incorporation of textile artificial magnetic...

INCORPORATION OF TEXTILE ARTIFICIAL MAGNETIC CONDUCTOR

INTO DIPOLE ANTENNA

MUHAMMAD AZFAR BIN ABDULLAH

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

INCORPORATION OF TEXTILE ARTIFICIAL MAGNETIC CONDUCTOR

INTO DIPOLE ANTENNA

MUHAMMAD AZFAR BIN ABDULLAH

A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of

Master of Engineering (Electrical)

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

JULAI 2014

ii

I declare that this thesis entitled “Incorporation of Textile Artificial Magnetic

Conductor into Dipole Antenna” is the result of my own research except as cited in

the references. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not

concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.

Signature : ....................................................

Name : MUHAMMAD AZFAR BIN ABDULLAH

Date : JULAI 2014

iii

Specially dedicated to my mom and dad,

Norani binti Ibrahim and Abdullah bin Dohat,

My siblings and family, for their encouragement and support;

As well as all my friends who always inspired and motivated me along my excellent

Journey of education

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah, thanks to ALLAH SWT for His continuous blessings and for

giving me the strength in completing this research.

Special thanks to my supervisor, Professor Dr. Mohamad Kamal A. Rahim,

for his guidance, motivations, support, and encouragement in accomplishing this

research.

I would like to recognize everyone who made this research possible. Million

thanks to members of P18, Dr Huda A. Majid, Osman Ayop, Muhammad Faizal

Ismail, Kamilia Kamardin and Mohammad Ezwan bin Jalil.

Finally, I want to express my greatest gratitude to my family whom I love the

most and owe a lot: my parents Norani binti Ibrahim and Abdullah bin Dohat, my

siblings Nur Fawwaz, Nur Izzati, Nur Atikah, Nur Aqilah, and Muhammad Syahmi

for their endless love and support. They were always praying for my success.

v

ABSTRACT

The radiation and gain characteristics of wearable dipole antenna which are

omni-radiation pattern and low gain are not sufficient to support the wearable on-

body system. So, to overcome these problems, the incorporation of textile dipole

antenna with Artificial Magnetic Conductor (AMC) are designed and analysed. The

purpose of implementing the dipole antenna with AMC is to reduce the antenna

backward radiation towards the human body and to increase the antenna’s gain. By

implementing this concept, the dipole antenna’s beam direction is shifted outward

from the human body and the antenna’s gain is increased. In this thesis, the dipole

antenna with AMC is investigated and analysed. The antenna's substrate is made of

denim jeans. It has εr = 1.7, tan σ = 0.025 and 1mm thickness. The radiating

materials are made of two different conducting fabrics which are Shieldit Super

fabric and copper fabric. A flexible dipole antenna with 3 by 3 arrays flexible AMC,

operating at 2.4GHz is designed. In order to have better performance of the

integrated antennas, the properties of the fabric such as bending effect, wetness effect

and on-body measurement are investigated. The possibility of different positions of

the dipole antenna above the AMC which may alter the performance of the antenna

is also discussed. Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software is used for the

antenna and AMC simulation. The performances of the dipole antenna with and

without AMC are compared. It shows that the performance of the antenna with AMC

increases the gain by 5 dB and the antenna’s radiation is more directive.

Furthermore, the resonant frequency of the antenna with AMC shifted due to the

bending effect. The best location to put the dipole antenna with AMC is at the back

of the human body.

vi

ABSTRAK

Ciri-ciri sinaran radiasi dan gandaan antenna dwikutub boleh-pakai

iaitu corak sinaran kesemua arah dan gandaan rendah tidak mencukupi untuk

menyokong system yang dipakai atas badan. Jadi, untuk mengatasi masalah ini,

gabungan tekstil antena dwikutub dengan pengalir magnet tiruan (AMC) direka dan

dianalisa. Tekstil AMC digunakan pada antenna dwikutub bertujuan bagi melindungi

tubuh manusia daripada sinaran antenna dari belakang dan meningkatkan gandaan

antena. Dengan melaksanakan konsep ini, arah sinaran radiasi antena dwikutub dialih

keluar menjauhi tubuh badan dan gandaan antena ditingkatkan. Dalam tesis ini,

antena dwikutub boleh-pakai dengan AMC disiasat dan dikaji. Substratum antena

diperbuat daripada kain jeans denim nilai εr = 1.7, tan σ = 0.025 dan ketebalan 1.0

mm. Bahan-bahan terpancar diperbuat daripada dua fabrik yang berbeza iaitu fabrik

Super Shieldit dan fabric kuprum. Antena dwikutub yang fleksibel dengan 3 x 3

tatasusun fleksibel AMC beroperasi pada frekuensi 2.4 GHz direka. Bagi

mendapatkan prestasi yang lebih baik daripada antena dwikutub beritegrasi AMC,

sifat-sifat fabric : seperti kesan lenturan, kelembapan dan pengukuran kuasa pada

badan disiasat. Kedudukan antena dwikutub yang berbeza atas AMC yang boleh

mengubah prestasi antenna juga turut dibincangkan. Technologi Simulasi Komputer

(CST) perisian digunakan untuk simulasi antena dan AMC. Prestasi antena dwikutub

dengan dan tanpa AMC dibandingkan. Ia menunjukkan bahawa prestasi antena

dengan AMC meningkatkan gandaan sebanyak 5 dB dan radiasi antena adalah lebih

terarah. Tambahan pula, frekuensi salunan antena dengan AMC telah beranjak

disebabkan oleh kesan lenturan. Lokasi terbaik untuk meletakkan antena dwikutub

dengan AMC adalah di belakang tubuh badan manusia.

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEGMENT

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF SYMBOLS

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

LIST OF APPENDICES

ii

iii

iv

v

vi

vii

x

xi

xv

xvi

xvii

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.0 Research Background 1

1.1 Problem Statements 3

1.2 Research Objectives 4

1.3 Scope of Research and Limitations 4

1.4 Research Contributions 5

1.5 Thesis Organization 5

viii

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7

2.0 Introduction 7

2.1 Printed Dipole Antenna 7

2.1.1 Microstrip Dipole Antenna 8

2.1.2

Dipole Antenna with Shorted

Pin

10

2.1.3

Dipole Antenna with Mirror

Structure

11

2.2

Textile Antenna 12

2.3 Artificial Magnetic Conductor (AMC) 20

2.3.1 High Impedance Surface (HIS) 20

2.3.2

Properties of the Artificial

Magnetic Conductor (AMC)

22

2.3.3 Reflection Phase of the AMC 23

2.4 Textile Artificial Magnetic Conductor 25

2.5 Chapter Summary 32

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 33

3.0 Introduction 33

3.1 Research Flow Chart 33

3.2 Fabrication Process 36

3.3 Radiation Pattern Measurement Setup 38


4 TEXTILE DIPOLE ANTENNA 41

4.0 Introduction 41

4.1 Development Process of the Textile

Dipole Antenna

42

4.2 Design Specifications 43

4.3 Simulation and Measurement Results 46

4.4 Textile Dipole Antenna Investigations 48

4.4.1 Bending Effect 49

4.4.2 Wetness Effect 52

ix

4.4.3 On-Body Measurement 55


5 TEXTILE DIPOLE ANTENNA AND TEXTILE

ARTIFICIAL MAGNETIC CONDUCTOR 59

5.0 Introduction 59

5.1

Artificial Magnetic Conductor Design

Process

60

5.2

Square patch Artificial Magnetic

Conductor

62

5.2.1 Square-patch AMC Design 65

5.2.2 Square patch AMC Parametric

Study

66

5.3

Parametric Study of Antenna

Placement above AMC

69

5.4

Measurement of the Textile Dipole

Antenna with Textile AMC

74

5.5

Bending Experiment of the Textile

Dipole Antenna with AMC

76

5.6

On-Body Measurement of the Textile

Dipole Antenna with Textile AMC

79


6 CONLUSION 83

6.0 Overall Conclusion 83

6.1 Key Contributions 84

6.2 Future Research 85

REFERENCES 86

Appendices A – C 94

x

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1 Thickness fabric substrate material and the conducting materials 13

2.2 Dimension of the Antenna [41] 16

2.3 Design specification of various antennas [42]

17

2.4 Designed values of dimension of various antennas

developed [42]

18

2.5 Bending effects on performance characteristic of

rectangular polyester antenna [42]

19

4.1 Design specification of the dipole antenna 44

4.2 Bending effect results for both antennas 51

4.3 Comparison of reflection coefficient and bandwidth

for both fabrics 67

5.1 Simulated and measured bandwidth and realized gain

73

5.2 Comparison performance of dipole antenna with and

without AMC

76

5.3 Measured Resonance Frequency and Bandwidth 78

5.4 Comparison dipole antenna with and without AMC in

bending condition 79

5.5 Results of on-body Measurement 80

5.6 Comparison dipole antenna with and without AMC

on-body movement 81

xi

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1 Layout of miniaturized antenna [20] 9

2.2 Antenna with parasitic element [20] 9

2.3 Configuration of microtrip dipole with the shorted

pin [22] 10

2.4 Reflection coefficient of microstrip dipole with and

without shorted pin [22] 11

2.5 The structure of printed folded dipole antenna with

mirror compensation structure [28] 12

2.6 Reflection coefficient of folded dipole antenna with

and without mirror compensation structure [28] 12

2.7 Geometry of Fully Textile UWB Antenna [31] 13

2.8 Comparison between simulated and measured S11

fully textile UWB antenna [31] 14

2.9 Planar ultra –wide band circular disc monopole

antenna [40] 15

2.10 Antenna Measurement for Bending purpose [40] 15

2.11 Geometry of rectangular patch antenna [42] 18

2.12 Various antenna bent with different radii [42] 19

2.13 Typical high-impedance surface: (a) cross-sectional

view and (b) front view[37] 20

2.14 Lumped Element Equivalent Circuit of HIS 21

2.15 A wire current on top of a PEC and AMC surface 22

xii

2.16 Radiation pattern of a vertical monopole antenna

(a) on a metal ground plane (PEC) and (b) on a high

impedance ground plane[35] 23

2.17 Typical simulation setup for determining the phase

reflection graph 24

2.18 A graph of reflection phase 25

2.19 Reflection phase of the AMC in flat and bent

condition and unit cell of the AMC [53] 26

2.20 Interwoven spiral element geometry [54] 27

2.21 Structure of body armor, HIS and antenna [54] 27

2.22 Measured reflection coefficient (S11) of the antenna

[54] 28

2.23 Dual-band (a) coplanar antenna (b) EBG substrate on

felt material [55] 29

2.24 (a) Antenna mounted on polystyrene (b) Measured

reflection coefficient [55] 30

2.25 (a) Antenna on thigh (b) Measured reflection

coefficient [55] 30

2.26 Geometry of crumpled dual-band AMC antenna [56] 31

2.27 Measured radiation pattern of AMC antenna in E-

plane [56]

a) 2.45GHz b) 5.8GHz 31

3.1

3.2

Flow chart of designing the integrated fabric antenna

Cutter machine

35

36

3.3 Steamer 37

3.4 Soldering process 37

3.5 Snapshot measurement process 38

3.6 The measurement of the radiation pattern in the

anechoic chamber 39

3.7 Radiation pattern and gain measurement layout 39

4.1 The flowchart of the development of dipole antenna 42

4.2 Textile planar straight dipole with its dimensions 44

4.3 Parametric study of dipole antenna length, l 45

xiii

4.4 Parametric study of dipole antenna width, w 45

4.5 (a) Cable Assembly (plug), (b) Receptacle 46

4.6 Prototype of the proposed textile dipole antenna 47

4.7 Simulated and measured reflection coefficient of two

dipole antennas 47

4.8 Simulated and measured radiation pattern of two

dipole antennas a) E-plane b) H-plane 48

4.9 3.5cm and 7.0cm radius of cylindrical foams 49

4.10 Comparison bending affect for both fabrics 50

4.11 Radiation pattern for both antennas in all conditions 52

4.12 Snapshot of antenna's weightiness 53

4.13 Percentage water level of copper fabric antenna 54

4.14 Percentage water level of Shield It antenna 54

4.15 Locations of the Antenna on the human body

measurement 55

4.16 Copper Fabric Antenna On-Body Measurement 56

4.17 Shield It Fabric Antenna On-Body Measurement 57

5.1 The structure of the dipole antenna with AMC 60

5.2 The development steps of the AMC as a ground plane

for the textile dipole antenna 61

5.3 ‘OPEN’ model in CST software simulation 63

5.4 Maximum phase value in Degree 63

5.5 ‘PEC’ model in CST software simulation 64

5.6 Result of ‘PEC’ model in CST software simulation 64

5.7 ‘ACTUAL’ model in CST software simulation 65

5.8 The unit cell and reflection phase of the 2.45GHz

square-patch AMC 66

5.9 The reflection phase graph when: (a) gap size, (b)

substrate thickness, (c) substrate permittivity, (d)

patch size 67

5.10 Six different positions of the dipole antenna

placement 69

5.11 Simulated reflection coefficient of dipole antenna 70

xiv

placements

5.12 Parametric study of simulated and measured

reflection |S11| 71

5.13 Simulated and measured radiation pattern 72

5.14 Current Distribution of dipole antenna at position a)

A, b) B, c) C 73

5.15 Prototype of dipole antenna with AMC 74

5.16 The reflection coefficient of dipole antenna with and

without AMC structure 75

5.17 The radiation pattern of dipole antenna with and


5.18 3.5cm and 7.0cm radius of cylindrical foams 77

5.19 The radiation pattern of dipole antenna with and


5.20 Measured reflection coefficient 78

5.21 Locations of the Antenna on the human body

measurement 79

5.22 Measured Reflection Coefficient On-body

Measurement 80

xv

LIST OF SYMBOLS

Zs - Surface impedance

εr - Substrate permittivity

h - Substrate thickness

δ - Tangent loss

d - Separation distance between dipole antenna and AMC

λ - Operating wavelength

Zo - Characteristic impedance

l - Length of the dipole

τ - Power transmission coefficient

Γ - Reflection coefficient

Grealized - Realized gain

fr - Operating frequency

L - Inductance

C - Capacitance

W - Patch width

g - Gap between the patches

fU - Upper frequency

fL - Lower frequency

εo - Free-space permittivity

µo - Free-space permeability

ηo - Free-space impedance

λo - Free-space wavelength

λg - Guided wavelength

xvi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

HIS - High Impedance Surface

AMC - Artificial Magnetic Conductor

RF - Radio Frequency

PMC - Perfect Magnetic Conductor

PEC - Perfect Electric Conductor

CST - Computer Simulation Technology

RL - Return Loss

xvii

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A List of Publications 103

B Shieldit Super fabric datasheet 104

C Ultra Small Surface Mount Coaxial Connectors

datasheet 105

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Research Background

Recently, there has been much interest in body-centric communication [1,

2]. Future clothing may have a variety of consumer electronics built into the fabric

such as radio tagging, and remote camera [3]. They are purely made of textile or

fabric material. So, the antenna becomes flexible and easier for users to wear.

Needless to say, the textile material which cannot constantly be in a flat condition is

the problem for flexible, body worn antennas. The effect of the bending antenna

may alter the performance of the antenna [4-7]. Thus, one of the purposes of this

research is to suggest improvements to the existing body-worn wireless

communication system.

Antennas function as the collector and converter of electromagnetic waves

to electronic signals. Thus, it is vital to choose the appropriate antenna especially

for on-body wireless communication. Modern wireless applications like telemedical

and military communication systems have put enormous attention in developing

2

low profile antennas that can be integrated with compact systems [8]. As an

example, telemedical communication provides clinical healthcare at a distance to

improve medical services especially in an emergency situation. These technologies

offer communication between patient and medical staff or among medical staffs in

a hospital. However, any metal plate which is in the hospital may disturb the

performance of the communication. In technical terms, a very small gain is

obtained when the low profile antennas are placed above a perfect electrical

conducting surface due to destructive interference between the antenna and its

image [8]. This was the motivation in introducing the idea of using artificial

magnetic conductor (AMC) surfaces as supporting structure for such low profile

antennas. Besides, the AMC reduced backward radiation from the antenna and

hence a reduction in the radiation absorbed by the body [9, 10].

Due to the drawbacks mentioned, this research involves the design and

development of textile antenna with AMC at 2.45 GHz in order to minimize the

radiation absorbed by users and at the same time increase the gain of the antenna.

The designed antenna and AMC are fabricated based on the optimum simulation

results obtained. Experimental validations with and without the AMC is carried out

to verify the performance of the designs.

3

1.1 Problem Statements

In recent years, fabric or textile antenna has been rigorously studied by

researchers around the world to comply with wireless body-centric communication

system. For a small omni-directional flexible dipole antenna, the highest gain

achievable is about 2.0 dBi which is considered low. This antenna cannot fulfill the

acceptable gain for new technologies with different frequency bands. Furthermore, a

person who wears the antenna would be exposed to the antenna’s radiation. To

overcome this problem, a flexible artificial magnetic conductor is introduced and

presented.

Under on-body environment, it is difficult to keep the fabric material in a flat

condition [7]. The position of the fabric materials such as bending and crumpling

may influence the performance of the antenna. The properties of fabric material such

as bendable, crumpling and washable have to be taken into consideration to ensure

the good performance of the antenna.

4

1.2 Research Objectives

The main purposes of this research are:

1) To investigate and compare the performance of two textile dipole

antennas. The conducting fabrics used are purely copper fabric and

Shieldit Super fabric while the substrate used is denim jeans.

2) To design and analyze the dipole antenna with and without Artificial

Magnetic Conductor.

3) To analyze and compare the performance of the antenna with and without

AMC on bending condition and on-body movement.

1.3 Scope of Research and Limitations

Firstly, study and understand the concept of the dipole antennas and artificial

magnetic conductor. After understanding the concept of the antenna and the AMC

are done, the designs are simulated using CST software. The main parameters such

as return loss, radiation pattern, and reflection phase are achieved from the

simulation results. The optimization works of the simulated designs are done before

integrating the antenna with the AMC structure. Parametric study of position of the

dipole antenna above the AMC structure is done to choose the best position of the

antenna placement above the AMC. Thus, the performances of the antenna with and

without AMC are compared with each other.

5

Next, the antenna and the AMC are fabricated using fabric materials. The

denim is used as the substrate of the antenna and the AMC while pure copper fabric

and Shieldit Super fabric are used as the radiating patch. The fabricated designs are

measured in three different conditions which are bending condition, wet condition

and on human body. They are measured and compared in terms of return loss,

radiation pattern and realized gain.

1.4 Research Contributions

The research contributions are:

i. The AMC offers high gain to the antenna. The reflected wave of the

antenna is in-phase with the incident wave of the antenna consequently

high gain is increased.

ii. The degradation of antenna’s performance caused by human body can be

minimized by introducing the AMC structure.

1.5 Thesis Organization

Chapter 1 presents the research background, research benefits, problem

statements, objectives and scope of research and limitations. The research

background talks about the preview of the study in our life. The problem statements

are created from the research background. Then, the objectives of the research are

determined. The scopes of work are done to describe the limit or focus the research's

objectives.

6

Chapter 2 reviews the characteristic of dipole antenna and artificial magnetic

conductor. The previous authors described and explained the main parameters

involved in studying the dipole antenna and AMC. This chapter also presents

previous studies on textile antenna and textile AMC. Variable textiles have been used

in designing the antenna and the AMC.

Chapter 3 offers the overall research methodology about the experiments.

Firstly, the dipole antennas are designed and fabricated. Three conditions of the

antennas are analyzed and compared in terms of radiation pattern and reflection

coefficient. Then, a unit cell of AMC is designed. 3 x 3 arrays of the AMC are

fabricated. The performance of the dipole antenna is investigated by incorporating

the AMC into the dipole antenna. The measurements are done by using network

analyzer and anechoic chamber.

Chapter 4 presents the design specifications and performance of textile dipole

antenna. All simulation and measurement results of textile dipole antenna are

compared and discussed. Then, the fabricated designs are measured in three

conditions which are bending condition, wetness condition and on human body. The

parameters results in terms of return loss and bandwidth are compared.

Chapter 5 gives the detailed explanations of simulation setup in designing

AMC. There are three conditions that need to be simulated to obtain the reflection

phase diagram. The zero reflection phase is achieved at desired resonant frequency.

Then parametric study on position dipole antenna above the AMC is investigated to

determine the optimum condition result. The antenna with AMC is measured in two

conditions. The study parameters which include return loss, realized gain and

radiation pattern of the antenna are analyzed.

Finally, Chapter 6 draws some conclusions including the findings of the

research, key contributions and recommendations for future research work.

86

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