 1864
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The Battle of Wounded Knee (Dec. The Battle of Wounded Knee (Dec. 28, 1890)28, 1890)
• U.S. army thinks Sitting BullSitting Bull is using “Ghost Dance” to start uprising–Sitting Bull is killed during arrest attempt
• U.S. troops moves 350 Sioux to Wounded Wounded Knee Creek, SDKnee Creek, SD-somehow shot is fired and
Cavalry panics - kill 300300 unarmed Indians (our book
says 200)• Battle ends the
Indian wars
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Chief Big Foot’s Lifeless Chief Big Foot’s Lifeless BodyBody
Wounded Knee, SD, 1890Wounded Knee, SD, 1890
Chief Big Foot’s Lifeless Chief Big Foot’s Lifeless BodyBody
Wounded Knee, SD, 1890Wounded Knee, SD, 1890
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BIG BUSINESS AND THE LAND BONANZA
Problems with settling the Plains Soil rich but climate made agriculture difficult if
not impossible Blizzards, floods, grasshopper plagues, and prairie
fires caused repeated problems Bonanza farms: giant corporate controlled
farms Encouraged by the flat immensity of the land and
newly available farm machinery Could buy supplies wholesale and obtain
concessions from railroads and processors Most failed in the drought years of the late 1880s
Plains still became breadbasket of America after war
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The Realty--A Pioneer’s Sod The Realty--A Pioneer’s Sod House, SDHouse, SD
The Realty--A Pioneer’s Sod The Realty--A Pioneer’s Sod House, SDHouse, SD
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WESTERN RAILROAD BUILDING Government subsidies of railroads further
contributed to exploitation of land resources yet grants of land seemed like a reasonable way to get railroads built and they were needed for the development of the West Federal land grants to railroads began in 1850 Over next two decades 49 million acres were given
to various lines Most lavish grants went to intersectional trunk
lines which received more than about 155 million acres 25 million reverted back to government when companies
failed to lay requisite amount of track
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Railroad ConstructionRailroad Construction
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Promontory Point, UTPromontory Point, UT(May 10, 1869)(May 10, 1869)
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THE CATTLE KINGDOM By late 18th Century large herds of cattle
roamed southern Texas These descendants of Spanish cows interbred
with “English” to produce the Texas longhorn While hardly the best beef cattle, they existed by
the millions, largely un-owned Eastern urban growth combined with railroad
expansion made it profitable to exploit the cattle Longhorns could be had locally for $3 to $4 a head
and sold in the east for 10 times as much
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THE CATTLE KINGDOM Made sense to round up cattle, drive them
north across federally owned land, allowing them to graze and fatten along the way, and deliver them to railroads running through Kansas Between 1867 and 1872 1.5 million cattle traveled
the Chisolm Trail to Abilene, Kansas 10 million were driven north until practice ended
in mid-1880s
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Black CowboysBlack Cowboys
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BARBED-WIRE WARFARE Cattlemen formed associations and to keep
other ranchers’ cattle they began to fence huge areas
Fencing made possible by 1874 invention of barbed wire by Joseph F. Glidden
By 1880s thousands of miles of fence had been strong across the plains Resulted in wars between competing interests On open range, cattle could fend for themselves
but barbed wire became lethal during winter storms
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Barbed WireBarbed WireBarbed WireBarbed Wire
Joseph Joseph GliddenGliddenJoseph Joseph GliddenGlidden
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WEBSITES Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties, Compiled and Edited
by Charles J. Kappler (1904)http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler Geronimohttp://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/B/geronimo/geronixx.htm National Museum of the American Indianhttp://www.si.edu The Transcontinental Railroadhttp://www.sfmuseum.org/hist1/rail.html African American Perspectives: Pamphlets from the
Daniel A. P. Murry Collections, 1818-1907http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aap/aaphome.html