in this unit, we will learn: how living things are classified how different species are named what...

In this unit, we will learn:• How living things are classified• How different species are named• What bacteria look like• What microorganisms are• If microorganisms are dangerous

1. Classification of living things

• Classification systems are used to organize all the living things on Earth.

• We used to use artificial systems– Based on visible characteristics

• Now we use a natural system– Based on evolution

1.1 Classification categories

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

SpeciesMost specific

Least specific

- Naming the species

• Two individuals belong to the same species if they can reproduce together and have fertile descendants.

Labrador retrieverPoodle Labradoodle

- Naming the species

• Binomial Nomenclature – A two word naming system

• (1st name: Genus, 2nd name: species).

• Common Name: The everyday name given to an organism

• Scientific Name: The two-word Latin name of a species– Homo sapiens– Canis familiaris

Why do we need scientific names?

• In the U.S and England this bird is called the house sparrow, in Spain the gorrion, in Holland the musch, and in Sweden the hussparf

• However, this bird has only ONE scientific name: Passer domesticus

Homework

• Page 125

• #7, 8, 10, 16

2. The five kingdomsKINGDOM TYPE OF

NUTRITIONCELLULAR ORGANISM

TYPE OF CELL

HAS TISSUES?

Moneran Autotrophic or Heterotrophic

Single cell Prokaryotic No

Protist Autotrophic or Heterotrophic

Single cell or Multicellular

Eukaryotic No

Fungus Heterotrophic Single cell or Multicellular

Eukaryotic No

Plant Autotrophic Multicellular Eukaryotic Yes

Animal Heterotrophic Multicellular Eukaryotic Yes

SPECIAL NOTE: VIRUSESBecause viruses cannot survive outside the cells of another animal, and they only perform one of the three vital functions, they are not included in any Kingdom.

The Family Tree of Living Things

3. The Moneran Kingdom

• This Kingdom includes unicellular organisms without a nucleus– PROKARYTIC cells

• Bacteria – Can be pathogens

• Treated with Antibiotics

– Most bacteria are beneficial

What do bacteria look like?

What do bacteria look like?

• Prokaryotic

• Single-cell

• Very simple structure

• Size: 1-10 microns– one-millionth of

a meter – μm

Types of Bacteria

What type of bacteria?

A B C

DE F

Homework

• Page 125 #8e, 15

• Page 129 #22

4. The Protist Kingdom

• The “random kingdom”

KINGDOM TYPE OF NUTRITION

CELLULAR ORGANISM

TYPE OF CELL

HAS TISSUES?





Eukaryotic No


Eukaryotic No



4.1 Protozoa

• Single-cell heterotrophs

• Live– In water– Parasites

• Divided into four groups

Ciliates• Have cilia to move

• Have two nuclei

• Can be parasites or live freely in water

• Example: Paramecium

Flagellates

• Most types are parasites

• Use one or two flagella to move

• Example: Trypanosoma brucei– Causes sleeping sickness

Rhizopoda • Have pseudopods to move and eat with

• Some are parasites– Entamoeba histolytica

• Others live freely– amoeba

Sporozoa• Non-motile

• All parasites

• Reproduce asexually through spores

• Example: Plasmodium malariae

Homework

• Page 129

• # 20, 23

4.2 Algae

• Aquatic

• Single-celled – BUT can group together with other algae to

form a mass of algae

4.2 Algae

• Have chlorophyll – or other photosynthetic elements– NOT plants!– Autotrophic

4.2 Algae

• Many types – classified by their main pigment color

1.Brown Algae– Marine – Multicellular– Biggest ones are ~50

meters long

4.2 Algae

2. Red Algae– Single-celled or multicellular– Attach to sea floor or shells– Have red pigment

4.2 Algae

3. Green Algae– Cells have a lot of chlorophyll– Live in all aquatic environments– There is a lot of diversity in this type of algae

-The importance of algae

• Produce marine organic matter

• Used in food and fertilizers

• Used in the food and pharmaceutical industries

Homework

• Page 129

• #26 and 29

5. The Fungus Kingdom

• Mushrooms, yeasts, and moulds

KINGDOM TYPE OF NUTRITION

CELLULAR ORGANISM

TYPE OF CELL

HAS TISSUES?





Eukaryotic No


Eukaryotic No



- Characteristics of fungi

• Eukaryotic

• Single-celled or multicellular

• Reproduce sexually and asexually

• Need a humid atmosphere

- Types of fungi

• Single cell fungi– Yeasts

• Cause fermentation (to make alcohol, yogurt, bread, etc.)

- Types of fungi

• Multicellular fungi– Mushrooms

• Caps are the reproductive apparatus

• Use spores to reproduce

- Types of fungi

• Multicellular fungi– Moulds

• Don’t have real tissue• Cells are grouped into

hyphae

Homework

• Page 131

• #30, 33, 35, 38

in this unit, we will learn: how living things are classified how different species are named what...

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