increasingthedurabilityandfreeze-thawstrengthofconcrete ...reference-interlocked paving stone (rwc)...

Research ArticleIncreasing the Durability and Freeze-Thaw Strength of ConcretePaving Stones Produced from Ahlat Stone Powder and MarblePowder by Special Curing Method

Abdulrezzak Bakis

Bitlis Eren University Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Department of Civil Engineering Bitlis Turkey

Correspondence should be addressed to Abdulrezzak Bakis arezzakbakisgmailcom

Received 27 June 2019 Revised 7 October 2019 Accepted 24 October 2019 Published 11 November 2019

Guest Editor Roozbeh Rezakhani

Copyright copy 2019 Abdulrezzak Bakis)is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

)is study highlights an investigation of using construction waste materials ie Ahlat stone powder and marble powder infabricating interlocked paving stones In this study the durability and freeze-thaw strength of concrete paving stones produced fromAhlat stone powder and marble powder were increased by the special curing method Six different types of paving stones werefabricated for study and were subjected to two different curing regimes Tests of water absorption splitting tensile strength surfaceabrasion and freeze-thaw were carried out for the specimens In 3 days and at 20plusmn 5degC of water curing the splitting tensile strengthwas 37MPa the surface abrasion value was 98 cm350 cm2 and the freeze-thaw value was 039 kgm2 for those interlocked pavingstones produced from Ahlat stone powder After special combined curing these improved to 39MPa 172 cm350 cm2 and 063 kgm2 respectively Accordingly for interlocked paving stones produced from marble powder in 3 days and at 20plusmn 5degC water curingthe splitting tensile strength surface abrasion and freeze-thaw were 39MPa 79 cm350 cm2 and 034 kgm2 respectively Afterspecial combined curing these values improved to 41MPa 148 cm350 cm2 and 057 kgm2 respectively )e findings of this studyvalidate increase in durability and freeze-thaw strength of concrete paving stones with special curing

1 Introduction

Concrete paving stones which are widely used in urbanroads pavement and recreation areas [1] are fabricated bymixing cement aggregate water and additives in certainratios [2] )e history of parquet road applications could betraced back to as early as the age of the Roman Empire [3]Currently interlocked concrete paving stones have beenpopularized in European and American countries [4]Concrete paving stones are produced in different gradessuch as square cobblestones tombstones and interlockedpaving stones the third one being the most common [5]

Interlocked paving stones offer many advantagescompared with concrete and asphalt pavements First theneed for maintenance and repair is less Second the materialis economical as only domestic materials are consumedduring production )ird the speed of production and thematerial capacities are higher Fourth they are readily

accessible for traffic immediately after being laid on the roadFifth a damaged surface can be repaired in a short time byprovision of a new paving stone thus preventing the oc-currences of unwanted patch defects on the coating surfacesSixth they can be produced in different colors and shapeshence the variability and design flexibility In contrast thereare a few disadvantages in using these materials First al-though the manufacturing process is easy the applicationphase to the road surface is time-consuming and necessitateshigh-quality workmanship [6] Second concrete pavementsmay weaken over time due to corrosion erosion shrinkagefatigue cracking or the like [7] )ird concrete pavementsare believed to increase heat waves globally [8]

)emost commonmaterials employed in the fabricationof interlocked pavement stones are crushed limestone ag-gregates Relatively this study investigates the use of al-ternative production materials namely waste materialssuch as Ahlat stone powder and marble powder

HindawiAdvances in Materials Science and EngineeringVolume 2019 Article ID 3593710 14 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520193593710

Ahlat stone is a solid waste that contributes to environ-mental pollution and waste landfills Originally known asignimbrites Ahlat stone is widely used in Bitlis Province ofthe Ahlat region and is one of the pyroclastic rocks thatcontain abundant pumice and volcanic glass due to the ex-plosion of Nimrod crater Waste Ahlat stone powder isgenerated in a significant amount after stone cutting in theAhlat stone quarries Nevertheless the presence of pores inthe material body gives the extremely low compressive andbending strength and therefore such materials cannot beused as aggregates in concrete production On this basisAhlat stone has limited applicability in the construction sector[9] and is rather used mainly as a wall stone in structuresHowever the strength of Ahlat stone concrete pavement canbe reinforced by mixing Ahlat stone powder with concreteusing a special mixing method Hattatoglu and Bakis statedthat Ahlat stone powder was used as ignimbrite powder forproducing reactive powder concrete and found out that themaximum compressive and bending strengths of the concretewere 12499MPa and 918MPa respectively [10] Bostanciinvestigated the time-dependent weathering performance ofvarious ignimbrites with varying color and textural propertiescollected from the Nevsehir region against physical andchemical influences )ey also evaluated the effect of de-terioration on the physical and mechanical properties of theignimbrite specimens as well as the capillary water absorptioncharacteristics relative to durability performance [11] )eauthor of this paper realizes that no study has been carried outyet regarding the use of waste Ahlat stone powder in theproduction of interlocked paving stones )e Ahlat stonepowder investigated herein is of the size range 015ndash060mm

Besides Ahlat stone marble is another solid waste thatcontributes to environmental pollution and forms wastefields [12 13] A considerable amount of marble waste isformed upon removal of blocks as marble quarries areprocessed [14] In this regard there is an essential need forthe conscientious evaluation of waste materials Li et alsuggested an alternative technique called the paste re-placement method where marble dust is added as re-placement to an equal volume of paste without necessarilychanging the pastersquos mix proportions Here they produced anumber of mortar mixes with different amounts of marbledust and added these as a replacement of either paste orcement to test the workability compressive strength andmicrostructure of the concrete material Accordingly theyfound that addition of marble dust as paste replacement hasimproved the strength and microstructure of the manu-factured concrete [15] Vardhan et al investigated thestrength permeation and microstructural properties ofconcrete incorporating waste marble as partial replacementof the fine aggregates and confirmed that waste marble hasthe potential as an alternate fine aggregate to improve theoverall performance of the concrete as well as for sustainabledevelopment [16] Similarly several studies investigated the useof marble waste as an additive to cementitious matrix buildingmaterials and confirmed that incorporation of marble wastesignificantly improved the mechanical properties and thermalinsulation of concrete [17ndash19] Using a special concrete mixingmethod for marble powder in concrete the strength of marble

concrete pavement can be increased Some studies discussedthe production of interlocked paving stones using marbleaggregate and did not use marble powder in 100 of theaggregates in the production of interlocked paving stones Inthis study marble powder of the previously mentioned sizerange is used in 100 ratio of the aggregates Specifically thispaper investigates the usability of waste materials Ahlat stonepowder and marble in the production of interlocked pavingstones Six different types of interlocked paving stones areproduced under two different types of curing applicationsTwo curing types namely standard water curing and com-bined curing were applied for the interlocked paving stones)e literature did not specify any standard for the combinedcuring of hardened concrete )erefore a special combinedcuring type was applied for the interlocked paving stones

Many experimental studies have been conducted ondurability of concrete andmortar Pathirage et al investigatedthe effect of alkali silica reaction on the mechanical propertiesof aging mortar bars Crushed limestone aggregates are usedand mechanical properties of mortar at different curingtemperatures are evaluated in their study [20]

Water absorption splitting tensile strength surfaceabrasion and freeze-thaw tests of different types of inter-locked paving stones were carried out and the results werecompared with reference-interlocked paving stone concreteunder specification limits [21] )e results of this studyindicated that waste materials such as Ahlat stone powderand marble powder can be potentially employed in theproduction of interlocked paving stones )e findings of thisstudy validate increase in durability and freeze-thawstrength of concrete paving stones with special curing

2 Materials and Methods

21 Materials

211 Binders (Cement and Silica Fume) )e main materialin the production of interlocked paving stones was CEM I425N Portland cement type in accordance with TS EN 197-1 standard [22] )e cement material was supplied by LimakCement Industry and Trade Inc

A silica fume named MasterRoc MS 610 supplied byBASF Chemistry Industry and Trade Inc was used in ac-cordance with ASTM C 618 and AASHTO M 307 standards[23 24] )e physical chemical and mechanical propertiesof the binders used in the production of the stones are shownin Table 1 [25 26]

212 Superplasticizer )e material was supplied by BASFChemistry Industry and Trade Inc Its properties are listed inTable 2 [26]

A superplasticizer named MasterGlenium 128 which isbased on polycarboxylic ether was used in accordance withTS EN-934-2 +A1 standard [27]

213 Aggregates Used in Interlocked Paving Stones Sixdifferent types of interlocked paving stones were manu-factured for the purpose of this study as depicted in Table 3

2 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

In particular RWC refers to the reference-interlockedpaving stone produced from crushed limestone and ob-tained after 3 days at 20plusmn 5degC standard water curing RCCwas obtained by a curing application combined to that forRWC ASWC was produced from only Ahlat stone powderwithout coarse aggregate and obtained after 3 days at20plusmn 5degC standard water curing application ASCC was ob-tained from a curing application combined to that forASWC MSWC was produced from only marble powderwithout coarse aggregate and obtained after 3 days at20plusmn 5degC standard water curing and MSCC was obtainedfrom a curing application combined to that for MSWCTable 3 defines that coarse aggregates were not used in the

production of ASWC and ASCC interlocked paving stonesrather only 015ndash06mmAhlat stone powder was used as theaggregate

Likewise coarse aggregates were not employed inMSWC and MSCC interlocked paving stones rather only015ndash06-mm marble powder was used as the aggregateDrinkable city water was for the production

(1) Limestone Aggregate for the Production of RWC (Refer-ence) and RCC Interlocked Paving Stones Selected limestoneaggregates were employed for the production and weresupplied by Adabag Building Industry Incorporated Com-pany )e chemical physical and mechanical properties ofthe aggregates are shown in Table 4 [28] whereas the actualimages are depicted in Figure 1

Note that the aggregates used in the production of thereference-interlocked paving stone (RWC) are crushedlimestone within the size range of 0ndash16mm as indicated inTable 3

(2) Ahlat Stone Powder for the Production of ASWC andASCC Interlocked Paving Stones Figure 2 describes theappearance of Ahlat stone powder used in the production ofASWC and ASCC which were retrieved from the AhlatOvakisla quarry

Tables 5 and 6 provide a list of the chemical [29]physical and mechanical properties of the Ahlat stone [29]

Table 6 describes the low unit weight of Ahlat stonereflecting the stonersquos porous structure and thereby its lowcompressive and bending strengths

(3) Marble Powder for the Production of MSWC and MSCCInterlocked Paving Stones Figure 3 depicts the appearance ofmarble stone and marble powder used for the production ofMSWC and MSCC )e marble powder was supplied byHMF Marble Industry

)e chemical physical and mechanical properties ofmarble are listed in Tables 7 [30 31] and 8 [31] respectively

In Table 8 note that marble has low porosity indicatingits low water absorption property and thereby thematerialrsquoshigh compressive and bending strengths

22 Method Ahlat stone powder within the size range of015ndash060mm was the main component of the interlockedpaving stones whose production has been suggested byseveral studies through the use of marble aggregates )eliterature did not mention the use of marble powder in100 of the aggregates Such is the context of this studywhere marble powder of size 015ndash060mm was in-corporated in the production process )e usability ofAhlat stone powder and marble powder in the fabricationwas validated in the fabricated six different types ofinterlocked paving stones one of which was a referenceconcrete Two curing applications were applied to thestones Moreover each stone type was subjected to waterabsorption splitting tensile strength surface abrasion andfreeze-thaw tests Results of the tests for the new types werecompared with the reference-interlocked paving stone

Table 2 Properties of superplasticizer

Properties ValueDensity 11 kgLiterForm Brown liquidChloride quantity lt01Alkaline quantity lt30pH 6

Table 3 Interlocked paving stone type code aggregate type andsize

Interlockedpaving stone type

Interlockedpaving stone code

Aggregatetype

Aggregatesize (mm)

RWC 6-1 Crushedlimestone 0ndash16

RCC 6-2 Crushedlimestone 0ndash16

ASWC 2-1 Ahlat stonepowder 015ndash060

ASCC 2-2 Ahlat stonepowder 015ndash060

MSWC 4-1 Marblepowder 015ndash060

MSCC 4-2 Marblepowder 015ndash060

Table 1 Chemical physical and mechanical properties of binders

Properties Cement Silica fumeSiO2 () 1928 9583Fe2O3 () 299 037Al2O3 () 509 076Na2O () 018 mdashCaO () 6314 053Cl () 001 mdashMgO () 196 129SO3 () 281 063K2O () 071 mdashIgnition loss () 322 059Compressive strength (28 days) (MPa) 5220 mdashInitial set (min) 153 mdashFinal set (min) 206 mdashSpecific gravity (gcm3) 313 23Specific surface (cm2g) 3067 gt150000

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 3

concretes and specification limits under the TS 2824 EN1338 standard (concrete paving blocksmdashrequirements andtest methods) [21]

221 Mixture Ratio of Interlocked Paving Stones

(1) RWC and RCC Interlocked Paving Stones As in Table 3crushed limestone was the aggregate for RWC and RCC Asieve analysis of the aggregates was carried out in accordancewith TS EN 933-1 standard [32] )e results are shown inTable 9

Note from Table 9 that the aggregates were designed with30 of the crushed coarse limestone and 70 of thelimestone powder Figure 4 illustrates the gradation curvesfor the aggregates

Standard TS 802 emphasizes that the gradation curve forsuch aggregates must lie between lines A16 and B16 orbetween lines B16 and C16 [33] )e concrete aggregategranulometry conforms to TS802 as depicted in Figure 4)e mixture ratio and amounts for the production of RWCand RCC interlocked paving stones are shown in Table 10

Accordingly note from Table 10 that the aggregates weredesigned with components of 70 crushed limestone sandand 30 coarse limestone Note also that the waterbinderratio of the concrete mixture was 035

(2) New Type of Interlocked Paving Stones Different theoriesof mixing have been applied to achieve a tight structure ofthe mixture forming materials [33 34] Such theories werederived from Mooneyrsquos suspension viscosity model [34ndash36]Table 11 shows the different mixture ratios for Mooneyrsquosmodel for a paving stone unit [37] Here the waterbinderand silica fumecement ratios were 012 and 025 re-spectively All samples taken had dimensions of165times 200times 80mm

As shown in Table 11 Portland cement and silica fumewere considered together as binder for calculating the waterbinding ratio

(3) ASWC and ASCC Interlocked Paving Stones )e mixingratio and amounts established for ASWC and ASCC arelisted in Table 12)e ratio between the total mixture weightand the amount of cement for one unit of the paving stonecan be obtained using the following equation

total concretemixture weight 2806 times cementweight(1)

Accordingly 1m3 of the concrete mixture weight cor-responds to 2200 kg Using equation (1) the amount ofcement in the mixture was calculated at 784 kg )us theamount of other materials used in the production of ASWCand ASCC was based on this calculated quantity as depictedin Table 12

In Table 12 note that the waterbinder and silica fumecement ratios for the concrete mixture were 035 and 025respectively

(4) MSWC and MSCC Interlocked Paving Stones Similarlythe waterbinder and silica fumecement ratios of theconcrete mixture for MSWC and MSCC were 035 and 025respectively )e mixing ratio and amounts are listed inTable 13

Here 1m3 concrete mixture corresponds to a unitweight of 2200 kg Using equation (1) the amount of cementin the mixture was calculated at 784 kg )us the amount ofother materials used in mixing ratios for MSWC and MSCCwas based on this quantity as depicted in Table 13 )ewaterbinder ratio for both MSWC and MSCC was equal tothat for RWC and RCC

222 Curing Types Two curing types namely standardwater curing and combined curing were applied for theinterlocked paving stones )e literature did not specify anystandard for the combined curing of hardened concreteHattatoglu and Bakis stated that the combined curing typewith the highest compressive strength was obtained withconsecutive water curing at 20degC for 7 days hot water curingat 90degC for 2 days and drying oven curing at 180degC for 2 days[10] In the study the test results of RWC ASWC andMSWC samples were determined after standard watercuring at 20plusmn 5degC for 3 days whereas the test results of RCCASCC and MSCC samples were determined after combinedcuring at 20plusmn 5degC standard water curing for 3 days and

Table 4 Chemical physical and mechanical properties of thelimestone aggregates

Properties ValueSiO2 () 016Fe2O3 () 085Al2O3 () 012CaO () 5458MgO () 175K2O () 009Na2O () 004TiO2 () 001Ignition loss () 4240Specific gravity (gcm3) 277Water absorption by weight () 138Los Angeles abrasion () 2617

Figure 1 Limestone aggregates used for RWC production


Figure 2 Ahlat stone powder used for ASWC and ASCC production

Table 5 Chemical properties of Ahlat stone

Component Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 K2O CaO TiO2 Fe2O3

Percentage 551 024 1601 6411 478 164 044 491

Table 6 Chemical and mechanical properties of Ahlat stone

Specific gravity(gcm3)

Porosity()

Water absorption byweight ()

Surface abrasion loss(cm350 cm2)

Unit weight(gcm3)

Compressivestrength (MPa)

Bending strength(MPa)

260 2731 20 29 189 106 159

Figure 3 Marble powder used for MSWC and MSCC production

Table 7 Chemical properties of marble

Na2O () MgO () Al2O3 () SiO2 () K2O () CaO () TiO2 () Fe2O3 () P2O5 () Ignition loss ()lt001 141 lt001 014 lt001 5572 lt001 011 001 426

Table 8 Physical and mechanical properties of marble


Porosity()



Unit weight(gcm3)



273 02 01 333 271 648 65


200plusmn 5degC drying oven curing for 2 days A description foreach type of curing is provided in Table 14

Accordingly the specimen code for the interlockedpaving stones the type of aggregate in the concrete mixturesand the types of curing are shown in Table 15

From Table 15 the standard curing was for 3 days at20plusmn 5degC whereas the combined curing involved 3 days at

20plusmn 5degC of the standard water curing followed by 2 days at200plusmn 5degC of drying oven curing

223 Test Methods )e water absorption splitting tensilestrength surface abrasion and freeze-thaw tests for theinterlocked paving stones were performed in accordancewith TS 2824 EN 1338 standard [21] )is standard coversthe materials properties requirements and test methods ofthe cement-bound concrete pavement blocks without re-inforcement used for floor covering )is standard specifiesthe use of concrete pavement blocks such as sidewalkpavement bicycle lane pavement parking lots pavementand road pavement

Table 9 Sieve analysis for RWC and RCC

Sieve size (mm) Weight remaining on sieve (g) Total weight remaining on sieve (g) Total weight remaining on sieve () Passing ()16 mdash mdash mdash 1008 480 480 16 844 420 900 30 702 450 1350 45 551 390 1740 58 4205 390 2130 71 29025 450 2580 86 14

0

20

40

60

80

100

025 050 1 2 4 8 16

A 16B 16

C 16RWC-RCC

p

assin

g

Sieve size (mm)

Figure 4 Gradation curve of aggregates for RWC and RCC

Table 10 )e mixture ratio and amounts of RWC and RCCinterlocked paving stones

Material Mixture ratio Quantity (kgm3)

Portland cement 100 250Limestone aggregate (0ndash4mm) 521 1303Limestone aggregate(4ndash16mm) 224 559

Water 035 88Total 88 2200

Table 11 Concrete mixture ratios according to Richard andCheyrezy [37]

Material Mixture ratioPortland cement 100Silica fume 025Quartz sand (015ndash060mm) 110Superplasticizer 0016Water 015Total 2516

Table 12 )e mixture ratio and amounts for the production ofASWC and ASCC

Material Mixture ratio Quantity(kgm3)

Portland cement 100 784Silica fume 025 196Ahlat stone powder (015ndash060mm) 110 862Superplasticizer 0016 13Water 044 345Total 2806 2200

Table 13 )e mixture and amounts for the production of MSWCand MSCC

Material Mixture ratio Quantity (kgm3)Portland cement 100 784Silica fume 025 196Marble powder (015ndash060mm) 110 862Superplasticizer 0016 13Water 044 345Total 2806 2200

Table 14 Two curing applications for the production of inter-locked paving stones

Curingsymbol Curing description Curing type

WC 3 days at 20plusmn 5degC water curing Standard watercuring

CC 3 days at 20plusmn 5degC water curing + 2days at 200plusmn 5degC drying oven curing

Combinedcuring


(1) Water Absorption Test Method )e water absorption testis performed to determine the water absorption percentage ofthe samples)e samples were left in the curing pool at 20plusmn 5degCfor 3 days until constant weight was reached)e samples werethen removed from the curing pool dried and weighed )isway the initial weight (M1) of the test samples was found )esamples were then placed in the drying oven and dried for 3days at 105plusmn 5degC until constant dry weight (M2) was reached)e water absorption (Wa) of each sample was calculated interms of weight percentage using the following equation

Wa M1 minus M2

M2times 100 (2)

In the calculation three samples from each type ofinterlocked paving stones were taken and the average of thethree values was obtained )e curing process at 200degCchanges the microstructure ie the pore structures Afterthe curing process at 200degC the water absorption test wasnot made because this test for the interlocked paving stoneswas performed in accordance with TS 2824 EN 1338standard Nonstandard application was not performed

(2) Splitting Tensile Strength Test Method Splitting tensilestrength tests for the interlocked paving stones were per-formed in accordance with TS 2824 EN 1338 standard [21])e splitting tensile strength test is carried out to give in-formation about the strength of the materials A loadwas applied by increasing the tension per second(005plusmn 001MPa) )e test results were calculated using thefollowing equations [21]

S L times t (3)

T 0637 times k times P

S (4)

k 13 minus 30 times 018 minust

10001113874 1113875

2 (5)

F P

L (6)

where S is the splitting area (mm2) L is the splitting sectionlength (mm) t is the interlocked paving stone thickness(mm) T is the splitting tensile strength (MPa) P is thesplitting load (N) k is the correction coefficient and F is thesplitting load per unit area (Nmm)

As mentioned in the earlier sections each interlockedpaving stone had dimensions of 165times 200times 80mm For eachspecimen the calculated values for L t S and k were 200mm

80mm 16000mm2 and 100 respectively Following the TS2824 EN 1338 standard [21] eight samples were broken foreach type of interlocked paving stones )e splitting tensilestrength was calculated as the average of the values

(3) Surface Abrasion Test Method )e abrasion test iscarried out to measure the resistance of materials tosurface abrasion )e Bohme abrasion test is designed toobtain abrasion loss A total of 16 cycles each with 22subcycles were applied to the samples Abrasion loss (ΔV)at the end of the 16 cycles was calculated through thefollowing equation [21]

ΔV Δmρr

(7)

where ∆V is the volume loss after 16 cycles (cm3) ∆m is themass loss after 16 cycles (g) and ρr is the density of thesample (gcm3)

)ree samples from each type of interlocked pavingstones were taken and the abrasion loss was calculated as theaverage of all three values obtained

(4) Freeze-4aw Test Method )e freeze-thaw test is per-formed to measure durability of materials Freeze-thaw testsfor the interlocked paving stones were performed in ac-cordance with TS 2824 EN 1338 standard [21] Figure 5displays temperature and time cycles for the freeze-thaw testaccording to the TS 2824 EN 1338 standard [21]

Limit values of temperature and time cycles for thefreeze-thaw test are given in Table 16

Each interlocked paving stone was cut to a dimension of120times 80times 80mm )e surface area applied for the freeze-thaw test was 9600mm2)emass loss (I) per unit area of thesample was calculated using the following equation [21]

I M

A (8)

whereM is the total mass loss of material leaving the specimenafter 28 days of cycles (kg) A is the surface area applied forfreeze-thaw (m2) and I is the mass loss per unit area (kgm2)

For the freeze-thaw value three samples from each typeof interlocked paving stones were taken and the average ofthese three values was calculated

3 Results and Discussion

31 Production of Interlocked Paving Stones Figures 6(a)ndash6(d)are the illustrative photographs of the drying oven curing andthey show the appearance of the produced RWC (6-1) and

Table 15 Code aggregate type and curing type for the interlocked paving stones

Interlocked paving stone type Specimen code Aggregate type in concrete mixture Curing typeRWC (reference) 6-1 Crushed limestone (0ndash16mm) Standard water curingRCC 6-2 Crushed limestone (0ndash16mm) Combined curingASWC 2-1 Ahlat stone powder (015ndash060mm) Standard water curingASCC 2-2 Ahlat stone powder (015ndash060mm) Combined curingMSWC 4-1 Marble powder (015ndash060mm) Standard water curingMSCC 4-2 Marble powder (015ndash060mm) Combined curing


RCC (6-2) ASWC (2-1) and ASCC (2-2) and MSWC (4-1)and MSCC (4-2) interlocked paving stones respectively

32 Results of the Water Absorption Test )e results of thewater absorption test for each type of the fabricated inter-locked paving stones are shown in Table 17

As indicated the water absorption values of the new typeof interlocked paving stones produced from Ahlat stone andmarble powder were lower by approximately 5 and2034 respectively than that of RWC Figure 7 provides anillustrative graph for the results

From Table 17 and Figure 7 a specification limit wasdefined by the water absorption by weight (Wa) values of theinterlocked paving stones Accordingly Figure 8 illustratesthe unit volume weight for each paving stone

TS 2824 EN 1338 [21] does not define a specificationlimit for the unit volume weight of the interlocked pavingstones Four of the new types of interlocked paving stonesnamely RCC ASWC ASCC and MSCC were lighter thanRWC In contrast MSWC was heavier than RWC

33 Results of the Splitting Tensile Strength Test Figure 9shows actual images of the broken specimens subjected tothe splitting tensile strength test

Accordingly the results of the splitting tensile strengthtest are indicated in Table 18

)e splitting tensile strength of RWC increased by ap-proximately 5 with the application of combined curing

Similarly the splitting tensile strength of all other inter-locked paving stones with applied combined curing washigher by 5 than those applied with standard water curing)is was due to the application of high heat to the concretepaving stone by combined curing Hydration of the cementwas accelerated by combined curing In this way higherstrength was obtained than the concrete paving stonesFigure 10 shows the results of the splitting tensile strengthtest

From Table 18 and Figure 10 the values of splittingtensile strength and splitting load per unit area (F) for theinterlocked paving stones defined a specification limitSpecifically the splitting tensile strength of all newinterlocked paving stones was higher than that for RWC)us ASWC ASCC MSWC and MSCC proved moreresistant than RWC by 278 833 833 and 139respectively

34 Results of the Bohme Abrasion Test Figure 11 displaysthe abrasion test of RWC (6-1) RCC (6-2) ASWC (2-1) andMSWC (4-1) respectively

Results of the Bohme abrasion test for all the interlockedpaving stones are listed in Table 19

From Table 19 the abrasion loss of RCC ASWC ASCCMSWC and MSCC was higher by approximately 9 787 14 and 61 respectively than that of RWC Fig-ure 12 illustrates the results of the Bohme abrasion test forthe interlocked paving stones

Based on Table 19 and Figure 12 there was a definedspecification limit for the values of abrasion loss for allspecimens

35Results of theFreeze-4awTest All abrasion values of theinterlocked paving stones provide the specification limits asshown in the results of the freeze-thaw test in Table 20

)e freeze-thaw mass loss of RCC ASWC ASCC andMSCC was higher by approximately 37 11 80 and63 respectively than that of RWC In contrast thefreeze-thaw mass loss of MSWC was lower by

ndash25

ndash15

ndash5

5

15

25

0 5 12 16 18 22

Upper limitLower limit

Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

Time (h)

Figure 5 Temperature and time cycles for the freeze-thaw test

Table 16 Limit values of temperature and time cycles for thefreeze-thaw test [21]

Upper limit Lower limitTime (h) Temperature (degC) Time (h) Temperature (degC)0 24 0 165 minus 2 3 minus 412 minus 14 12 minus 2016 minus 16 16 minus 2018 0 20 022 24 24 16


(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Figure 6 e appearance of the drying oven curing and interlocked paving stones (a) e drying oven curing (b) RWC and RCC pavingstones (c) RWC and RCC paving stones (d) MSWC and MSCC paving stones

Table 17 Results of the absorption test for the interlocked paving stones

Interlocked pavingstone type

Unit weight (gcm3)

Initial weightM1 (g)

Dry weightM2 (g)

Water absorption by weightWa ()

TS 2824 EN 1338 specicationlimit ()

RWC 2149 4880 4604 59

Wale 6

RCC 2027 4880 4604 59ASWC 2046 4647 4401 56ASCC 1938 4647 4401 56MSWC 2185 4963 4741 47MSCC 2088 4963 4741 47

59 59 56 56

47 47

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

RWC RCC ASWC ASCC MSWC MSCC

Wat

er ab

sorp

tion

()

Type of interlocked paving stone

Specification limit le 6

Figure 7 Results of the absorption test for each type of interlocked paving stones


(a) (b) (c)

Figure 9 Specimen samples for the splitting tensile strength test (a) Test device (b) Broken samples (c) Length of breakage

Table 18 Results of the splitting tensile strength test

Interlocked paving stonetype

Splitting tensile strength T(average)(MPa)

Splitting load per unit area F(average)(Nmm)

TS 2824 EN 1338 specicationlimits

T(average) (MPa) F(average) (Nmm)

RWC (reference) 36 444

T(average)ge36MPa

F(average) ge250Nmm

RCC 38 466ASWC 37 460ASCC 39 479MSWC 39 488MSCC 41 510

21492027 2046 1938

2185 2088

0

05

1

15

2

25


Uni

t vol

ume w

eigh

t (g

cm3 )

Type of interlocking paving stone

Figure 8 Unit volume weight of the locked paving stones

36 38 3739 39 41

0

1

2

3

4

5


Split

ting

tens

ile st

reng

th (M

Pa)


Specification limit ge 36

Figure 10 Results of the splitting tensile strength test for the interlocked paving stones


approximately 3 e freeze-thaw mass loss of RCCASCC and MSCC was higher respectively than that ofRWC ASWC and MSWC

Figure 13 describes the results of the freeze-thaw testSuch a high temperature (200degC) induces other durabilityissues such as delayed ettringite formation since ettringite isnot formed during the hydration process erefore freeze-thaw values of RCC ASCC and MSCC were higher re-spectively than that of RWC ASWC and MSWC FromTable 20 and Figure 13 the values of mass loss per unit area(I) for all paving stones dened a specication limit Resultsof all the tests performed for the interlocked paving stonesare summarized in Table 21

As such all ve new types of interlocked paving stonesnamely RCC ASWC ASCC MSWC and MSCC denedthe specication limits of test results

Figure 11 Abrasion test for RWC RCC ASWC and MSWC interlocked paving stones

Table 19 Results of the abrasion test for the interlocked paving stones


Density ρr (gcm3)

Mass loss Δm(g)

Abrasion ΔV (cm350 cm2)

TS 2824 EN 1338 specication limit (cm350 cm2)

RWC (reference) 1989 184 92RCC 1956 197 100ASWC 1986 195 98 ΔVle 18ASCC 1985 342 172MSWC 1993 158 79MSCC 1991 295 148

92

100 98

172

79

148

02468

1012141618


Abr

asio

n (c

m3 5

0 cm

2 )



Figure 12 Results of the abrasion test for the interlocked pavingstones


4 Conclusions

e usability of waste materials Ahlat stone powder andmarble powder in fabricating interlocked paving stones wasthe focal subject of investigation for this study As there wasno study in the provided literature that considered theproduction of interlocked concrete paving stones withAhlat stone powder such was realized with Ahlat stonepowder of size range 015ndash060mm Since the porosity ofthe Ahlat stone is high it cannot be used as coarse aggregatein the concrete mixture With the special curing methoddurable concrete paving stones are produced from wasteAhlat stone powders Likewise a few studies consideredmarble aggregate in the production of interlocked pavingstones and none of these employedmarble powder in 100ratio of the aggregates which was realized herein withmarble powder specimens of size range 015ndash060mm Sixdierent types of interlocked paving stones were fabricatedunder two curing types one of which was a referenceconcrete Tests of water absorption splitting tensile

strength surface abrasion and freeze-thaw for eachinterlocked paving stone type were carried out Test resultsfor the ve new types of concrete were compared with thereference-interlocked paving stone concrete under speci-cation limits e ndings of this study can be generalizedas follows

(i) Waste materials ie ignimbrite (Ahlat stone)powder and marble powder for this study can beused in the production of interlocked paving stones

(ii) Combined curing increases the splitting tensilestrength of interlocked paving stones at 5 onaverage

(iii) New types of interlocked paving stones were pro-duced from the cited waste materials Of theseASCC is the lightest (in particular it was ap-proximately 10 lighter than the reference-inter-locked paving stone (RWC)) MSCC achieved thehighest splitting tensile strength and MSWC hadthe lowest abrasion loss

Table 20 Results of the freeze-thaw test results of interlocked paving stones

Interlocked paving stone type Surface area A (mm2) Mass lossM (g)

Mass loss per unit area I(kg m2) TS 2824 EN 1338 specication limit (kgm2)

RWC (reference) 9600 336 035RCC 9600 461 048ASWC 9600 374 039 Ile 1ASCC 9600 605 063MSWC 9600 326 034MSCC 9600 547 057

035048

039

063

034

057

0

02

04

06

08

1

12


Uni

t are

a mas

s los

s (kg

m2 )



Figure 13 Results of the freeze-thaw test for the interlocked paving stones

Table 21 All test results of interlocked paving stones

Tests RWC RCC ASWC ASCC MSWC MSCC TS 2824 EN 1338 specicationlimit

Standard deviation(σ)

Unit volume weight (gcm3) 2149 2027 2046 1938 2185 2088 Unspecied 009Water absorption () 59 59 56 56 47 47 le60 056Splitting tensile strength(MPa) 36 38 37 39 39 41 ge36 018

Abrasion (cm350 cm2) 92 10 98 172 79 148 le18 365Freeze-thaw (kgm2) 035 048 039 063 034 057 le10 012


(iv) )e abrasion loss of interlocked paving stonessubjected to combined curing was higher thanthose applied with standard water curing whichindicates the progressing damage on the surfaceover time under high temperatures

(v) MSWC had the lowest freeze-thawmass loss whichindicates its higher resistance to damage than theother types under long-time adverse climaticconditions

(vi) Subsequent scientific studies may extend delayedettringite formation and fatigue and impact tests forthe new types of interlocked paving stones fabri-cated in this study

(vii) Delayed ettringite formation for the new types ofinterlocked paving stones can be investigated insubsequent scientific studies

Data Availability

)e data used to support the findings of this study are in-cluded within the article

Conflicts of Interest

)e author declares that there are no conflicts of interestregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

)e author would like to thank Bitlis Eren University Rectorand its staff ADABAG Building Incorporated CompanyULTRA Building Materials and Quality Control ConcreteLaboratory Industry and Trade Limited Company and VANLAKE Building Quality Control Laboratory ConstructionIndustry Trade Limited Company for their significantcontributions in the realization of this study )ey wouldalso like to extend their appreciation to ENAGO for theEnglish language review

References

[1] M Semiz ldquoResearch of the physical characteristics of concretekeystone and alternative productionrdquo Master thesis GaziUniversity Graduate School of Natural and Applied SciencesAnkara Turkey 2006

[2] Y Acikgoz ldquoResearch in usage of fly ashes in the productionof interlocking concrete paverdquo Master thesis Gazi UniversityGraduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences AnkaraTurkey 2008

[3] T Kaya and C Karakurt ldquoInvestigation of the engineeringproperties of implementation concrete paving stonesrdquo DuzceUniversity Journal of Science and Technology vol 4 no 2pp 469ndash474 2016

[4] T Tekmen ldquoEvaluate to mechanical properties of concreteinterlocking pavement blocks which was produced fromlimestonesrdquo Master thesis Cukurova University GraduateSchool of Natural and Applied Sciences Adana Turkey 2006

[5] MEGEP Covering in Sidewalk and Parks ConstructionTechnology Ankara Turkey 2012

[6] B I Topcu and T Uygunoglu ldquoUse of marble aggregate andfly ash in the production of interlocked paving stonesrdquoConcrete Prefabrication vol 98 pp 15-16 2011

[7] G Yang and M A Bradford ldquo)ermal-induced upheavalbuckling of continuously-reinforced semi-infinite concretepavementsrdquo Engineering Structures vol 168 pp 865ndash8762018

[8] G Yang and M A Bradford ldquo)ermal-induced upheavalbuckling of concrete pavements incorporating the effects oftemperature gradientrdquo Engineering Structures vol 164pp 316ndash324 2018

[9] A Bakis ldquoUsability of ahlat stone in rigid pavement con-structionrdquo BEU Journal of Science vol 5 no 2 pp 164ndash1712016

[10] F Hattatoglu and A Bakis ldquoUsability of ignimbrite powder inreactive powder concrete road pavementrdquo Road Materialsand Pavement Design vol 18 no 6 pp 1448ndash1459 2017

[11] M Bostanci ldquoInvestigation of capillary water absorptionbehaviour of ignimbrites (Nevsehir Region)rdquo Master thesisNevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University Graduate School ofNatural and Applied Sciences Nevsehir Turkey 2016

[12] B I Topcu and T Uygunoglu Reduction of EnvironmentalPollution by Using Waste Marble Aggregates in ConcreteInternational Sustainable Structures Symposium AnkaraTurkey 2010

[13] M Filiz C Ozel O Soykan and Y Ekiz ldquoUsage of wastemarble dust at paving stonesrdquo Electronic Journal of Con-struction Technologies vol 6 no 2 pp 57ndash72 2010

[14] H Ceylan and S Manca ldquoEvaluation of concrete aggregatemarble piecesrdquo SDU Journal of Technical Sciences vol 3 no 2pp 21ndash25 2013

[15] L G Li Z H Huang Y P Tan A K H Kwan andH Y Chen ldquoRecycling of marble dust as paste replacementfor improving strength microstructure and eco-friendlinessof mortarrdquo Journal of Cleaner Production vol 210 pp 55ndash652019

[16] K Vardhan R Siddique and S Goyal ldquoStrength permeationandmicro-structural characteristics of concrete incorporatingwaste marblerdquo Construction and Building Materials vol 203pp 45ndash55 2019

[17] R Alyousef O Benjeddou C Soussi M A Khadimallah andM Jedidi ldquoExperimental study of new insulation lightweightconcrete block floor based on perlite aggregate natural sandand sand obtained frommarble wasterdquo Advances in MaterialsScience and Engineering vol 2019 Article ID 816046114 pages 2019

[18] E T Tunc ldquoRecycling of marble waste a review based onstrength of concrete Containing marble wasterdquo Journal ofEnvironmental Management vol 231 pp 86ndash97 2019

[19] D K Ashish ldquoConcrete made with waste marble powder andsupplementary cementitious material for sustainable devel-opmentrdquo Journal of Cleaner Production vol 211 pp 716ndash7292019

[20] M Pathirage F Bousikhane M DrsquoAmbrosia M Alnaggarand G Cusatis ldquoEffect of alkali silica reaction on the me-chanical properties of aging mortar bars experiments andnumerical modelingrdquo International Journal of Damage Me-chanics vol 28 no 2 pp 291ndash322 2018

[21] TS 2824 EN 1338 Concrete Paving Blocks-Requirements andTest Methods TSE Ankara Turkey 2005

[22] TS EN 197-1 Cement - Part 1 Composition Specifications andConformity Criteria for Common Cements TSE AnkaraTurkey 2012


[23] ASTM C618-19 Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash andRaw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete ASTMInternational West Conshohocken PA USA 2019

[24] AASHTO M 307 Standard Specification for Silica Fume Usedin Cementitious Mixtures American Association of StateHighway and Transportation Officials Washington DCUSA 2013

[25] Limak Cement Industry and Trade Inc httpwwwlimakcementcom

[26] BASF Chemistry Industry and Trade Inc httpwwwmaster-builders-solutionsbasfcomtr

[27] TS EN-934-2+A1 Admixtures for Concrete Mortar andGroutmdashPart 2 Concrete Admixtures-Definitions Re-quirements Conformity Marking and Labelling TSE AnkaraTurkey 2014

[28] Adabag Building Industry Incorporated Company httpwwwadabagcomtr

[29] O Simsek and M Erdal ldquoInvestigation of some mechanicaland physical properties of the Ahlat stone (Ignimbrite)rdquo GaziUniversity Journal of Science vol 17 no 4 pp 71ndash78 2004

[30] HMF Marble Industry httpwwwhmfmarblecomtr[31] Z Gezen ldquoGrain size influences on the material properties

and durability of marblesrdquo Master thesis Dokuz EylulUniversity Graduate School of Natural and Applied SciencesIzmir Turkey 2013

[32] TS EN 933-1 Tests for Geometrical Properties of Aggrega-tesmdashPart 1 Determination of Particle Size Distribution-SievingMethod TSE Ankara Turkey 2012

[33] TS 802 Design of Concrete Mixes TSE Ankara Turkey 2016[34] M Ipek ldquoEffects of pre-setting pressure applied during setting

phase to mechanical behaviors of reactive powder concreterdquoPh D thesis Sakarya University Graduate School of Naturaland Applied Sciences Sakarya Turkey 2009

[35] A Bakis ldquoInvestigation on the usability of reactive powderconcrete (rpc) in rigid road superstructure constructionrdquo PhD thesis Ataturk University Graduate School of Natural andApplied Sciences Erzurum Turkey 2015

[36] F Larrard and T Sedran ldquoOptimization of ultra-high-per-formance concrete by the use of a packing modelrdquo Cementand Concrete Research vol 24 no 6 pp 997ndash1009 1994

[37] P Richard and M Cheyrezy ldquoComposition of reactivepowder concretesrdquo Cement and Concrete Research vol 25no 7 pp 1501ndash1511 1995


CorrosionInternational Journal of

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Analytical ChemistryInternational Journal of


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Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of



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Journal ofEngineeringVolume 2018

Applied ChemistryJournal of


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High Energy PhysicsAdvances in

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The Scientific World Journal

Volume 2018

TribologyAdvances in



ChemistryAdvances in


Advances inPhysical Chemistry


BioMed Research InternationalMaterials

Journal of


Na

nom

ate

ria

ls


Journal ofNanomaterials

Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom

Ahlat stone is a solid waste that contributes to environ-mental pollution and waste landfills Originally known asignimbrites Ahlat stone is widely used in Bitlis Province ofthe Ahlat region and is one of the pyroclastic rocks thatcontain abundant pumice and volcanic glass due to the ex-plosion of Nimrod crater Waste Ahlat stone powder isgenerated in a significant amount after stone cutting in theAhlat stone quarries Nevertheless the presence of pores inthe material body gives the extremely low compressive andbending strength and therefore such materials cannot beused as aggregates in concrete production On this basisAhlat stone has limited applicability in the construction sector[9] and is rather used mainly as a wall stone in structuresHowever the strength of Ahlat stone concrete pavement canbe reinforced by mixing Ahlat stone powder with concreteusing a special mixing method Hattatoglu and Bakis statedthat Ahlat stone powder was used as ignimbrite powder forproducing reactive powder concrete and found out that themaximum compressive and bending strengths of the concretewere 12499MPa and 918MPa respectively [10] Bostanciinvestigated the time-dependent weathering performance ofvarious ignimbrites with varying color and textural propertiescollected from the Nevsehir region against physical andchemical influences )ey also evaluated the effect of de-terioration on the physical and mechanical properties of theignimbrite specimens as well as the capillary water absorptioncharacteristics relative to durability performance [11] )eauthor of this paper realizes that no study has been carried outyet regarding the use of waste Ahlat stone powder in theproduction of interlocked paving stones )e Ahlat stonepowder investigated herein is of the size range 015ndash060mm

Besides Ahlat stone marble is another solid waste thatcontributes to environmental pollution and forms wastefields [12 13] A considerable amount of marble waste isformed upon removal of blocks as marble quarries areprocessed [14] In this regard there is an essential need forthe conscientious evaluation of waste materials Li et alsuggested an alternative technique called the paste re-placement method where marble dust is added as re-placement to an equal volume of paste without necessarilychanging the pastersquos mix proportions Here they produced anumber of mortar mixes with different amounts of marbledust and added these as a replacement of either paste orcement to test the workability compressive strength andmicrostructure of the concrete material Accordingly theyfound that addition of marble dust as paste replacement hasimproved the strength and microstructure of the manu-factured concrete [15] Vardhan et al investigated thestrength permeation and microstructural properties ofconcrete incorporating waste marble as partial replacementof the fine aggregates and confirmed that waste marble hasthe potential as an alternate fine aggregate to improve theoverall performance of the concrete as well as for sustainabledevelopment [16] Similarly several studies investigated the useof marble waste as an additive to cementitious matrix buildingmaterials and confirmed that incorporation of marble wastesignificantly improved the mechanical properties and thermalinsulation of concrete [17ndash19] Using a special concrete mixingmethod for marble powder in concrete the strength of marble

concrete pavement can be increased Some studies discussedthe production of interlocked paving stones using marbleaggregate and did not use marble powder in 100 of theaggregates in the production of interlocked paving stones Inthis study marble powder of the previously mentioned sizerange is used in 100 ratio of the aggregates Specifically thispaper investigates the usability of waste materials Ahlat stonepowder and marble in the production of interlocked pavingstones Six different types of interlocked paving stones areproduced under two different types of curing applicationsTwo curing types namely standard water curing and com-bined curing were applied for the interlocked paving stones)e literature did not specify any standard for the combinedcuring of hardened concrete )erefore a special combinedcuring type was applied for the interlocked paving stones

Many experimental studies have been conducted ondurability of concrete andmortar Pathirage et al investigatedthe effect of alkali silica reaction on the mechanical propertiesof aging mortar bars Crushed limestone aggregates are usedand mechanical properties of mortar at different curingtemperatures are evaluated in their study [20]

Water absorption splitting tensile strength surfaceabrasion and freeze-thaw tests of different types of inter-locked paving stones were carried out and the results werecompared with reference-interlocked paving stone concreteunder specification limits [21] )e results of this studyindicated that waste materials such as Ahlat stone powderand marble powder can be potentially employed in theproduction of interlocked paving stones )e findings of thisstudy validate increase in durability and freeze-thawstrength of concrete paving stones with special curing

2 Materials and Methods

21 Materials

211 Binders (Cement and Silica Fume) )e main materialin the production of interlocked paving stones was CEM I425N Portland cement type in accordance with TS EN 197-1 standard [22] )e cement material was supplied by LimakCement Industry and Trade Inc

A silica fume named MasterRoc MS 610 supplied byBASF Chemistry Industry and Trade Inc was used in ac-cordance with ASTM C 618 and AASHTO M 307 standards[23 24] )e physical chemical and mechanical propertiesof the binders used in the production of the stones are shownin Table 1 [25 26]

212 Superplasticizer )e material was supplied by BASFChemistry Industry and Trade Inc Its properties are listed inTable 2 [26]

A superplasticizer named MasterGlenium 128 which isbased on polycarboxylic ether was used in accordance withTS EN-934-2 +A1 standard [27]

213 Aggregates Used in Interlocked Paving Stones Sixdifferent types of interlocked paving stones were manu-factured for the purpose of this study as depicted in Table 3



















Aggregatetype

Aggregatesize (mm)
































Percentage 551 024 1601 6411 478 164 044 491



Porosity()



Unit weight(gcm3)



260 2731 20 29 189 106 159






Porosity()



Unit weight(gcm3)



273 02 01 333 271 648 65









0

20

40

60

80

100

025 050 1 2 4 8 16

A 16B 16

C 16RWC-RCC

p

assin

g

Sieve size (mm)

















Combinedcuring



Wa M1 minus M2

M2times 100 (2)



S L times t (3)


S (4)


10001113874 1113875

2 (5)

F P

L (6)





ΔV Δmρr

(7)






I M

A (8)
























ndash25

ndash15

ndash5

5

15

25

0 5 12 16 18 22


Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

Time (h)





(a) (b)

(c) (d)




Unit weight (gcm3)


Dry weightM2 (g)



RWC 2149 4880 4604 59

Wale 6


59 59 56 56

47 47

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7


Wat

er ab

sorp

tion

()





(a) (b) (c)









T(average)ge36MPa

F(average) ge250Nmm


21492027 2046 1938

2185 2088

0

05

1

15

2

25


Uni

t vol

ume w

eigh

t (g

cm3 )



36 38 3739 39 41

0

1

2

3

4

5


Split

ting

tens

ile st

reng

th (M

Pa)











Density ρr (gcm3)

Mass loss Δm(g)




92

100 98

172

79

148

02468

1012141618


Abr

asio

n (c

m3 5

0 cm

2 )





4 Conclusions










035048

039

063

034

057

0

02

04

06

08

1

12


Uni

t are

a mas

s los

s (kg

m2 )














Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References










































Advances in



Journal of

Chemistry















Journal of





Volume 2018









Journal of


Na

nom

ate

ria

ls





















Aggregatetype

Aggregatesize (mm)
































Percentage 551 024 1601 6411 478 164 044 491



Porosity()



Unit weight(gcm3)



260 2731 20 29 189 106 159






Porosity()



Unit weight(gcm3)



273 02 01 333 271 648 65









0

20

40

60

80

100

025 050 1 2 4 8 16

A 16B 16

C 16RWC-RCC

p

assin

g

Sieve size (mm)

















Combinedcuring



Wa M1 minus M2

M2times 100 (2)



S L times t (3)


S (4)


10001113874 1113875

2 (5)

F P

L (6)





ΔV Δmρr

(7)






I M

A (8)
























ndash25

ndash15

ndash5

5

15

25

0 5 12 16 18 22


Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

Time (h)





(a) (b)

(c) (d)




Unit weight (gcm3)


Dry weightM2 (g)



RWC 2149 4880 4604 59

Wale 6


59 59 56 56

47 47

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7


Wat

er ab

sorp

tion

()





(a) (b) (c)









T(average)ge36MPa

F(average) ge250Nmm


21492027 2046 1938

2185 2088

0

05

1

15

2

25


Uni

t vol

ume w

eigh

t (g

cm3 )



36 38 3739 39 41

0

1

2

3

4

5


Split

ting

tens

ile st

reng

th (M

Pa)











Density ρr (gcm3)

Mass loss Δm(g)




92

100 98

172

79

148

02468

1012141618


Abr

asio

n (c

m3 5

0 cm

2 )





4 Conclusions










035048

039

063

034

057

0

02

04

06

08

1

12


Uni

t are

a mas

s los

s (kg

m2 )














Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References










































Advances in



Journal of

Chemistry















Journal of





Volume 2018









Journal of


Na

nom

ate

ria

ls


























Percentage 551 024 1601 6411 478 164 044 491



Porosity()



Unit weight(gcm3)



260 2731 20 29 189 106 159






Porosity()



Unit weight(gcm3)



273 02 01 333 271 648 65









0

20

40

60

80

100

025 050 1 2 4 8 16

A 16B 16

C 16RWC-RCC

p

assin

g

Sieve size (mm)

















Combinedcuring



Wa M1 minus M2

M2times 100 (2)



S L times t (3)


S (4)


10001113874 1113875

2 (5)

F P

L (6)





ΔV Δmρr

(7)






I M

A (8)
























ndash25

ndash15

ndash5

5

15

25

0 5 12 16 18 22


Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

Time (h)





(a) (b)

(c) (d)




Unit weight (gcm3)


Dry weightM2 (g)



RWC 2149 4880 4604 59

Wale 6


59 59 56 56

47 47

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7


Wat

er ab

sorp

tion

()





(a) (b) (c)









T(average)ge36MPa

F(average) ge250Nmm


21492027 2046 1938

2185 2088

0

05

1

15

2

25


Uni

t vol

ume w

eigh

t (g

cm3 )



36 38 3739 39 41

0

1

2

3

4

5


Split

ting

tens

ile st

reng

th (M

Pa)











Density ρr (gcm3)

Mass loss Δm(g)




92

100 98

172

79

148

02468

1012141618


Abr

asio

n (c

m3 5

0 cm

2 )





4 Conclusions










035048

039

063

034

057

0

02

04

06

08

1

12


Uni

t are

a mas

s los

s (kg

m2 )














Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References










































Advances in



Journal of

Chemistry















Journal of





Volume 2018









Journal of


Na

nom

ate

ria

ls











0

20

40

60

80

100

025 050 1 2 4 8 16

A 16B 16

C 16RWC-RCC

p

assin

g

Sieve size (mm)

















Combinedcuring



Wa M1 minus M2

M2times 100 (2)



S L times t (3)


S (4)


10001113874 1113875

2 (5)

F P

L (6)





ΔV Δmρr

(7)






I M

A (8)
























ndash25

ndash15

ndash5

5

15

25

0 5 12 16 18 22


Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

Time (h)





(a) (b)

(c) (d)




Unit weight (gcm3)


Dry weightM2 (g)



RWC 2149 4880 4604 59

Wale 6


59 59 56 56

47 47

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7


Wat

er ab

sorp

tion

()





(a) (b) (c)









T(average)ge36MPa

F(average) ge250Nmm


21492027 2046 1938

2185 2088

0

05

1

15

2

25


Uni

t vol

ume w

eigh

t (g

cm3 )



36 38 3739 39 41

0

1

2

3

4

5


Split

ting

tens

ile st

reng

th (M

Pa)











Density ρr (gcm3)

Mass loss Δm(g)




92

100 98

172

79

148

02468

1012141618


Abr

asio

n (c

m3 5

0 cm

2 )





4 Conclusions










035048

039

063

034

057

0

02

04

06

08

1

12


Uni

t are

a mas

s los

s (kg

m2 )














Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References










































Advances in



Journal of

Chemistry















Journal of





Volume 2018









Journal of


Na

nom

ate

ria

ls





Wa M1 minus M2

M2times 100 (2)



S L times t (3)


S (4)


10001113874 1113875

2 (5)

F P

L (6)





ΔV Δmρr

(7)






I M

A (8)
























ndash25

ndash15

ndash5

5

15

25

0 5 12 16 18 22


Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

Time (h)





(a) (b)

(c) (d)




Unit weight (gcm3)


Dry weightM2 (g)



RWC 2149 4880 4604 59

Wale 6


59 59 56 56

47 47

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7


Wat

er ab

sorp

tion

()





(a) (b) (c)









T(average)ge36MPa

F(average) ge250Nmm


21492027 2046 1938

2185 2088

0

05

1

15

2

25


Uni

t vol

ume w

eigh

t (g

cm3 )



36 38 3739 39 41

0

1

2

3

4

5


Split

ting

tens

ile st

reng

th (M

Pa)











Density ρr (gcm3)

Mass loss Δm(g)




92

100 98

172

79

148

02468

1012141618


Abr

asio

n (c

m3 5

0 cm

2 )





4 Conclusions










035048

039

063

034

057

0

02

04

06

08

1

12


Uni

t are

a mas

s los

s (kg

m2 )














Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References










































Advances in



Journal of

Chemistry















Journal of





Volume 2018









Journal of


Na

nom

ate

ria

ls




















ndash25

ndash15

ndash5

5

15

25

0 5 12 16 18 22


Tem

pera

ture

(degC)

Time (h)





(a) (b)

(c) (d)




Unit weight (gcm3)


Dry weightM2 (g)



RWC 2149 4880 4604 59

Wale 6


59 59 56 56

47 47

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7


Wat

er ab

sorp

tion

()





(a) (b) (c)









T(average)ge36MPa

F(average) ge250Nmm


21492027 2046 1938

2185 2088

0

05

1

15

2

25


Uni

t vol

ume w

eigh

t (g

cm3 )



36 38 3739 39 41

0

1

2

3

4

5


Split

ting

tens

ile st

reng

th (M

Pa)











Density ρr (gcm3)

Mass loss Δm(g)




92

100 98

172

79

148

02468

1012141618


Abr

asio

n (c

m3 5

0 cm

2 )





4 Conclusions










035048

039

063

034

057

0

02

04

06

08

1

12


Uni

t are

a mas

s los

s (kg

m2 )














Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References










































Advances in



Journal of

Chemistry















Journal of





Volume 2018









Journal of


Na

nom

ate

ria

ls




(a) (b)

(c) (d)




Unit weight (gcm3)


Dry weightM2 (g)



RWC 2149 4880 4604 59

Wale 6


59 59 56 56

47 47

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7


Wat

er ab

sorp

tion

()





(a) (b) (c)









T(average)ge36MPa

F(average) ge250Nmm


21492027 2046 1938

2185 2088

0

05

1

15

2

25


Uni

t vol

ume w

eigh

t (g

cm3 )



36 38 3739 39 41

0

1

2

3

4

5


Split

ting

tens

ile st

reng

th (M

Pa)











Density ρr (gcm3)

Mass loss Δm(g)




92

100 98

172

79

148

02468

1012141618


Abr

asio

n (c

m3 5

0 cm

2 )





4 Conclusions










035048

039

063

034

057

0

02

04

06

08

1

12


Uni

t are

a mas

s los

s (kg

m2 )














Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References










































Advances in



Journal of

Chemistry















Journal of





Volume 2018









Journal of


Na

nom

ate

ria

ls




(a) (b) (c)









T(average)ge36MPa

F(average) ge250Nmm


21492027 2046 1938

2185 2088

0

05

1

15

2

25


Uni

t vol

ume w

eigh

t (g

cm3 )



36 38 3739 39 41

0

1

2

3

4

5


Split

ting

tens

ile st

reng

th (M

Pa)











Density ρr (gcm3)

Mass loss Δm(g)




92

100 98

172

79

148

02468

1012141618


Abr

asio

n (c

m3 5

0 cm

2 )





4 Conclusions










035048

039

063

034

057

0

02

04

06

08

1

12


Uni

t are

a mas

s los

s (kg

m2 )














Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References










































Advances in



Journal of

Chemistry















Journal of





Volume 2018









Journal of


Na

nom

ate

ria

ls










Density ρr (gcm3)

Mass loss Δm(g)




92

100 98

172

79

148

02468

1012141618


Abr

asio

n (c

m3 5

0 cm

2 )





4 Conclusions










035048

039

063

034

057

0

02

04

06

08

1

12


Uni

t are

a mas

s los

s (kg

m2 )














Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References










































Advances in



Journal of

Chemistry















Journal of





Volume 2018









Journal of


Na

nom

ate

ria

ls




4 Conclusions










035048

039

063

034

057

0

02

04

06

08

1

12


Uni

t are

a mas

s los

s (kg

m2 )














Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References










































Advances in



Journal of

Chemistry















Journal of





Volume 2018









Journal of


Na

nom

ate

ria

ls








Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References










































Advances in



Journal of

Chemistry















Journal of





Volume 2018









Journal of


Na

nom

ate

ria

ls






















Advances in



Journal of

Chemistry















Journal of





Volume 2018









Journal of


Na

nom

ate

ria

ls




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