Accidents: Undesired act

1. Direct Cost2. Indirect Cost

Four parts of the structure of an accident

1. Contributing causes2. Immediate causes3. Accident4. Results of an accident

1. Contributing causes

a. Supervisory Safety Programmei. Safety instructions inadequate

ii. Safety rules nor enforcediii. Safety not planed as part of jobiv. Hazard not correctedv. Safety devices not provided

b. Mental Condition of Person

i. Lack of safety awarenessii. Lack of coordination

iii. Improper attitudeiv. Temperamentalv. nervous

c. Physical Condition of Person

i. Extreme fatigueii. Deaf

iii. Poor eyesightiv. Physically inadequate for jobv. Heart condition

vi. Crippled

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2. Immediate causes

a. Unsafe Acti. PPEs provide but not used

ii. Hazardous method of handling (wrong lifting, loose grip etc)iii. Improper tool used although proper tools availableiv. Hazardous movement (running, jumping, stepping up, throwing etc)v. horseplay

b. Unsafe Conditions

i. Ineffective safety devicesii. No safety device used

iii. Hazardous housekeeping (material on floor, congested aisles etc)iv. Defective equipment, tools, machinesv. Improper dress or apparel

vi. Improper illumination or ventilation etc.

c. Accident

d. Results of accidenti. Annoyance

ii. Production delaysiii. Reduced qualityiv. Spoilagev. Minor injuries

vi. Disabling injuriesvii. Fatality

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Major Disasters

1. June 1974: Flixborough, UKa. Explosion in a Nylon Manufacturing Factoryb. Death toll: 28 men & extensive plant damagesc. Materials damage cost: $750 million

2. Dec 1984,: Bhopal, India

a. Leakage of over 25 tones of Methyl Isocyanidesb. Over 2000 people killed and about same injured Need of loss prevention training arosec. Compelled others like ICI to improve their standards

3. April 1986: Chernobyl, Russia

a. Escaping of several tones of fuel & Fission products due to overheated water-cooled Nuclear Reactor

b. 45 people killed, 100,000 evacuatedc. Loss of public confidence in nuclear industry

4. July 1988: Piper Alpha: North Sea

a. Explosion followed by massive oil gas fireb. Killed 167 men, many by the inhalation of CO gasc. New regulations for the offshore oil & gas industryd. Mandatory requirement of offshore risk assessment

5. Nov. 1987: King’s Cross U/G Train Station, UK

a. Fire due to lighted match dropped on an escalatorb. 31 people killed and many more injuredc. Substantial expenditure on fire prevention

6. Jan. 1986: US Space Shuttle Challenger, NASA

a. Destroyed by fire soon after its take offb. All 7 crew members were killed

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c. The prestige of NASA suffered a serious blow –their space programme had been delayed for several years.

Causes of accidents:

Most death due to heart diseases, cancer and stroke but limited to old age people

37 or younger – prime cause of death is accident at work place

According to National Safety Council (USA)

From 1912 to 1982 accident at work death per 100,000 population reduced by 81% i.e. from 21 to 4

Statistical data indicates that in one particular year, the causes of accidents in USA were as under;

Accidents 27,484

Motor vehicles 16,405

Poison (Solid/ Liquid) 2,649

Drowning 1,526

Falls 1,138

Fire related 899

(Age group 25 to 44 years)

Work accident costs:

1. Arco Chemical Co. ordered to pay (1990) $3.48 million in fine

Failing to protect worker4s from an explosion at its petrochemical plant in Channelview, Texas

2. Steel-making division of USX paid $3.25 million to settle numerous health & safety violations

3. BASF had to pay $1.06 million to settle an explosion at Cincinnati Chemical Plant causing two deaths & seventeen injuries.

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Death rates by Industry (Computed on the basis of 100,000 workers in a typical year)

1. Mining / quarrying2. Agriculture3. Construction4. Transportation5. Manufacturing6. Services7. Trade

Parts of Body

1. Back2. Legs & Fingers3. Arms4. Trunk5. Hands6. Eyes, head & Feet7. Neck

According to W. Heinrich, an official of Travelers Insurance Company.

88% accidents due to unsafe Acts

10% due to Unsafe Conditions

2% due to unavoidable circumstances (Natural disaster etc.)

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Human Factors Theory of Accidents Causation

Overload

Imbalance between person’s Capacity at any given time and the load

Person’s Capacity is the product of factors such as natural ability, training, State of mind, fatigue, stress & Physical Condition

Added Burdens

Environmental Factors (Noise, distraction etc)

Internal Factors (Personal problem, emotional stress, worry)

Situation Factors (level of risk, unclear restrictions)

Inappropriate Response:

1. Person detects hazardous condition but does nothing to correct it2. Person removes safeguards from machine to increase output.

Inappropriate Activities:

Person does not know to operate or perform certain activity

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Inappropriate Activities

Overload

Inappropriate Response

Human Factors

Classification of accident

1. Struck by

Worker unexpectedly struck by or contacted by moving object, vehicle, hammer blow, foreign piece of material in eye

2. Struck against

Moving worker contacting//strucking against any object, Sharpe edge/corner, hot pipe, another person

3. Caught in, on or between

a. Worker’s part of body (foot) caught in somewhere (broken board on floor)

b. Worker shirt sleeve caught on fire

c. Worker leg etc caught in between two moving objects (gear)

4. Fall from above

5. Fall at ground level

Slipping, sliding

6. Strain or overexertion

Carrying, pushing or pulling objects beyond their physical limitations/ capabilities

7. Electrical contact

Contact of body with an electrical current or any electrically charged equipment

8. Burn

By fire or chemical

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Unsafe Act / Condition

1. Congestion or restricted action

2. Defective tools, equipment or materials

3. Failing to use personal protective equipment properly

4. Failure to warn

5. Fire and explosion hazards

6. Hazardous environmental conditions; gases, dusts, smokes, fumes, vapors

7. High or low temperature exposure

8. Horseplay

9. Improper lifting

10. Improper loading

11. Improper placement

12. Improper position for task

13. Inadequate guards or barriers

14. Inadequate or excessive illumination

15. Inadequate or improper protective equipment

16. inadequate ventilation

17. Inadequate warning system

18. Making safety devices inoperable

19. Noise exposures

20. Operating at improper speed

21. Operating equipment without authority

22. Poor housekeeping; disorderly workplace

23. Radiation exposures

24. Removing safety devices

25. Under influence of alcohol and/or other drugs

26. Using defective equipment

27. Using equipment improperly

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Automating or Updating the System

o May improve one aspect of the system but increase the risk from another side e.g. Fork Lift

o Machine driven by Hydraulic, electric power introduced new hazards

o Safeguarding to be provided against source of mechanical injuries (cutting, shearing, crushing

etc.)

Requirements for Safeguards (recommended by National Safety Council)

1. Prevent Direct Contact

2. Be Secure & Durable

a. No body may render them ineffective by tempering with or disabling them

b. Must be durable enough to withstand severity conditions at workplace

3. Protect Against Falling Object

a. Objects falling onto moving machine mechanism increases risk of accidents

b. Property damage

c. Shield between moving part and falling object

4. Create no new hazard

a. Sharpe edges

b. Unfinished surface

c. Protruding bolts

5. Create no interference

a. Should not interfere work

6. Allow Safe Maintenance

a. May some time lead to modification in the machine

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Types of Guards

1. Point of Operation Guards

a. Fixed Guards

i. Permanent Barrier between worker & point of operation

ii. Suitable for specific applications

iii. Can be constructed within plant

iv. Require little maintenance cost

b. Interlocked Guards

i. Shut down the machine when guard is not securely in

place / disengaged

c. Adjustable Guards

i. For multiple purposes

2. Point of Operation Devices

(Does not protect against mechanical failure, require frequent

calibration)

a. Photoelectric Devices

i. Shut down the machine whenever light field broken

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b. Radio-Frequency devices

i. Capacitance stop the machine when the capacitance

field is interrupted

c. Electromechanical Devices

i. Contact bars

3. Restraint Devices

4. Safety Trip

5. Two Hand Control

a. Protects worker but not the passer-by

6. Feeding & Ejection System

a. No manual feeding and ejection

b. No direct contact

c. Usually limited for individual operations

d. May sometimes invite other safety related problems

e. Size of stock is limited

f. Pneumatic ejectors can be quite noisy

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Robot Safeguards

Main hazards include

1. Interruption of a worker between robot arm and solid

surface

2. Impact with an moving robot arm

3. Impact with object ejected or dropped b y robot

Solution;

1. Physical barrier around entire perimeter of robot work envelope.

2. Should withstand the force of heaviest object the robot could eject.

3. A guard containing sensing device that automatically shuts down

if any person or object enters the work envelope.

4. Sensitized door/gates in the perimeter barrier shuts down robot

5. Robot is dangerous when it is at stage between cycles.

Lockout / Tagout system

1. Details of contact person

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2. OSHA indicates 6% workplace accidents due to unexpected

machine activation while in service

Falls

16% of all disabling work-related injuries due to fall

Causes of fall

1. Foreign object on walking surface

2. Design flaw in wailing surface

3. Slippery surface

4. An individual’s impaired physical conditions

Walking & Slipping

Coefficient of friction between surface (floor) & Shoes

Factors that decrease traction:

When the surface is oily, wet

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Very Slippery & Hazardous

Slippery & Hazardous

Slippery but not Hazardous

Good Traction

0.2 0.3 0.4

Coefficient of concrete drops from 0.43 to 0.37

(Which moves it one category down on traction)

Consequently Good Housekeeping reduces slip & Fall Hazards

Oil, Grease, Soap, Cleaning Solvents turn a safe surface into a

dangerous zone

To counter that;

Rubber sole shoe decrease slipping hazards

Preventing Slips:

Slip prevention should be a part of Company’s health & Safety

Programme e.g.

1. Choose right material for pathways

2. Practice good housekeeping (clear from oil, grease. When

mopping the area, rope off the area or erect warning signs)

3. Require nonskid footwear

4. Review & Acceptances of walkways

5. Reconditioning of Walkways

6. Employee footwear programme

7. Specify type of footwear on different type of walking surfaces

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8.Inspection/Audit

Including test, report, suggestion by authorized safety officer)

OTHER REASONS

Running and undue haste

Supervisor should locate causes.

May be due to;

o Bus and train schedule not coordinated with

company timings

o Bottlenecks at gate or in parking lot

o Inadequate restaurant facilities

o Long pay lines (Salary)

o Inadequate transportation facilities

o Unbalanced work load

LADDER SAFETY:

Major potential source for falls;

Should be strong enough.

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Condition of Ladder

o Cracks on side rail loose rungs

o Rails or braces corrosion.

Check wooden ladder for moisture good electric condition

contact.

Metal Ladder (For burrs & sharp edges)

Do’s & Don’ts.

Check slipperiness on shoes & ladder rungs.

Limit ladder to one person at a time.

Secure Ladder firmly at top & bottom.

Do apply four-to-one ratio at least.

Face ladder during climbing up & down.

Don’t lean too far to either side while working.

Don’t lean ladder against a fragile, unstable surface.

Don’t let other people to enter the premises of ladder (may

be by placing barrier).

Should be standing at least three rung down from the top.

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Belt up during working on ladder.

STAIRS

Stairs of same height & same width.

Pitch of stairs between 30-390.

Riser should not be more than 8” or less than 5”.

Treads should not be less than 9½” high deep.

Stairs ways should have landing at least every 8 or 9’ of

vertical height.

Hand rails should be provided without sharp edges, burrs,

rough surfaces etc.

No Mirrors, windows at head/foot of stairs.

No poster, display, bulletin board be placed be placed near

the stairs.

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ELECTRICAL HAZARDS

Short circuit

Water

o Decreases resistivity of materials including

human

Resistance of wet skin can be around 450 Ω

o Dry skin 100,000 Ω

Major causes

Contact with bare wire

Working with electrical equipment that lacks the UL

label for safety inspection

Electrical equipment not properly grounded

Working with electrical equipment on damp floor

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STATIC ELECTRICITY DISCHARGE

Using metal ladders

With ensuring that the power has been shut off

Lightning strikes

Electrostatic hazards

Rubbing nonconductive material over stationary

surface

Moving large sheets of plastic, which may discharge

sparks

Friction between flowing liquid and solid surface

Rate of discharge of electrical charge increases

with lower humidity

Electrostatic sparks greater during cold, dry

winter days

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THE FIRE TRIANGLE

Fire Safety, at its most basic, is based upon the

principle of keeping fuel sources and ignition sources

separate.

Three things must be present at the same time to

produce fire:

1. Enough OXYGEN to sustain combustion

2. Enough HEAT to reach ignition temperature

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3. Some FUEL or combustible material

Together, they produce the CHEMICAL REACTION that

is fire.

Take away any of these things and the fire will be

extinguished

Fire requires 16% Oxygen 21% O2, 78% N

Stages of Fire:

1st:Incipient Stage: No visible smoke, no flame, very little

heat, combustion begins to take place.

2nd: Smoldering Stage: Combustion increases, smoke

becomes visible (as yet no visible flame)

3rd: Flame Stage: Point of ignition, flames begins to become

visible

4th: Heat Stage: Large amount of heat. Flame, smoke and

toxic gases produced.

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Fuel Classifications

Fires are classified according to the type of fuel that is

burning.

If you use the wrong type of fire extinguisher on the

wrong class of fire, you might make matters worse.

It is very important to understand the four different fire

(fuel) classifications…

Class A : Wood, paper, cloth, trash, plastics—solids

that are not metals.

Class B : Flammable liquids—gasoline, oil, grease,

acetone. Includes flammable gases.

Class C : Electrical—energized electrical equipment.

As long as it’s “plugged in.”

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Class D : Metals—potassium, sodium, aluminum,

magnesium. Requires Metal-X, foam, and other

special extinguishing agents.

Most fire extinguishers will have a pictograph label

telling you which type of fire the extinguisher is designed

to fight.

Types of Fire Extinguishers

Fixed: Water hose, water sprinkles

Portable:

Different types of fire extinguishers are designed to fight

different classes of fire.

The three most common types of fire extinguishers are:

1. Water (APW)

2. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

3. Dry Chemical (ABC, BC, DC)

Water (APW) Fire Extinguishers

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Large silver fire extinguishers that stand about 2 feet tall

and weigh about 25 pounds when full.

APW stands for “Air-Pressurized Water.”

Filled with ordinary tap water and pressurized air, they are

essentially large squirt guns.

APW’s extinguish fire by taking away the “heat”

element of the Fire Triangle

APW’s are designed for Class A fires only i.e. Wood,

paper, cloth.

Using water on a flammable liquid fire could cause the

fire to spread.

Using water on an electrical fire increases the risk of

electrocution. If you have no choice but to use an APW

on an electrical fire, make sure the electrical equipment

is un-plugged or de-energized.

Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishers

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The pressure in a CO2 extinguisher is so great; bits of

dry ice may shoot out of the horn!

CO2 cylinders are red. They range in size from 5 lbs to

100 lbs or larger. On larger sizes, the horn will be at the

end of a long, flexible hose.

CO2’s are designed for Class B and C (Flammable

Liquids and Electrical Sources) fires only!

CO2s will frequently be found in laboratories,

mechanical rooms, kitchens, and flammable liquid storage

areas.

In accordance with NFPA regulations (and

manufacturers’ recommendations), all CO2 extinguishers

undergo hydrostatic testing and recharge every 5 years.

Carbon dioxide is a non-flammable gas that takes away

the oxygen element of the fire triangle. Without oxygen,

there is no fire. CO2 is very cold as it comes out of the

extinguisher, so it cools the fuel as well.

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A CO2 may be ineffective in extinguishing Class A fire

because it may not be able to displace enough oxygen to

successfully put the fire out

Class A materials may also smolder and re-ignite.

Dry Chemical (ABC) Fire Extinguishers

Dry chemical extinguishers put out fire by coating the

fuel with a thin layer of dust. This separates the fuel from

the oxygen in the air.

The powder also works to interrupt the chemical

reaction of fire. These extinguishers are very effective at

putting out fire.

ABC extinguishers are red ranging in size from 5 to 20

lbs.

The extinguishers are pressurized with nitrogen.

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Dry chemical extinguishers come in a variety of types…

DC (for “Dry Chemical”)

ABC (can be used on Class A, B, or C fires)

BC (designed for use on Class B and C fires)

It is extremely important to identify which types of dry

chemical extinguishers are located in your area!

You don’t want to mistakenly use a “BC” extinguisher

on a Class A fire thinking that it was an “ABC”

extinguisher.

How to Use a Fire Extinguisher

It’s easy to remember how to use a fire extinguisher if you

remember the acronym PASS:

Pull

Aim

Squeeze

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Sweep

Pull the pin…

Aim at the base of the fire…

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Squeeze the top handle…

This depresses a button that releases the

pressurized extinguishing agent.

Sweep from side to side…

.. until the fire is completely out. Start using the extinguisher

from a safe distance away, and then slowly move forward.

Once the fire is out, keep an eye on the area in case it

re-ignites.

Rules for Fighting Fires

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Fires can be very dangerous and you should always be certain

that you will not endanger yourself or others when attempting to

put out a fire.

For this reason, when a fire is discovered…

Assist any person in immediate danger to safety, if it can be

accomplished without risk to yourself.

Call fire department or activate the building fire alarm. The

fire alarm will notify the fire department and other building

occupants and shut off the air handling system to prevent

the spread of smoke.

If the fire is small (and only after having done these 2

things), you may attempt to use an extinguisher to put it

out. However . . . .

. . . before deciding to fight the fire, keep these

things in mind:

Know what is burning. If you don’t know what’s

burning, you won’t know what kind of extinguisher to use.

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Even if you have an ABC fire extinguisher, there may

be something in the fire that is going to explode or produce

toxic fumes.

Chances are you will know what’s burning, or at least

have a pretty good idea, but if you don’t, let the fire

department handle it.

Is the fire spreading rapidly beyond the point where it

started?

The time to use an extinguisher is at the beginning

stages of the fire.

If the fire is already spreading quickly, it is best to

simply evacuate the building.

As you evacuate a building, close doors and windows

behind you as you leave. This will help to slow the spread

of smoke and fire.

Do not fight the fire if:

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You don’t have adequate or appropriate equipment.

If you don’t have the correct type or large enough

extinguisher, it is best not to try fighting the fire.

You might inhale toxic smoke. When synthetic

materials such as the nylon in carpeting or foam padding in

a sofa burn, they can produce hydrogen cyanide and

ammonia in addition to carbon monoxide. These gases can

be fatal in very small amounts.

Your instincts tell you not to. If you are

uncomfortable with the situation for any reason, just let the

fire department do their job.

Always position yourself with an exit or means of

escape at your back before you attempt to use an

extinguisher fire.

In case the extinguisher malfunctions, or something

unexpected happens, you need to be able to get out quickly.

You don’t want to become trapped.

Three key concepts in an effective program of industrial 32

hygiene:

1 Recognition: Knowledge of stresses arising out of industrial operations and processes.

2 Evaluation: A judgment or decision involving measurement of stress and based on past experience.

3 Control: Isolation, substitution, change of process, wet methods, local exhaust ventilation, general or dilution ventilation, PPE, housekeeping, and training.

RECOGNITION

Types of Stresses

Chemical

Fume:

Substance composed of solid particles formed by condensation from a gaseous state

These particles are microscopically small (odorous gases and vapors are not fumes).

GasSubstance that will diffuse to evenly occupy the space in

which it is enclosedVapor

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Gaseous form of a substance that is normally a liquid or Solid

Mist

Suspension in air of very small drops usually formed by mechanical (atomization) or

By condensation from the gaseous state

Dust

Substance consisting of solid particles that have been reduced to a small by some mechanical process

Physical

Noise: unwanted sound

Temperature: either high or low extremes

Illumination: level of intensity Vibration: motion condition

Pressure: atmospheric, either high or low

Biological

Insects, molds, fungi, and bacteria create biological stresses

Ergonomic

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Exposure

Entering into the body as an health hazard

May affect the nervous system by entering

through the eyes, ears, and breathing area of the mouth and nose or

absorbed through the skin on contact and possibly find its way into the digestive tract

Except for skin diseases, most occupational diseases are acquired by inhalation.

Certain chemical agents that reach the lungs can pass into the blood stream and over a long period of time can be absorbed into various other parts of the body

Other agents may stay in the lungs - cause damage in this organ only

Lung tissue most efficient medium the body possesses for absorbing materials

Potentially Hazardous Processes

Any process involving combustion should be inspected 35

for by-products of the combustion released to the environment.

Any process involving high temperature, with or without high combustion, should be examined to determine if workers are exposed to excessive heat and noise.

Any process involving induction heating, including microwave heating, should be examined with regard to effects of the heat on employees and also to the level of heat, if it is suspected to be in a high range.

Any process involving the melting of metal should be studied to determine the toxicity of the metal fume and possibly of dust, if any is produced in the process.

Any process involving an electrical discharge in the air should be studied to determine whether ozone and oxides of nitrogen are produced.

EVALUATION

Degree of exposure,

Concentration of a contaminant determined according to

the terms, units, or percentages which appear in the

standards on levels of exposure

Threshold Limit Values

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expressed in parts per million (ppm)

parts of vapor or gas per million parts of air by volume

approximate milligrams (mg) of particulate per cubic meter of air (mg/m3)

Threshold limit values refer to time- weighted concentrations for a 7 hour or an 8 hour workday and a 40 hour week.

HEAT AND TEMPERATURE HAZARDS

Thermal Comfort

Function of different factors like;

Temperature, humidity, air distribution, personal preference, and acclimatization

Determining optimum conditions is not a simple process.

Conduction

Convection

Metabolic heat

Environmental heat

Radiant heat

The Body's Response to Heat

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Human body equipped to maintain an appropriate balance between the metabolic heat it produces and the environmental heat to which it is exposed.

Sweating and the subsequent evaporation of the sweat are the body's way of trying to maintain an acceptable temperature balance.

According to E. L. Alpaugh, (Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene)

H= M ± R ± C - E

where H body heat,

Minternal heat gain (metabolic),

R radiant heat gain,

C convection heat gain, and

E evaporation (cooling).

HEAT STRESS AND ITS PREVENTION

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A) Heat Stroke

Occurs as a result of a rapid rise in the body's core temperature

Very dangerous and should be dealt with immediately

Can be fatal

Symptoms Hot, dry, mottled skin

Confusion and/or convulsions

Loss of consciousness

Factors making individual susceptible to heat stroke

Obesity

Poor physical condition

Alcohol intake

Cardiovascular disease

Prolonged exertion in a hot environment.

Treatment/prevention

Core body temperature to be reduced

If not, wrap the victim in a wet thin sheet and fan continuously, adding water periodically to keep the sheet wet.

Prevention strategies

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Medical screening identify applicants having one or more susceptibility characteristics

Gradual acclimatization to hot working conditions spread over at least a full week

Rotating workers out of the hot environment at specified intervals during the work day

Use of personal protective clothing that is cooled

Monitoring employees carefully and continually

B) Heat Exhaustion

Occurs as a result of water and/or salt depletion

Body becomes dehydrated, decreases the volume of blood circulating

Various body parts compete for a smaller volume of blood causing circulatory strain

Symptoms

i. Fatigue ii. Nausea and/or vomitingiii. Headache iv. Lightheadednessv. Clammy, moist skin vi. Pale or flushed complexionvii. Rapid pulse viii. Fainting when trying to stand

Treatment and Prevention

Victim should be moved to a cool but not cold environment40

Fluids should be taken

Prevention strategiesGradual acclimatization over at least a week

C) Heat Cramps

Occurs as a result of salt and potassium depletion from profuse sweating as a result of working in a hot environment

Symptoms

Muscle contraction- typically felt in the arms, legs, and abdomen

Salt is lost, water that is taken in dilutes the body's electrolytes

Excess water enters the muscles causing cramping

Treatment

Replenish body's salt and potassium supply orally

Can be done with commercially produced fluids that contain carefully measured amounts of salts, potassium, electrolytes, and other elements

Prevention

Acclimatize workers to the hot environment gradually

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over a period of at least a week

Ensure that fluid replacement is accomplished with a product that contains the appropriate amount of

salt,

potassium, and

electrolytes

D) Heat Rash

Small raised bumps or blisters that cover a portion of the body

Give off a prickly sensation that can cause discomfort

Caused by prolonged exposure to hot and humid conditions

Sweat gland ducts become clogged with retained sweat that does not evaporate

Sweat backs up in the system and causes minor inflammation

Treatment

Remove the victim to a cooler, less humid environment

Clean the affected area,

E) Heat Fatigue

Temporary sluggishness, lethargy, and impaired performance (mental and/or physical)

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Employees not acclimatized to working in a hot environment are especially susceptible to transient heat fatigue

Degree and frequency of transient heat fatigue is also a function of physical conditioning.

Ei) Chronic Heat Fatigue

Employees experiencing chronic heat fatigue should be moved into positions that do not involve working in a hot environment

Prolonged chronic heat fatigue, if not relieved, can cause both physiological and psychological stress

BURNS AND THEIR EFFECTS

Human Skin

Consists of two main layers

Outer layer known as epidermis

Inner layer known as the dermis which is connected to the underlying subcutaneous tissue

Skin serves several important purposes including:

protection of body tissue;

sensation; secretion; excretion; and respiration

Protection from

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fluid loss

water penetration

ultraviolet radiation

infestation by microorganisms

Skin helps regulate body heat through sweating process.

Burn

The deeper the penetration, the more severe the burn.

Severity of Burns

Depends on several factors;

Depth to which the burn penetrates (Most Important!)

Location of the burn

Age of the victim, and

Amount of burned area

Most widely used method of classifying burns

First-degree burns

Minor and result only in a mild inflammation of the skin

Sunburn is a common form of first-degree burn44

Recognizable as a redness of the skin that makes it sensitive and moderately painful to the touch.

Second-degree burns

Recognizable from the blisters that form on the skin Approximately 210°F (99oC) can cause a second-degree

burn in as little as fifteen seconds of contact.

Third-degree burns

Very dangerous

Can be fatal depending on the amount of body surface affected

Penetrates through both the epidermis and the dermis

Deep third-degree burn will penetrate body tissue

Can be caused by both moist and dry hazards

Moist hazards include steam and hot liquids

Burns appear white

Dry hazards include fire and hot objects or surfaces

Burns appear black and charred.

Body Surface Area

Also a critical concern

Expressed as a percentage of body surface area or BSA

Burns covering over 75 % of BSA are usually fatal

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Right arm………. 9% of BSA

Left arm………… 9% of BSA

Head/neck……… 9% of BSA

Right leg……….. 18% of BSA

Left leg…………. 18% of BSA

Back……………. 18% of BSA

Chest/stomach….. 18% of BSA

Minor Burns

All 1st degree burns

2nd degree burns covering less than 15% of the body

3rd degree burns covering 2 % or less of BSA

Moderate Burns

2nd degree burns that penetrate epidermis but cover 15% or more of BSA

2nd degree burns that penetrate the dermis and cover from 15 to 30% of BSA

3rd degree burns covering less than 10 % of BSA and are not on the hands, face, or feet.

Critical Burns

2nd degree burns covering more than 30 % of BSA

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3rd degree burns covering over 10 % of BSA

Small area 3rd degree burns to the hands, face, or feet due to greater potential for infection

Burns that are complicated by other injuries (fractures, soft tissue damage, etc.) are considered critical

CHEMICAL BURNS

The severity of the burn produced by a given chemical depends

on the following factors:

Corrosive capability of the chemical

Concentration of the chemical

Temperature of chemical/solution in which it is dissolved

Duration of contact with the chemical

Primary hazardous

Infection

Fluid Loss

Shock47

First Aid for Chemical Burns

According to the National Safety Council, the proper response in cases of chemical burns is;

To wash off the chemical by flooding the burned areas with copious amounts of water as quickly as possible

In the case of chemical burns to the eyes, the continuous flooding should continue for at least fifteen minutes. The eyelids should be held open to ensure that chemicals are not trapped under them.

COLD STRESS FACTORS

Temperature of the air surrounding the body

48

Body temperature

Air movement around the body

Length of exposure

Normal body temperature 98.6ºF

Below 86ºF control system becomes ineffective

Below 59ºF body begins to experience impairment of

many functions

Most hypothermia results when ambient temperature is between 30º and 40ºF

Increased heat loss to the environment

Body’s attempt to Maintain Body Temperature

Muscle hypertension, resulting in shivering

HYPOTHERMIA

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Prolonged exposure to cold causes the body to lose energy

faster than it is produced

Body temperature drops to lower than normal

Can happen when temperatures are above freezing

Conditions affecting Hypothermia

Aging, allergies, poor circulation, & illness

Self-imposed conditions, such as drinking, smoking, & taking sedatives also increase risks

Wet clothing, windy conditions, & poor physical condition

Hypothermia Symptoms

Numbness, Stiffness, Drowsiness, Poor Coordination

Slow or irregular breathing and heart rate

Slurred Speech

Shivering and teeth chattering

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Mild pain in extremities

Confused & disoriented; memory lapses

Worst-case results can cause death

Safety Procedures

Get victim to where it is warm

Get them out of wet, frozen, or tight clothing

keep victim dry

Give warm (room temperature) liquids

Do not give alcohol or substances containing caffeine

Warm center of body first

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FROSTBITE

Most serious, and second most common, cold exposure

hazard

Nose, ears, cheeks, fingers, & toes most often affected

Affected area doesn’t get enough heat & freezes

Freezing causes blood vessel constriction

Results in lack of oxygen, excess fluid buildup, blistering, and tissue death

Skin goes from white or grayish yellow, to reddish violet, to black

Usual feeling of being really cold, then numb

May get a tingling or aching feeling or brief pain

Can cause permanent tissue damage

Victim can become unconscious

Death may result from heart failure

If necessary, seek medical assistance

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Care of Frostbite

Don’t rub affected part

Don’t use hot baths, or heat producing devices

Don’t break blisters

Warm the frozen part with clothing, blankets, or with room

temperature water

Once warm, exercise the part

Exception: do not walk on frostbitten feet

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NFPA Diamond

i. Fire Hazard Redii. Health Hazard Blue

iii. Reactivity Yellowiv. Special Instructions White

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Sound

Caused by vibration produced in air

Noise

Unpleasant & unwanted sound Can act on the body very much as other stresses do

No exact point where sound becomes noise. Depends upon

Person to person State of mind

Types of Noise: - (measured by sound level meter)

1. Steady level noiseConstant level of sound for long time

2. Mixed Noise

Varying level noise is made by sound layers of steady level noise

Machine operate intermittently or employees moved around at different areas of plant

Measurement is more complicated

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3. Impact Noise

Overwhelming noise produced for short timeForging (Press operating at 21Cycles/minute)21x60x8=10,080 cycles/dayOSHA allows 10,000 cycles/day

Sound is measured in decibel

One decibel is the lowest sound one can hear Weakest sound that can be heard by a healthy ear in a

quiet setting is known as threshold of hearing (10dBA) 120 threshold of pain

Sound Level meter used to measure sound pressure level

Consists of microphone which detects sound converts it into electrical signal & amplifies

Permissible Noise Exposures

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Source dBAWhisper 20

Noisy Office 60

Normal Conversation 80

Power Saw 90

Grinding operation 100

Jet Aircraft 150

Duration / Day(Hrs)

Sound LeveldB(A)

8 906 924 953 972 100

11/2 1021 105½ 110

¼ or less 115Exposure to excessive noise can damage inner ear

Ability to hear higher frequency sound diminished or lost together.

Additional exposure can increase the damage until even lower frequency sound cannot be heard

Decibel Calculations:-

1. Two described levels are equal or with the difference of one decibel

Add 3 db to the higher level

2. Two decibel are 2 - 3 db apart

Sum 2db at higher level3. Two decibel levels are 4 – 9db apart

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Sum 1db at higher level

4. Two decibel levels are 10 –more db apart

Sum 0db to higher level

Or take higher level

Hearing Losses:-

It is impairment (damage) that interfaces with understanding of speech measured as a function of frequency or the number of vibrations in cycles / sec of a sound wave called hertz (Hz)

Normal hearing detection ranges from 16 -20,000 Hz

Understanding of speech ranges from 500 -2,000 Hz

Loss of hearing generally occur at 4,000 Hz

Excessive Noise can cause physiological problems

Researcher shows that it causes;

o Quick pulse

o Increased blood pressure

o Contraction of blood vessels

Factors affecting the risk of hearing loss

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1. Intensity of the noise

2. Duration of daily exposure

3. Total duration of exposure (no. of years)

4. Age of individual

5. Co-existing of hearing disease

6. Nature of environment in which exposure occurs

7. Distance of individual from the source of noise

8. Position of ears relative to the sound waves

Types of hearing loss:-

Temporary LossPermanent Loss

Due to short term exposure to loud noise after a rest period normal hearing return although it is not compensable under workers compensation laws.

Types of permanent hearing loss

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a) due to aging

b) due to almost constant exposure to loud noise

It involves deterioration of tiny nerve cells within the ear.

Engineering controls:

More complex than administrative controls First approach to reduce the sound at its source through

engineering design & innovations in equipment

Possible Steps:

Machine is in good repaired condition and properly oiled. Unbalanced & worn parts are replaced. Mount machine on rubber or plastic to reduce vibration &

noise Substitute a quiet process for a noisy one Confine sound of machine within as acoustical enclosure. Isolate the operator within an acoustical booth.

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Administrative control:-

Reducing the amount of time an employee is subjected to excessive noise

i.e. by dividing noisy jobs among two or more employee

OR

Performing very noisy operations at night

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Or on shifts where few employees would be exposed

When Engineering Control doesn’t work, administrative control to be used to adjust the exposure duration of noise

Danger Zone (105-150 dB) Jet engine, drop hummer turbine generator

Risk Zone (90-100 dB) Weaving mill, portable grinders welding equipment, milling m/c

Providing Hearing protections:-

If engineering & administrative control doesn’t work

P.P.E are to be used Cotton is not regarded as compliance to OSHA Glass wool acceptable Earplugs reduce noise level by 25-30 dB Earmuffs reduces sufficiently

Hearing Conversations Program

Audiometry:

Audiometric testing determines hearing level in each ear by means of an audiometer

To be performed for an environment where Noise level is above 85 dB.

Lighting

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No lighting – No seeing – No safetyLighting but not proper → No Safety

Lighting Faults

1. Insufficient light Although some light is better than complete darkness

but not very safe for proper work Emergency lights essential for safe exist

Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) recommendation

Task Group Type of TaskStd. Service illuminance

(Lux)

----- Storage areas with no continuous work

150

Rough work Rough machining and assembly

300

Routine work

Offices, Control rooms, medium machining and assembly

500

Demanding work

Inspection of medium machining

750

Fine work Colour discrimination, fine machining and

1000

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assembly,textile processing

Very fine workHand engraving, Inspection of fine machining or assembly

1500

Minute work Inspection of very fine work

3000

*Recommended values in neither minima nor optima but represent good current practice.

2. Shadow

Obstruction between light and worker e.g. worker is in between light source and machine

may sometimes appear with stair case as well Little price to pay for consumed energy than a fatal

accident may lead to huge indirect cost.

3. Glare

Disability glare caused by bright and bare lamps (falling on eyesight)

Discomfort glare caused by too much contrast of brightness between object and its background (due to poor designing).

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No immediate problems but may lead to eyestrain, headache and fatigue.

This may be a contribution to major accidentRemedies

Changing to luminaries which adequately screen the lamp at all normal viewing angles

Using light coloured decoration on the walls and ceiling

Proper designing to ensure that the orientation of light is suitable from the point of view of glare reduction

Reflected Glare reflection of light falling on shiny wet surface, may use light source of low brighten or change the design

Best of all → Avoid using shiny materials

Standard values may be increased if required

May be due to the reason that expensive or critical components to be observed or

Older (50 years of age) people are working

No replacement of natural light

Sufficient no glare no harm

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Modern Health and Safety Team

1. Health & Safety Manager

Duties of Health and safety Manager:

Establish and maintain Health and Safety Programme Risk assessment and analysis in each department Ensure compliance with all applicable laws standards

and codes Maintain all records related to Health and Safety Conduct accident investigation Develop and maintain Companywide Emergency

Action Plan (EAP) Establish and maintain an ongoing safety promotion

effort

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Safety Engineer

EnvironmentalEngineer

IndustrialHygienist

HealthPhysicist

OccupationalPhysician

Occupational Health Nurse

Health & Safety Manager

Analyze the company’s products from the prospective of Health and safety

Qualification:Bachelors Degree in Industrial Safety, Industrial Engineering, Chemical Engineering with experience

2. Industrial Hygienist

Industrial Hygiene defined as Science and art devoted to;a. recognition, b. evaluation and c. control of

those environmental factors or stresses, arising in and from the workplace, which may cause sickness, impaired heath & well being or significant discomfort and inefficiency

Among workers or among citizens of the community.

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Concerned Hazards:Solvents, radiations, temperature, toxic & biological substances ventilation, ventilation, gas and vapours, noise

Qualification:Degree in Chemistry, Physics, or Physical / biological Sciences

3. Environmental Engineer

Hazardous waste management

Atmospheric pollution,

Indoor air pollution,

Water pollution,

Waste water management

Qualification:

Degree in Environmental Engineering

4. Health physicist 68

Concerned with radiation in workplace

Employed by companies that generate or use nuclear power

Duties:

Monitoring radiation inside and outside the facility Measuring radioactivity levels of biological samples Developing radiation components of Company’s

Emergency Action Plan Supervising decontamination of workers and workplace

when necessary

Qualification:Degree in Nuclear Engineering or Physics

5. Occupational Physician

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Medical doctors with postgraduate work in industrial related injuries/casualties

Bernardino Ramazzine is 1st occupation physician His study of work related problem of workers in

Modena Italy and his book “The Disease of Worker” (1700)

Alice Hamilton, 1st US occupation physician Companies may have their own in house occupation

physician or Sometimes they may contact with private physician,

clinic, Hospital to provide specific medical services. Should be familiar with OSHA health mandate Should understand the workplace and chemicals used

and produced Appraised maintenance, restoration and improvement of

worker’s health through application of the principles of preventive medicine, emergency medical care, rehabilitation and environmental medicine

6. Occupation Health Nurse

Usually work under occupation physician but if contract occupation physician then reports to the H&S Manager

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Investigation of Accidents:

Act of Fact Finding and not Fault Finding To find the root causes To make sure it doesn’t reoccur Near accidents should also be investigated,

Who should investigate?

Supervisor (In charge of injured person’s activities) as he knows best

The nature of the work How it should be done The best people who do it

What happened?

Big Six (Questions a report must answer)

1. Who was injured?2. Where did the accident happen?3. When did the accident happen?4. What was the accident cause and what were the

contributing causes of accident ?5. Why was unsafe act or unsafe conditions permitted?6. How can this accident be prevented next time?

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Investigation should not stop after an unsafe act or condition identified.

May go deeper!! For example

How much knowledge the injured worker had for the task he was performing

Did the worker have problems with machine, co-worker and family?

Report

Two aspects of a report

What caused the accident / property damage Recommendation / correction

Poorly written report shows

Poor attitude of supervisor part Lack of interest of company Supervisor have no idea from which desk report goes to

Therefore Report;

Should include only fact

from the people who are remotely involved

Should be impartial and objective oriented

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Should be accurate, concise and unemotional

Should include description of injuries, mechanism, processes and interpretation of facts accurately and concisely

Report be not data collection rather fact finding

Should be understandable by OSHA inspector

SAFETY COLOR CODE FOR MARKING PHYSICAL HAZARDS AND THE IDENTIFICATION OF CERTAIN EQUIPMENT

1. GREEN –shall be used as the basic color for designating “Safety” and the location of first-aid equipment:

a. Safety bulletin boardsb. First-aid kitsc. Stretchersd. Personal-Protective-Equipment supply cabinets

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2. RED –shall be the basic color for the identification of:

a. Fire protection equipment and apparatusi. Fire-alarm boxes

ii. Fire-blanket boxesiii. Fire-hose locationsiv. Sprinkle piping, etc

b. Dangeri. Safety cans and flammable liquids containers

ii. Red lights at barricadesc. Stop

i. Red lights at barricadesii. Stop buttons

3. YELLOW –shall be the basic color for designating caution:

a. To mark aisles and direct the flow of trafficb. Construction equipment such as bulldozers, tractors, etcc. Caution signsd. Handrails, guardrails, barricadese. Marking for low beams, pipes, projections, etc

4. ORANGE –basic color for designation dangerous parts of machines or equipments:

a. Inside of transmission guards for gears, pulleys chains. b. Safety starting buttonsc. Exposed parts (edges only) of pulleys, gears, power jams.

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5. BLUE –shall be the basic color for designating machine and equipment controls such as:

a. Electrical controlsb. Valvesc. Breaksd. Disconnects

6. PURPLE –shall be the basic color for designating radiation hazards:

a. Radiation warning signsb. Containers of radioactive materialc. Signal lights to indicate radiation machines are in operation

7. BLACK OR WHITE –or a combination of black and white shall be the basic color of housekeeping markings:

a. Stairways (risers)b. Location of refuse cansc. White corners for rooms and passageways d. Food-dispensing equipment

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RISK ASSESSMENT

Five Steps Process for Risk Assessment

1. Identify the hazards

2. Identify who can be harmed

3. Identify the current controls and decide if more is required?

4. Record your findings

5. Review as necessary

Identify the Hazards

• The first thing you need to do is identify the hazards associated with the task or activity.

– One way of doing this is by using “PEME”

• People

• Equipment

• Materials

• Environment

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People Hazards

• People hazards cover a number of issues

• hazards are to do with the individual themselves;

• When thinking about people hazards, words such as

» training,

» capabilities/restrictions,

» supervision,

» communication,

» adequate numbers and

» human error

should come to mind.

Equipment Hazards

• cover tasks associated with the

– repair,

– maintenance,

– handling,

– cleaning,

– storage and

– Operation of the equipment.

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Material Hazards

• Cover any solids, liquids or gases associated with the task e.g. Chemicals, Solid Fuel (Paper, wood etc)

• Along with the substances that are required for the specific task

– also any bi-products or

– Wastes generated by the task or activity.

Environment Hazards

• It’s all about the surroundings

• Depending on the location and the activity,

– hazards could include

• poor lighting,

• heating and ventilation,

• poor access/egress,

• tripping/slipping hazards,

• restricted space/visibility and

• other activities taking place nearby

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What are the Current Controls?

What control measures are currently in place for each hazard identified?

– There may be no controls,

• perhaps because the hazard hasn’t been considered

– There may be good controls in place

• because the hazard is obvious and easily controlled

Controls can be at three levels:

– Physical controls (e.g. a metal fence around a construction site)

– Procedural controls (e.g. a safe working procedure for the task)

– Behavioural controls (e.g. adequate supervision and monitoring of behaviour)

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Are Further Controls Required?

• Ask yourself

– Can more be done?

– What other control measures are necessary?

– Look at the hierarchy of control.

i. Eliminate the hazard

ii. Substitute the hazard

iii. Contain the hazard at source

iv. Remove employees from hazard

v. Reduce exposures to hazard

vi. Systematic Withdrawal Plan (SWP’s)

vii. Warning signals

viii. PPE

ix. Disciplines

– Choose the best, most effective controls

– You may have looked at a particular task, identified the current controls and may be thinking about adding extra controls…but how do you know which controls measures are best.

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EVALUATING THE RISK

REGULAR REVIEW OF YOUR ASSESSMENTS

• Risk assessments must be reviewed on a regular basis

– At the very least once every five years.

• The period of review should reflect the hazards,

– the greater the hazards the more frequent the review

• Should also be reviewed

– if there is a significant change to the work or

– if you believe that it is no longer valid

• Risk assessment should be a living document –it should change as the work changes.

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HOW TO PLAN FOR EMERGENCIES

Developing an emergency action plan (EAP) is a major step in preparing for emergencies.

A preliminary step to conduct a thorough analysis to determine various types of emergencies that might occur. A company might anticipate emergencies like:

Fires, chemical spills, explosions, toxic emissions, train derailments, hurricanes, tornadoes, lightning, floods, earthquakes, or volcanic eruptions.

EAP should be collection of small plans for each anticipated or potential emergency.

Components of EAP:

Procedures. Specific, step-by-step emergency response procedures for each potential emergency.

Coordination. Proper coordination with emergency responder agencies.

Assignments/responsibilities. Every person's responsibilities clearly spelled out and understood. One person responsible for conducting

evacuation of the affected area, Another for the immediate shutdown of all

equipment Another for telephoning for medical, fire, or

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other types of emergency assistance. Always to have a backup person for each

area of responsibility.

Accident prevention strategies. Strategies that are supposed to be used on a day-to-day basis to prevent the type of emergency being planned be developed.

Strategies can be reviewed, thereby promoting prevention.

Schedules. Dates and times of regularly scheduled practice drills.

Vary the times and dates so that practice drills don't become predictable and boring.

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Type of Emergency Being Planned for:Fire Hurricane Chemical spill

Flood Lightning Toxic emission

Tornado Explosion Train derailment

Earthquake Volcanic eruption

Procedures for Emergency Response:1. Controlling and isolating?

2. Communication?3. Emergency assistance?

4. First aid?5. Shut-down/evacuation/protection of workers?6. Protection of equipment/property?

7. Egress, ingress, exits?8. Emergency equipment (e.g., fire extinguishers)?9. Alarms?10. Restoration of normal operations?

Coordination:1. Medical care providers?2. Fire service providers?3. LEPC personnel?4. Environmental protection personnel?5. Civil defense personnel (in the case of public evacuations)?6. Police protection providers?7. Communication personnel?

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Assignments/Responsibilities:

1.Who cares for the injured?2. Who calls for emergency assistance?3. Who shuts down power/operations?4. Who coordinates communication?5. Who conducts the evacuation?6.Who meets and guides emergency responders?7.Who contacts coordinating agencies and organizations?8. Who is responsible for ensuring that alarms are in proper

working order?9.Who is responsible for organizing cleanup activities?

Accident Prevention Strategies:1. Periodic safety inspections?2. Industrial hygiene strategies?3. Personal protective equipment?4. Ergonomic strategies?5. Machine safeguards?6. Hand/portable power tool safeguards?7. Material handling and storage strategies?8. Electrical safety strategies?9. Fire safety strategies?10. Chemical safety strategies?

Schedules:Dates of practice drills:_____ Times of practice drills:_____Duration of practice drills_____

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Customizing Plans to Meet Local Needs

Emergency plans must be location-specific. General plans developed centrally and used at all plant

locations will have limited effectiveness.

L ocation-specific EAP :

A map in the plan.

A map of the specific plant will help localize an EAP.

The map should include the locations of exits, access points, evacuation routes, alarms, emer-gency equipment, a central control or command center, first aid kits, emergency shut-downs buttons, and any other important element of EAP.

Chain of command An organizational chart illustrating the chain of

command - which is responsible for what and who reports to whom.

The chart should contain the names and telephone numbers (internal and external) of everyone involved in responding to an emergency.

It is critical to keep the organizational chart up to date as personnel changes occur.

It is also important to have a designated backup person shown for every position on the chart.

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Coordination information. All telephone numbers and contact names of people in agencies with which the company coordinates emergency activities should be listed. Periodic contact should be maintained with all

these people so that the EAP can be updated as personnel changes occur.

Local training. All training should be geared toward the types of emergencies that might occur in the plant. In addition, practice drills should take place on-

site and in the specific locations where emergencies are most likely to happen.

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Emergency Response Teams (ERT)

A special team that responds "to general and localized emergencies to facilitate personnel evacuation and safety, shut down building services and utilities

Work with responding civil authorities ERT typically composed of representatives from

several different departments such as: Maintenance, security, health and safety,

production/processing, and medical. Actual composition depends on the size and type

of company in question.

Emergency response network (ERN)An ERN is a network of ERTs that covers a designated geographical area and is typically responsible for a specific type of emergency.

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Worker’s Compensation

Objective:

1) Replacement of Income: of current & Future income (minus Tax)

i. at a rates of two-third ii. needs to be continued even after employer goes

out of business

2) Rehabilitation of Injured Employee:

Provide needed medical care at no cost: i. Until pronounces fit

ii. Make him able to come back to work.

3) Accident Prevention:

Employer will invest equivalent in accident prevention.

4) Cost Allocation:

Vary from industry to industryi. Industry with higher risk of accidents pay higher

worker’s compensation insurance premium.

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Note: All the employees have the right of compensation contractor’s people depends upon the state policy.

Benefits:

Worker used to suffer due to may be their own minor negligence.

Didn’t get compensation by the Court due to their own negligence.

Didn’t go to the court with the assumption that they will not be accepted back in the industry or for that matter in any other industry (Black Listed)

Employer & employee had to invest money & time for the case to continue.

Compensation is to negotiate outside the court.

Employee:

He is on company’s pay roll and receives all benefits.

Person who accepts a service contract to perform specific job/task or sets of tasks is not an employee.

Contractors may be employed.

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Contractor’s people are not the responsibilities of the industry.

o Industry may ask the contractor to show proofs of

having their own worker’s compensation insurance.

If company does not provide transportation:

Employee not generally covered compensation when travelling to & from work.

i) AOE (Arises out of employment) Injuries

– Due to assigned work

ii) COE (Course of employment) Injuries – Due to unassigned work

Compensation Injuries

i) Temporary Partial Disabilityii) Temporary Total Disability iii) Permanent Partial Disabilityiv) Permanent Total Disability

Schedule Disabilities

91

Non ambiguous injuriese.g. arm, ear, hand, finger, toe

Non-Schedule DisabilitiesLess straight forward in nature e.g. head injury etc

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PLAN

CHECK

PDCA CYCLE

IS0 9001:2008

1 Scope

2. Normative Reference

3. Terms and Conditions

4. Quality Management System

4.1 General Requirements

4.2 Documentation Requirement

4.2.1 General

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4.2.2 Quality Manual

4.2.3 Control of Documents

4.2.4 Control of Records

5. Management Responsibility5.1 Management Commitment5.2 Customer Focus5.3 Quality Policy5.4 Planning

5.4.1 Quality Objectives5.4.2 Quality Management System Planning

5.5 Responsibility, Authority and Communication

5.5.1 Responsibility and Authority

5.5.2 Management Representative

5.5.3 Internal Communication

5.6 Management Review

5.6.1 General

5.6.2 Review Input

5.6.2 Review Output

6. Resource Management

6.1 Provisions of Resources

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6.2 Human Resources

6.2.1 General

6.2.2 Competence, Awareness, Training

6.3 Infrastructure

6.4 Work Environment

7. Product Realization

7.1 Planning of Product Realization

7.2 Customer-related Processes

7.2.1 Documentation of Requirements Related to the

Product

7.2.2 Review of Requirements Related to the Product

7.2.3 Customer Communication

7.3 Design and Development

7.3.1 Design and Development Planning

7.3.2 Design and Development Inputs

7.3.3 Design and Development Outputs

7.3.4 Design and Development Review

7.3.5 Design and Development Verification

7.3.6 Design and Development Validation

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7.3.7 Control of Design and Development Changes

7.4 Purchasing

7.4.1 Purchasing Process

7.4.2 Purchasing Information

7.4.3 Verification of Purchased Product

7.5 Production and Service Provision

7.5.1 Control of Production and Service Provision

7.5.2 Validation of Processes for Production and

Service Provision

7.5.3 Identification and Traceability

7.5.4 Customer Property

7.5.5 Preservation of Product

7.6 Control of Monitoring and Measuring Equipment

8. Measurement, analysis and improvement

8.1 General

8.2 Monitoring and Measurement

8.2.1 Customer Satisfaction

8.2.2 Internal Audit

8.2.3 Monitoring and Measurement of Processes

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8.2.4 Monitoring and Measurement of Service

8.3 Control of Nonconforming Product

8.4 Analysis of Data

8.5 Improvement

8.5.1 Continual Improvement

8.5.2 Corrective Action

8.5.3 Preventive action

OHSAS 18001:19991. Scope

2. Reference Publications

3. Definitions

4. OH&S Management System Elements

4.1 General Requirements

4.2 OH&S Policy

4.3 Planning

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4.3.1 Planning for Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment

and Risk Control

4.3.2 Legal and Other Requirements

4.3.3 Objectives

4.3.4 OH&S Management Programme(s)

4.4 Implementation and Operation

4.4.1 Structure and Responsibility

4.4.2 Training, Awareness and Competence

4.4.3 Consultation and Communication

4.4.4 Documentation

4.4.5 Document and Data Control

4.4.6 Operational Control

4.4.7 Emergency Preparedness and Response

4.5 Checking and Corrective Action

4.5.1 Performance Measurement and Monitoring

4.5.2 Accidents, Incidents, Non-Conformances,

Corrective and Preventive Action

4.5.3 Records and Records Management

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4.5.4 Audit

4.6 Management Review

99