In-Use, On-board Measurement ofParticulate Matter Mass Emissions

Mridul Gautam, PhD

Professor

Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

West Virginia University

REAL-TIME PARTICULATE MASS MONITOR MARI RPM-100

QUARTZ CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE

REAL-TIME PARTICULATE MASS MONITOR MARI RPM-100

SAMPLE CONDITIONING SYSTEM

REAL-TIME PARTICULATE MASS MONITOR MARI RPM-100

QUARTZ CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE

CAN Network Communication & RS 232; GPS Receiver RS 232

Sample Conditioning SystemMARI SCS 110

Venturi

NeedlePrimary Transport Tube

Minor Flow Major Flow

Sample Exhaust

Needle Pressure Drop

Secondary Transport Tube

Diluted SampleSample

Primary Mixing Chamber Secondary Mixing

Concept

Crystal Surfaces

Point to Plane Precipitator

Quartz Crystal Microbalance

• 0.454Hz/ng• Conc. Range

– 0-1000 µµ gm-3• Accuracy

– Better than 10%• Data-logging interval

– <1 second

Continuous TPM Measured withMARI RPM-100

TPM Trace vs. Power: FTP Cycle

-1000

-500

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Time(s)

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

ug

/m3)

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

Po

wer

(hp

)

TPM Trace with MARI RPM 100 over aTransient Cycle

Transient Development Cycle

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

0.00 200.00 400.00 600.00 800.00 1000.00 1200.00

Time (s)

Par

ticl

oe

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

ug

/m3)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

Sp

eed

, Po

wer

, To

rqu

e

QCM Conc (ug/m3)TorquePower

Speed

TPM Trace from TEOM Model 1105 andMARI RPM 100

TEOM / QCM intercomparision

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

0.00 200.00 400.00 600.00 800.00 1000.00 1200.00

Time (s)

Par

ticl

e C

on

cen

trat

ion

(u

g/m

3)

QCM Conc (ug/m3)

TEOM Conc (ug/m3)

TPM Trace over the Transient Portion ofthe Engine Cycle

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700

1800

1900

2000

700.00 710.00 720.00 730.00 740.00 750.00 760.00 770.00 780.00 790.00 800.00

0

50

100

150

200

250

conc 10 sec

conc 2 secs

Speed

Torque

Power

RPM 100 Parameters

-2000

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

18:50:00 18:57:12 19:04:24 19:11:36 19:18:48

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

frequency

concentration

coronoa current

flow

Caterpillar D11 Track-type Tractor with a3508 V-8 Engine Operating at a Strip Mine

in WV

Caterpillar D11 Dozer with a 3508 V-8Engine Operating at a Strip Mine in WV

MEMS & RPM 100

MEMS and RPM 100 on a CAT D11Dozer with a 3508 V-8 Engine

MEMS

RPM 100

Annubar®

RPM-100 Packaged for the In-fieldEmissions Measurement from a Track-

type Tractor

Sample Conditioning System

Quartz CrystalMicrobalance

12 VDC Pumps

12VDC Power Supply

RPM-100 (QCM) in a Backpack

Raw Exhaust FlowrateMeasurement/Sampling Section

Annubar™

Engine Speed and Power Data Collected byCaterpillar during Track-type Tractor Transport

0.0

500.0

1000.0

1500.0

2000.0

2500.0

0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 300.0 350.0 400.0

Time (s)

En

gin

e S

pee

d (

rpm

)

-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Pow

er (k

W)

Engine Speed

Power (kW)

CO2 Mass vs. Time for the First Track-typeTractor Test (Full Cycle)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Time (sec)

CO

2 E

mis

sion

s (g

/sec

)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

En

gin

e S

pee

d (

rpm

)

CO2

Engine Speed

Integrated Result76061.9 g/cycle

Dynamometer Test Cycle Designed to Evaluatethe On-board Emissions Testing System in the

Laboratory

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Time (s)

En

gin

e S

pee

d (

rpm

)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

En

gin

e O

utp

ut

(kW

an

d N

-m)

Engine Speed

Engine Load (N-m)

Engine Power (kW)

Comparison of Mass Emissions Rates of NOxover a Transient Cycle Designed to Mimic In-

field Dozer Operation – MEMS Results andLaboratory Results

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Time (sec)

NO

x (g

/sec

)

020702-07 MEMS NOx

020702-07 Lab NOx

Integrated ValueMEMS: 284.1 gLab: 262.7 gPercent Error: 8.1%

Comparison of Mass Emissions Rates of CO2over a Transient Cycle Designed to Mimic In-fieldDozer Operation – MEMS Results and Laboratory

Results

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Time (sec)

CO

2 (

g/s

ec)

020702-05 MEMS CO2

020702-05 Lab CO2

Integrated ValueMEMS: 44234.3 gLab: 4238.8 gPercent Error: 4.5%

Dilution Ratio (Using the RPM-100)and CO2 Mass Emissions Rate

MY 2000, DDC Series 60 on an EngineDynamometer

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Time (s)

Dilu

tion

Rat

io

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

CO

2 (g/

s)

Dilution Ratio

CO2

Continuous PM Mass Emissions Measurementwith the RPM-100

MY 2000, DDC Series 60 on an EngineDynamometer

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Time (s)

PM

Mas

s (g

x10

-6)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

PM

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n (m

g/m

3 )

Mass Concentration

Gravimetric PM ComparisonsBetween the MARI RPM-100 and

the Full-flow Dilution Tunnel

Test 01 Test 02 Test 03

MARI RPM 100 Integrated PM Mass 0.74 1.97 1.73 Full-Flow Dilution Tunnel Gravimetric

Integrated PM Mass 0.71 1.75 1.79

Percent Difference 4.2% 12.6% -3.4%

Note: The RPM-100 sampled from the raw exhaust stream.The resultant error includes all sources of errors inthe emissions measurement systems (exhaust flow

rate; concentration; data acquisition; etc.)

NOx Mass vs. Time for a Track-type Tractor Test

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Time (sec)

NO

x E

mis

sio

ns

(g/s

ec)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

En

gin

e S

pee

d (r

pm

)

NOxEngine Speed

Integrated Result67.7 g/cycle

NOx and PM Concentration Data for theFirst Track-type Tractor Test

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Time (s)

NO

x (g

/s)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

PM

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

mg

/m3)

Raw Mass-01

RPM100 PM Concentration

NOX (g/s)

Integrated Nox Result67.7 g/cycleIntegrated PM Mass Result0.349 g/cycle

Chase Studies

Particulate Exhaust Chase StudyDiesel and GDI Vehicles

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

13:00:00 13:30:00 14:00:00 14:30:00 15:00:00

Time

Par

ticl

e C

on

cen

trat

ion

(µg

/m3)

1

2

3

4 5

67

8

9

10

11

12Key3 Circuit with no car in front (background)4,5 Following GDI, slow, large separation6,7 Following GDI, slow, closer than 4,58,9,10 Following Diesel at increasing speeds11,12 Following GDI, Fast, Close

Chase Studies

Chase Studies

West Virginia University,Morgantown,WV 26506