Unit 13 – Taxonomy

In this unit, the summary is shown in blue, and the underlined words are vocabulary; the animation and video

hyperlinks are shown in orange.

http://assets.natgeotv.com/Shows/10406.jpg

Hello, my name is

Gulo gulo[in English, wolverine]

TPS How would you classify your shoes? If you had to create a cladogram [see below] to

show the evolution of shoes, how would you do it?

Shoe Sort

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Identical_cladograms.svg/250px-Identical_cladograms.svg.png

When you go shopping in the grocery store, similar items are often placed on the same aisle. Why? They are most often related to each other.

In science, classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities.

Introduction

What is taxonomy?Textbook Reference pg. 443

Scientists classify the diverse number of organisms on the planet in order to learn and study from them into hierarchical groups (from general to more specific categories).

In this unit you will learn how scientists classify living things; the science of taxonomy.

Who was Carl von Linne? Textbook Reference pg. 444

Von Linne [AKA Carolus Linnaeus] was the Swedish biologist who in the mid-1700’s developed the biological system of classification. ◦7 taxonomic levels [or

taxa] ◦kingdom to species

http://www.ub.uit.no/northernlights/images/linne06d.jpg

Binomial Nomenclature Textbook Reference pg. 444

Scientists give animals Latin/Greek names in classification which consists of two parts:◦genus + species [specific epithet].

Often use Latin because it is universal [worldwide] and not widely spoken, therefore, the meaning is not likely to change.

In Latin, nomenclatura = ◦nomen "name"+ calare "to call" 

EX Tyrannosaurus rex translates to “tyrant lizard” and “king.”

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http://hqwalls.org/t_rex_dinosaur_wallpaper-wallpapers.html

Always in italics Genus name is

written 1st, capitalized

Species name is written 2nd, NOT capitalized

EX scientific names◦Homo sapiens

(modern man)◦Felis domesticus

(common housecat)

Binomial Nomenclature Cont.

http://www.unmaskingevolution.com/images/imaginative.gif

Purpose for Classification1. A Latin name eliminates confusion caused by

regional name differences.◦ EX crayfish, crawdad, mudbug are all

common names for….◦ Cambarus bartoni

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◦Mountain lion, panther, cougar and puma are all common names for...

◦Felis concolor

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Purpose cont.2. organizes large amounts of information3. Classification also reveals (or shows)

evolutionary relationships between organisms

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Phylogenetic_Tree_of_Life.png

Evolutionary Classification Textbook Reference pg. 452

Phylogeny – evolutionary relationships among organisms

Biologists now group organisms according to phylogeny (lines of evolutionary descent), not just physical characteristics.

Create a mnemonic to remember the sequence of taxons from general to specific◦D◦K◦P◦C◦O◦F◦G◦S

Mnemonic Foldable

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_DiCeGX2-bR8/TKI_zgN01QI/AAAAAAAAAFs/myAAROvR-80/s1600/Taxanomy+5.5.2.JPG

Modern Levels of Classification Textbook Reference pg. 449

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

http://ag.arizona.edu/pubs/garden/mg/entomology/images/p4large.gif

What is domain? Textbook Reference pg. 1073

Domain is the most recently added 8th taxonomic level, which is even more inclusive than a kingdom.

There are three domains shown above. ◦Two are prokaryotic, one is for eukaryotes.

Domains in the News

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Archaea

Eukarya

Bacteria

Domains Cont.

Three domains of life:◦Archaea & Bacteria contain only

prokaryotes. ◦Eukarya contains all eukaryotes.

Take notes from the following slides in a Venn diagram.

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Domain Archaea Members of the domain Archaea are bacteria

[prokaryotes] that live in very extreme environments (hot volcanic springs, black organic mud, etc) and many can only survive in the absence of oxygen!

Archaea were first found in extreme environments, such as volcanic hot springs.

Pictured here is Grand Prismatic Spring of Yellowstone National Park.

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Regular everyday bacteria [prokaryotes] belong to domain Bacteria.

EX Salmonella

Domain Bacteria

According to the Mayo Clinic there are more than 2,000 strains of salmonella bacteria, but only a dozen or so make people sick. Salmonella is most often contracted by eating raw or undercooked meat, poultry, eggs. Image

Domain Eukarya All of the organisms

that have a nucleus [eukaryotes] are included in Domain Eukarya.

This domain includes a variety of life forms in 4 kingdoms:◦Protist◦Fungi◦Plant ◦Animal

Domain Animation

http://www.biocentrum.dtu.dk/upload/institutter/bic/biocentrum/studievalg/his_archaea_fot3_380.jpg

When organisms are newly discovered, they are identified, sorted, and categorized into one of the three domains.

Basis of classification:1. Type of cell2. Number of cells3. Mode of nutrition Take notes from the

following slides in your NovaMind App.

The Six Kingdoms Textbook Reference pg.

454-455

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Prokaryote Eukaryote Unicellular = one-celled Multicellular = many-celled Autotroph = “self-feeder”, photosynthetic or

chemosynthetic Heterotroph = “different-feeder”, consumer

or decomposer Motile = organism moves Sessile = stationary, does not move

Relevant Kingdom Vocabulary

Prokaryotic Kingdoms Textbook Reference pg.

456-457 Eubacteria – bacteria common to “YOU” and me◦Cell Type: Prokaryotic, Unicellular◦Energy: Autotrophic and heterotrophic

Archae bacteria – live in harsh environments (highly salty or acidic, high temperatures) ; mostly anaerobic w/out oxygen◦Prokaryotic◦Unicellular◦Autotrophic only

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Kingdom Protist Textbook Reference pg. 457-458; Ch. 19

Protist – lack complex organ systems; require moist environments; first appeared in the fossil record 200 million years ago!

◦ Eukaryotic w/ cell walls◦ Unicellular & Multicellular◦ Autotrophic &

heterotrophic EX amoebas, algae, kelp

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Slime Mold = Protist

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-360Hzs1e75w/TaiqOZ0s7MI/AAAAAAAAAC4/xUXmW6Q6qoY/s1600/Slime_mold%2528ms-07%2529.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Slime_Mold_On_Deadwood.JPG

Kingdom Fungi Textbook Reference pg. 458; Ch.

20

Fungi – EX Molds, mildews, and mushrooms; first appeared in the fossil record 400 million years ago!◦Eukaryotes w/ cell walls

of chitin◦Unicellular &

multicellular◦Heterotrophic

decomposers

http://www.shutterfreaks.com/albums2/album225/mushroom.jpg

Black Mold = Fungus

http://howtobuildahouseblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Black-Mold.jpg

What caused the Salem Witch Trials?

n 1692 some teenage girls in Salem, Massachusetts, accused a West Indian slave named Tituba and two white women of practicing witchcraft.  By April the girls began to denounce others as witches, including a former minister. In total close to 150 people were accused.

"Both women and men, such as George Jacobs, stood trial for witchcraft in Salem, 1692." Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. History: Government and Politics. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 2008. U.S. History In Context. Web. 20 Feb. 2013.

Plants – oxygen producers; create their food using photosynthesis (thus the green color). ◦Non-motile (do not move)◦Eukaryotes w/ cell walls of cellulose◦Multicellular◦Autotrophs

EX mosses, ferns, flowering and cone-bearing plants

Kingdom Plants Textbook Reference pg. 458-

459; Ch. 21

Kingdom Animal Textbook Reference pg. 459;

Ch. 25 Animals - At the

microscopic level, animal cells are different; they do NOT have cell walls.◦Eukaryotes◦Multicellular◦Heterotrophs

EX sponges, jellyfish, worms, insects, humans

http://www.mccullagh.org/db9/d30-2/jellyfish-7.jpg

Dichotomous Key Taxonomists have

dichotomous keys to help to identify organisms; a guide.

A dichotomous key consists of several pairs of descriptive statements to help identify an unknown organism.

Dichotomous key animation

http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/caer/ce/eek/critter/watercritter/images/keymap_template.gif

What is a cladogram? Textbook

Reference pg. 452

Derived characters – characteristics found in recent parts of a lineage through cladistics; used to construct cladograms.

Cladograms show evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.

Caldogram animationCrab BarnacleLimpet

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON

VISIBLE SIMILARITIES