Inbox: Make sure you have the following vocabulary words in your sourcebook:

1. Heliocentric2. Geocentric3. Scientific method4. Hypothesis5. Natural law6. Social contract7. Natural right8. Philosophe9. laissez faire10. Censorship

11. Salon12. Enlightened Despot13. Baroque14. Rococo 15. Constitutional government16. Prime minister17. Oligarchy18. Popular sovereignty;19. Loyalist; 20. Federal Republic

American Revolution (Redux)1750: 13 prosperous colonies; Navigation Acts not

enforced; religious and ethnic diversity1763: End of 7 Years War; enforcement of Navigation

Acts; colonies upset1770/3: Boston Massacre; Boston Tea Party1776: Colonies Declare Independence from England1777: Battle of Saratoga; French Alliance (supplies,

soldiers and naval support)1781: British Surrender at Yorktown; Treaty of Paris1787: USA writes Constitution in secret;

Enlightenment ideas absorbed1789: Constitution becomes law of the land; French

Revolution begins

What was the Scientific Revolution?Period in which scientists questioned

traditional beliefs about the workings of the universe

Scientific Method: uses observation, generalization and experimentation to explain how the universe works.

Heliocentric or Geocentric?One of the first targets of the Sci. Rev. was

the location of the earth.The church believed/taught that the Earth

was the center of the solar system (geocentric).

Copernicus Brahe Kepler Galileo believed and proved the sun was in the center (heliocentric)

Copernicus and Galileo condemned by the church because it went against church teaching

Other ScientistsIsaac Newton: gravity; optics; calculusBoyle: experiments on gases (Chemistry)Vesalius: human anatomy (Medicine)Pare: medicine to fight infection (Medicine) Harvey: circulatory system (Medicine)Leeuwenhoek: microscope (Biology)

What was the Enlightenment?It was a period during the 18th century (1700s)

of Western Europe that stressed the importance of reason and science in philosophy and the study of human society.

Enlightenment ThinkersThomas Hobbes (Leviathan)

man naturally greedy, selfish cruel (state of nature)

absolute governmentsocial contract

John Locke: (Two Treaties on Government) natural rights (life, liberty, property)purpose of government to protect rightsrevolution when government fails at protection

Enlightenment ThinkersVoltaire

freedom of speech = best weapon against bad government

Criticized corruption of the French government & intolerance of the Catholic Church.

Montesquieu (The Spirit of the Laws)government should divide itself according to its

powers: Judicial, Legislative, and Executive branches.

Enlightenment ThinkersAdam Smith (The Wealth of Nations)

“Laissez-Faire”; free markets; economy would run best if there was no interference from the government

Rousseau: (Social Contract) people are naturally good, evils of society corruptminimal controls necessary for society; freely

elected government; belief in the goodness of “general will” of the

peopleWollstonecraft equal education for women

How did Europe react to the Enlightenment?

Europeans believed in divine right, class systems and the importance of heaven

Government and churches tried to censor ideas and information; burned and banned but Salons spread Enlightenment ideas

Enlightened Despots: Absolute rulers who bring about some positive changes (Frederick the Great; Katherine the Great; Joseph II

Art: Baroque/Rococo; Music: Bach/MotzartMajority of European still peasant farmers!

Why did England rise to power in the 1700s?

Geography: sea-going tradition; territorial possessions in key areas

Military: strongest navy; key defeats of Spain and France

Economy: prosperous trade; fewer restrictions on foreign goods

Government: constitutional in nature (Parliament Cabinet Prime Minister); rising democratic tradition

Why did the American Colonies rebel? England had neglected colonies for several

years due to extreme distanceAfter the French and Indian War, England

raised taxes and began stricter enforcement of laws

Americans were angered by taxes and inspired by Enlightenment ideas (Natural Rights, Separation of Powers).

USA founded as Federal republic; experiment in “applied enlightenment”